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Anatomy Exam One
VCOM Block 2 2011
117
Anatomy
Graduate
10/17/2011

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Term
flexion
Definition
bending that causes a decreased angle between bones
Term
extension
Definition
straightening that causes increased angle between bones
Term
abduction
Definition
moving away from median plane
Term
adduction
Definition
moving toward median plane
Term
inversion
Definition
sole of the foot toward median plane
Term
eversion
Definition
sole of the foot away from median plane
Term
rotation
Definition
turning around longitudinal axis
Term
pronation
Definition
rotates radius medially, palm posteriorly
Term
supination
Definition
rotates radius laterally back to anatomical position
Term
opposition
Definition
pad of thumb is brought to another digit pad
Term
valgus
Definition
outward angulation of distal segment of bone or joint
Term
varus
Definition
inward angulation of distal segment of bone or joint
Term
process
Definition
any projection or bump
Term
ramus
Definition
an extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure
Term
trochanter
Definition
large,rough projection
Term
tuberosity
Definition
smaller, rough projection
Term
tubercle
Definition
small, rounded projection
Term
crest
Definition
prominent ridge
Term
line
Definition
low ridge
Term
spine
Definition
a pointed process
Term
head
Definition
the expanded articular end of an epiphysis, separated from the shaft by a neck
Term
neck
Definition
a narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
Term
condyle
Definition
a smooth, rounded articular process
Term
trochlea
Definition
a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
Term
facet
Definition
a small, flat articular surface
Term
fossa
Definition
a shallow depression
Term
sulcus
Definition
a narrow groove
Term
foramen
Definition
a rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves
Term
canal
Definition
a passagway through the substance of a bone
Term
fissure
Definition
an elongate cleft
Term
sinus or antrum
Definition
a chamber within a bone, normally filled with air
Term
notch
Definition
rounded C shaped indentation
Term
Langer lines
Definition
cleavage lines
Term
striae gravidarum
Definition
stretch marks from pregnancy
Term
striae cutid distensae
Definition
stretch marks from gaining and losing weight
Term
fascia
Definition
wrapping, packing and insulating materials of the deep structures
Term
fascial compartments
Definition
limbs, intermuscular septum
Term
retinaculum
Definition
deep fascial thickening near certain joints, holds tendons
Term
bursae
Definition
closed sacs or envelopes or serous membrane, potential spaces, over bony prominences.
Term
sesamoid
Definition
bones that increase biomechanical efficiency
Term
synovial joint
Definition
united by joint capsule, joint cavity, fluid
Term
fibrous joint
Definition
united by fibrous tissue (cranium)
Term
syndemosis type of fibrous joint
Definition
interosseous membrane of FA
Term
dentoalveolar type of fibrous joint
Definition
gomphosis or socket type
Term
cartilaginous joints
Definition
united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage (IV discs, symphysis pubes)
Term
fontanelles
Definition
wide areas of fibrous tissue
Term
origin of muscle
Definition
proximal, fixed end
Term
insertion of muscle
Definition
distal, mobile end
Term
pennate muscle
Definition
feather-like. for example: rectus femoris and deltoid
Term
fusiform
Definition
biceps brachii
Term
convergent
Definition
pectoralis major
Term
quadrate
Definition
pectoralis major
Term
circular
Definition
sphincter
Term
multi-head
Definition
biceps, triceps
Term
prime mover
Definition
main muscle producing specific movement
Term
fixator
Definition
steadies proximal limb by isometric contraction while distal end moves
Term
synergist
Definition
complements action of prime mover
Term
antagonist
Definition
opposes action of another muscle
Term
proprioception
Definition
kinesthetic sense which provides an awareness of movement and position of the parts of the body
Term
Hilton's law
Definition
the nerve supplying a joint also supplies both the muscles that move the joint and the skin covering the articular insertion (distal attachment) of those muscles
Term
L3
Definition
level of umbilicus
Term
L4 or L5
Definition
level of Iliac crests (depends on male or female)
Term
pterion
Definition
junction of greater wing of sphenoid, squamous temporal, frontal, and parietal bones; overlies course of anterior division of middle meningeal artery
Term
lambda
Definition
point on calvaria at junction of lamboid and sagittal sutures
Term
bregma
Definition
point on calvaria at junction of coronal and sagittal sutures
Term
vertex
Definition
superior point of neurocranium, in middle with cranium orientied in anatomical plane
Term
asterion
Definition
star shaped; located at junction of parietomastoid, occipitomastoid, and lamboid sutures
Term
Glabella
Definition
smooth prominence; most marked in males; on frontal bones superior to roof of nose; most anterior projecting part of forehead
Term
inion
Definition
most prominent point of external occipital protuberance
Term
nasion
Definition
point on cranium where frontonasal and internasal sutures meet
Term
Transmission, Reflection, Emission
Definition
modes of image production
Term
X-Ray, Tomography, Fluoroscopy, CT
Definition
transmission of energy
Term
X-Ray
Definition
produces electromagnetic energy when electrons bombard a tungsten anode target and the anode convertes electrons into photons. the denser the object the more photons are blocked and the film is not exposed to the photons, so the area not affected by photons is light colored
Term
Wilhelm Roentgen
Definition
scientist who discovered X-rays
Term
Cormack and Hounsfield
Definition
scientists who discovered coaxial tomography (CT)
Term
Coaxial tomography (CT)
Definition
X-ray source rotates around body in an arc and the detection source rotates in opposite direction on opposite side of body. the computer reconstructs the image as a "slice"
Term
Ultrasound
Definition
uses reflection of energy as mode of image production.
Term
piezoelectric effect
Definition
when subjected to a mechanical force, the crystals became electrically polarized which produces sound waves. images are created by acoustic differences
Term
sonolucent
Definition
echo-free, black on film
Term
increased thru transmission
Definition
sound energy is not diminished through fluid; tissues behind fluid are more echogenic(brighter) more acoustic power reflection
Term
posterior acoustical shadowing
Definition
ultrasound completely reflected when hitting dense object (such as gall stone). no US energy beyond stone and sonolucency is seen
Term
MRI and Nuclear Medicine
Definition
use emission of energy as mode of image production
Term
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
magnetic field applied to body, then radiofrequency pulse applied, then vector returns to axis which releases energy and an image is created
Term
T1 images
Definition
fat bright, water dark, anatomy sequence
Term
T2 images
Definition
fat dark, water bright, pathology sequence
Term
nuclear imaging
Definition
images functional activity from which anatomy can be inferred. uses radiopharaceuticals.
Term
radiopharmaceuticals
Definition
isotopes coupled with compounds handled in body in different ways
Term
embolize capillaries
Definition
pulmonary perfusion imagery
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
reticuloendothelial system
Term
compartment localization
Definition
cystograms
Term
bone scan
Definition
labeling a bone-seeker with radioactive isotope MDP-Tc-99m. activity reflects osteoblast activity. scan 2-4hours after IV injection. empty patients bladder before scanning. optional 3 phase scanning: flow, immediate soft tissue, and delayed
Term
3 elements of radiation safety
Definition
time, distance, shielding
Term
Radiological Thought Process
Definition
detection of lesions, description of finding, differential
Term
KUB
Definition
initial GI test obtained. flat plate, abdominal series, Kidneys, Ureter, Bladder.
Term
intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
Definition
test for GU system. IV injection of iodine based contrast.
Term
hilar fat
Definition
dark area surrounding collecting system on IVP
Term
predental space
Definition
distance from the posterior aspect of the anterior arch of C1 to the most anterior portion of the odontoid
Term
spondylosis
Definition
interuption of the pars interarticularis
Term
spondylothesis
Definition
slippage of one vertebrae on another
Term
Spondylosis
Definition
degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) of the spinal vertebra and related tissue
Term
osteophytes
Definition
bone spurs; raised parts of the edges of the vertebral bodies resulting from narrowed disc space
Term
spondylolysis
Definition
defect in the pars interarticularis of a vertebra
Term
pars interarticularis
Definition
the part of the vertebra located between the inferior and superior articular processes of the facet joint
Term
spondylolithesis
Definition
anterior displacement of a vertebra or the vertebral column in relation to the vertebra below. usually between L5 and S1
Term
spondyloptosis
Definition
when spondylolithesis has progressed so far that the superior vertebral body is completely off of the inferior vertebral body
Term
spinal stenosis
Definition
condition whereby either the spinal canal or vertebral foramen becomes narrowed
Term
most common cause of spinal stenosis
Definition
degenerative arthritis (spondylosis)
Term
hemangioma
Definition
benign spinal tumor most common in thoracic and lumbar regions
Term
conus medullaris
Definition
termination of spinal cord, overlies L1
Term
cauda equina
Definition
horse's tail; Lumbar/Sacral spinal nerve roots
Term
cauda equina
Definition
horse's tail; Lumbar/Sacral spinal nerve roots
Term
osteochondrosis
Definition
focal disturbance of endochondral ossification. caused by interuption of blood supply followed by necrosis then regrowth of the bone
Term
disc protrusion
Definition
the base of the herniation is larger than the displaced component
Term
disc extrusion
Definition
herneation is larger than its base
Term
cam effect
Definition
created by eccentric movement of the proximal phalanx on th metacarpal head, causing a dynamic change in collateral ligament length
Term
FOOSH
Definition
fall on out stretched hand; causes dinner fork deformity
Term
sesamoids
Definition
small round bones unconnected to other bones
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