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Anatomy Exam II
ISU PA
69
Anatomy
Graduate
09/26/2010

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Cards

Term
list the types of neurons (by shape) in the CNS
Definition
multipolar
bipolar
pseudounipolar
Term
multipolar neurons
Definition
motor neurons; cell bodies located in brain and spinal cord (?)
Term
bipolar neurons
Definition
rare type of neuron; exist in CN I
Term
pseudounipolar neurons
Definition
sensory neurons; cell bodies located in ganglia outside of brain and spinal cord
Term
astrocytes
Definition
responsible for blood brain barrier (surround capillaries to regulate what goes in/out); modulates neuron activity (not just "glue")
Term
list the types of neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS)
Definition
astrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia
oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Term
ependymal cells
Definition
line central cavities of the CNS; can be ciliated or not; ciliated filtrate CSF
Term
microglial cells
Definition
actually are macrophages; only kind of glial cell that is not a product of the nervous system: originate in bone marrow; not restricted to nervous system
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
myelinate axons of CNS; can surround the axons of multiple neurons
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
myelinate axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Term
Why would you expect 95% of brain tumors to be gliomas?
Definition
Because there are only 2 types of cells in the brain, and the ratio of glial cells to neurons is 20:1, so the odds of a glial cell being affected are ~95%
Term
what are the 4 types of neural connections between the CNS and target tissues?
Definition
afferent (sensory)
efferent (motor)
sympathetic (autonomic)
parasympathetic (autonomic)
[ganglia contain cell bodies of afferent and autonomic neurons; somatic motor nuclei are located in CNS]
Term
diagram the 4 types of neural connections between the CNS and target tissues. include nuclei and ganglia.
Definition
[image]
Term
diagram a cross section of the spinal cord, including major descending pathways
Definition
[image]
Term
Diagram the route of pain and temperature from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex
Definition
[image]
Term
diagram a cross section of the spinal cord, including major ascending pathways
Definition
[image]
Term
diagram the dorsal column medial-lemniscal system
Definition
[image]
Term
diagram the direct motor pathway between the cerebral cortex and a skeletal muscle, with UMN and LMN labeled
Definition
[image]
Term
describe the results of a lesion that destroys the dorsal white matter of the spinal cord (both sides)
Definition
proprioception and 2-point discrimination would be lost bilaterally from the upper and lower extremities
Term
dorsal column/medial-lemniscal system
Definition
ascending pathway; contains fasiculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus; terminates in cerebral cortex and cerebellum
Term
fasciculus gracilis
Definition
carries proprioception/2-point discrimination info from lower extremities ("gracilis" means "thin")
Term
fasciculus cuneatus
Definition
carries proprioception/2-point discrimination info from upper extremities ("cuneatus" means "wedge-shaped")
Term
Anteriolateral column
Definition
contains spinothalamic, spinoreticular, and spinomesencephalic tracts
Term
spinothalamic tract
Definition
pain and temperature sensory pathway; terminates at thalamus and cerebral cortex
Term
spinoreticular tract
Definition
pain pathway; terminates in reticular formation and thalamus
Term
spinomesencephalic tract
Definition
reflex capabilities; reflexive turning to touch and pain; terminates in mesencephalon and superior colliculus
Term
posterior horn
Definition
receives sensory information
Term
anterior horn
Definition
motor information (contains cell bodies of motor neurons)
Term
lateral horn
Definition
T1-L2 Sympathetic; S2-4 Parasympathetic;
Lower lumbar region does not have a lateral horn, neither does cervical region
Term
dorsal root ganglion
Definition
a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurons in afferent spinal nerves
Term
dorsal root
Definition
the afferent sensory root of a spinal nerve
Term
ventral root
Definition
the efferent motor root of a spinal nerve
Term
spinocerebellar tract
Definition
proprioception; terminates in cerebellum
Term
Direct pathway
Definition
contains corticobulbar, lateral corticospinal, and anterior corticospinal tracts; muscle tone and concious, skilled movements
Term
corticobulbar tract
Definition
facial and head movements; UMN originates in cerebral cortex, LMN are cranial nerve nuclei in brain stem
Term
Indirect pathway
Definition
contains rubrospinal, vestivulospinal, and tectospinal tracts; less precise motor control, overall coordination and posture
Term
lateral corticospinal
Definition
85% of voluntary movement
Term
anterior corticospinal
Definition
15% of voluntary movement
Term
rubrospinal tract
Definition
movement coordination; originates in red nucleus, terminates anterior horn of spinal cord
Term
vestibulospinal tract
Definition
posture, balance; origin in vestibular nucleus, terminates in anterior horn of spinal column
Term
tectospinal tract
Definition
reflexes involving vision; origin in superior colliculus, terminates in medulla and anterior horn of upper spinal cord
Term
describe the results of a hemisection of the right side of the spinal cord
Definition
This is known as Brown-Sequard syndrome

right side of lower extremity: spastic paralysis (UMN not functioning), loss of proprioception and 2pt discrimination

left side of lower extremity: loss of pain and temperature
Term
midbrain
Definition
also known as mesencephalon; visual system consisting of tectum (roof) and colliculi; uppermost part of brain stem
Term
colliculi
Definition
4 on dorsal surface of midbrain; 2 superior involved in visual reflex and contain spinotectal and tectospinal pathways
Term
pons
Definition
means "bridge" - bridge between cerebellum and cerebrum
Term
peduncles
Definition
pathway between the cerebral cortex and the pons
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
lower half of brainstem; deals with autonomic functions
Term
cerebrum
Definition
largest part of mature brain, consisting on 2 cerebral hemispheres
Term
cerebellum
Definition
located inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum and posterior to the pons and medulla. consists of most complex cells in the body, hundreds of thousands of synapses
Term
vermis
Definition
connects the cerebellar hemispheres at the midline; responsible for balance
Term
anterior lobe of cerebellum
Definition
moderates unconscious proprioception
Term
flocculomodular lobe
Definition
gross motor function
Term
anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellum
Definition
oldest and least developed in anterior; newest and most developed (only present in mammals) in posterior lobe
Term
cerebellar comparator function
Definition
1. cortex sends signal to skeletal muscle to move
2. LMN triggers skeletal muscle movement
3. cortex also sends signal to cerebellum
4. skeletal muscle sends signal to cerebellum
5. cerebelllum compares cortex intention with actual movement, sends signal to red nucleus
6. red nucleus relays modifying signal back to skeletal muscle
7. cerebellum also sends inhibitory signal to thalamus, then up to cortex.
Term
diencephalon
Definition
portion of brain in region of 3rd ventricle; contains the internal capsule: thalamus and hypothalamus
Term
lesion to cerebellum
Definition
causes intention tremor, difficulty stopping, balance coordination affected (appears drunk)
Term
thalamus
Definition
selective gateway for sensory impulses; surrounds 3rd ventricle
Term
epithalamus
Definition
dorsal posterior segment of diencephalon; connection between the limbic system to other parts of the brain
Term
subthalamus
Definition
develops efferent connections to the striatum
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
most important function is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
Term
corpus striatum
Definition
comprised of lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus
Term
hydracephaly
Definition
internal swelling in lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd) impact function of basal nuclei
Term
amygdula
Definition
tail end of caudate nucleus; fear center
Term
lesion in basal nuclei
Definition
resting tremor, difficulty starting, balance, rigid-spastic (Parkinson's)
Term
caudate nucleus
Definition
part of corpus striata; memory and learning system
Term
lentiform nucleus
Definition
putamen = lateral reddish part, globus pallidus = medial pinkish part
Term
substantia negra
Definition
Has melanin in it (byproduct of dopamine; lack of dop results in parkinson's disease)
Term
corticospinal
Definition
motor
Term
spinothlamaic
Definition
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