Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasma membrane of the muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Glycogen = used for syntehesis of ATP
Myoglobin = red protein which binds oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Striated; multinucleated; mostly voluntary; some involuntary (diaphragm, reflexes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Walls of the heart; striated; uninucleate; intercalated discs; branched cells; involuntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Walls of hallow organs; no striations; uninucleate; involuntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Movement (skeletal=moves skeleton, cardiac=moves blood); Posture (skeletal muscle); Joint stabilization (skeletal muscle); Thermogenesis (heat generation) |
|
|
Term
| Thermogenesis = heat generation by... |
|
Definition
| Contracting skeletal muscle = produces heat by voluntary contraction (exercise) and involuntary contraction (shivering); Contracting smooth muscle = warms the body by goose-bumps and dartos muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability of a muscle to shorten and thicken; generates force to do work and muscles only pull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to stretch without being damaged (proteins that recoil) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to return to its original length/shape following distension |
|
|
Term
| Connective Tissue Components of Skeletal Muscle |
|
Definition
| Epimysium (encircles entire muscle); Perimysium (Surrounds groups of 10-100+ muscle cells into bundles called fascicles); Endomysium (Surrounds individual myocytes); Tnedon (CT attachment of a skeletal muscle to a bone's periosteum); Aponeurosis (broad, flat tendon); Fascia (dense sheet of CT that covers the body wall and limbs, functions to support and surround muscles of other organs, surrounds muscles and tendons of similar function) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continuous with all 3 CT sheaths of a muscle beyond the length of the muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Point of muscle attachment on the immovable or less movable bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Point of muscle attachment on the more movable bone |
|
|
Term
| What are most muscles innervated by? |
|
Definition
| One nerve, artery, and vein which tend to enter (exit) the muscle near its middlesmallest branches to individual myocytes |
|
|
Term
| When relaxed or contracted, why do the capillaries on the myocytes look wavy? |
|
Definition
| Capillaries surround each individual myocyte, they are wavy because muscles are extendable. Capillaries are not stretchable. |
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant organelle in skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is skeletal muscle striated? |
|
Definition
| Myofibrils (contractile organelles of the muscle fiber) extend the entire length of the myocyte and the overlapping arrangement of the proteins that make up these organelles give the muscle cell its striped appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contractile organelles of the muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 components of a myofibril? |
|
Definition
| Contractile proteins (actin and myosin myofilaments); Regulatory proteins (tropomyosin and troponin); Structural proteins (titan, dystrophin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin myofilament; individual actin molecules join to form a thin filament that forms a double helix; each actin molecule has a myosin-binding site where a myosin head can attach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thick myofilament; about 300 myosin molecules make up a single thick filament; each myosin molecule is shaped like 2 golf clubs twisted together with their heads facing outward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Overlapping compartments that thick and thin filaments are arranged in |
|
|
Term
| Do proteins or sarcomeres change length? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the sarcomere shortens, what happens to the myofibrils? |
|
Definition
| They shorten because of sliding action of thin/thick filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The boundaries at the two ends of each sarcomere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The overlap of thick filaments along with the inner ends of thin filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Region that contains only thin filaments; Two regions on either side of the A band |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No thin filaments; central part of an A band |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Center of the H zone that contains tiny rods that hold the thick filaments together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chord-like protein covering myosin binding sites on actin molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein complex attached to tropomyosin; binds with calcium and pulls tropomyosin OFF binding sites; allows myosin to bind actin --> contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protein that functions to anchor the myofibrils to the sarcolemma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Huge, elastic protein that anchors the thick filament to the z-disc and resists overstretching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invaginations of the sarcolemma; forms a network of tubes that pass between and around the myofibrils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membranous sacs which encircle each myofibril; stores Ca2+ ions; adjacent to T-tubules |
|
|
Term
| What is the sliding filament mechanism? |
|
Definition
| Contraction occurs as the myosin heads attach to the actin molecules at both ends of a sarcomere and pull them towards the center of the sarcomere. As soon as a myosin head has hinged as far as it can towards the m line, it lets go of the actin it's bound to and reaches for another one |
|
|
Term
| Do myofilaments shorten with contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single somatic motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Few fibers/motor unit; example: eye movements |
|
|
Term
| What are gross movements? |
|
Definition
| Many fibers/ motor unit; example: contraction of biceps brachii |
|
|
Term
| The Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) |
|
Definition
| As the axon of the motor neuron approaches the muscle, it gives off tiny branches which terminate in enlargements called axon terminals (terminal boutons) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axon terminal (terminal bouton); Sarcolemma of the muscle fiber (junctional folds); Synaptic Cleft |
|
|
Term
| What are junctional folds? |
|
Definition
| Small invaginations in the sarcolemma that function to increase surface area... ACh receptors |
|
|
Term
| What is a Synaptic Cleft? |
|
Definition
| Space between the axon terminal and the sarcolemma |
|
|
Term
| 3 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers |
|
Definition
| Slow Oxidative Type 1; Fast Ox-Glycolytic Type IIa; Fast-Glycolytic Type IIb/IIx |
|
|
Term
| Structural Characteristics of Slow Oxidative Type I skeletal muscle fiber |
|
Definition
| High myoglobin content; slow contraction velocity; aerobic; high fatigue resistance; red; small fiber diameter; functions in maintaining posture and endurance activities |
|
|
Term
| Structural characteristics of Fast Ox-Glycolytic type IIa skeletal muscle fiber |
|
Definition
| High myoglobin content; fast contraction velocity; aerobic + anaerobic; intermediate fatigue resistance; pink; intermediate fiber diameter; functions in walking, sprinting |
|
|
Term
| Structural characteristics of Fast-Glycolytic Type IIb/IIx |
|
Definition
| Low myoglobin content; fast contraction velocity; anaerobic; low fatigue resistance; white; large fiber diameter; functions in rapid, intense movements of very short duration |
|
|
Term
| Most muscles are a ___ of all three types of muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are ratios of fast and slow-twitch fibers determined? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with naturally high amounts of slow fibers excel in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with naturally high amounts of fast fibers excel in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin is broad; fascicles converge toward a tendon of insertion; triangular/fan-shaped
ex: pectoralis major |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle; Fusiform (large belly in middle of muscle) ex: biceps brachii; strap-like (no large belly in middle of muscle) ex: sartorius muscle & gracilis muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fascicles arranged in circular rings; Always found around external body openings (sphincters)
ex: Orbicularis oris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Short fascicles that attach obliquely to a tendon that runs the length of the muscle; "penna" = feather
Unipennate - extensor digitorum longus
Bipennate - rectus femoris
Multipennate - Deltoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the operation of most skeletal muscles involve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rigid bar that moves on a fixed point (called a fulcrum) when a force is applied to the lever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| First Class lever; Second class lever; Third class lever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arrangement of the elements is load-fulcrum-effort
In the body: Raises your head off your chest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arrangement of the elements is fulcrum-load-effort
In the body: When you stand on tip-toes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arrangement of the elements is load-effort-fulcrum
In the body: Flexing the forearm by the biceps brachii muscle |
|
|
Term
| How are most skeletal muscles arranged? |
|
Definition
| In opposing pairs at joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prime mover; contracts to cause an action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stretches and yields to the effects of the agonist |
|
|
Term
| What can the action of a muscle be inferred by? |
|
Definition
| The position of the muscle as it crosses a joint |
|
|
Term
| What does a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produce? |
|
Definition
Flexion; ex: pectoralis major
HOWEVER; these generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development. The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion and those that cross anteriorly produce extension. |
|
|
Term
| What does a muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produce? |
|
Definition
Extension; ex: Latissimus dorsi
HOWEVER; these generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb is rotated during development. The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly produce flexion and those that cross anteriorly produce extension. |
|
|
Term
| The master controlling and communicating system of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapid, specific signals cause ___ responses by the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Overlapping Functions of the Nervous System |
|
Definition
| Sensory receptors (monitor changes inside and outside the body); CNS (receives and interprets sensory input and makes a decision for action); Motor neurons (elicits responses by activating effector organs) |
|
|
Term
| Divisions of the Nervous System |
|
Definition
| Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System |
|
|
Term
| Components of the Central Nervous System |
|
Definition
Brain & Spinal Cord
-Integration and Command |
|
|
Term
| Components of the Peripheral Nervous System |
|
Definition
Nerves & Ganglia
-Communication |
|
|
Term
| Sent in to the __ and out from the __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell bodies outside the central nervous system |
|
|
Term
| What's always at the end of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| **Know organization of the Nervous System in notes** |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Special characteristics of neurons |
|
Definition
| 1. Conduction (Able to send electrical signals from one body part to another... called action potentials/nerve impulses); 2. Longevity (neurons last a lifetime typically); 3. Not able to divide (cannot replace themselves if destroyed); 4. High metabolic rate (require constant supply of O2 and nutrients) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They can be either really long OR really short |
|
|
Term
| **Know all parts and functions of a Neuron** |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structural Classification of Neurons |
|
Definition
| Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many processes extend from the cell body; all are dendrites except for a single axon; Most Popular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Relatively rare; Two processes extend from the cell body; one is fused dendrite, the other is an axon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One process extends from the cell body and forms central and peripheral processes, which together comprise an axon; receiveing info like a dendrite would; pseudounipolar neuron = initially looked bipolar; somatic sensory neurons |
|
|
Term
| Functional classification of neurons |
|
Definition
| Afferent, Efferent, Interneurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| According to the direction in which nerve impulses travels relative to the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Towards the CNS = SENSORY neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| away from the CNS = MOTOR neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Within the CNS = ASSOCIATION neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neuron communication sites |
|
|
Term
| What is every process off the soma completely covered with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendricytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Not neurons! very processed; blood-brain barrier & pH of brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smallest glial in CNS, least abundant (phagocytes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epithelium; simple cuboidal w/ cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wrap axons; TRACT (bundles of axons in CNS) not nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Satellite cells and Schwann cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cover neuronal soma (group of cell bodies) in the PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form myelin sheaths in the PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gaps in the myelin sheath; allows increase velocity in action potential activity from soma to axon terminal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multilayered lipoprotein (also in plasma membrane) structure that wraps pieces of axon; electrically insulates axons; speeds rate of action potential conduction; Schwann cells (PNS); oligodendricytes (CNS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The outer, nucleated, cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell... outermost layer of myelin sheath |
|
|
Term
| Know differences between myelinated axons in the PNS and unmyelinated axons in the PNS |
|
Definition
| [unmyelinated axons in the PNS still wrapped by Schwann cell, but not multilayered (or oligodendricytes) no myelin] |
|
|
Term
| Why is there a neurilemma? |
|
Definition
When PNS axons are damaged, the neurilemma forms a regeneration tube which acts as a tunnel that connects one end of a damaged axon to the other end
This does NOT happen in the CNS because oligodendricytes do not form a neurilemma (or a regeneration tube) |
|
|
Term
| White and grey matter are ___ in the spinal cord and in the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cluster of soma in the PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cluster of axons in the PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cluster of soma in the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cluster of axons in the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short unmyelinated interneurons; cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons; neuroglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fiber tracts of myelinated and unmyelinated axons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cable-like organs in the PNS; many parallel axons arranged in bundles called fascicles; within each nerve, each axon is covered by Schwann cells (myelinated and unmyelinated axons) |
|
|
Term
| 3 Layers of CT in the PNS |
|
Definition
Endoneurium - CT surrounding the Schwann cells
Perineurium - CT surrounding fascicles
Epineurium - CT surrounding an entire nerve
*Each axon is surrounded by Schwann cell, then covered by CT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rapid, automatic, motor responses to stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simple chain of neurons that cause reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Receptor
2. Sensory Neuron
3. Integration center
4. Motor neuron
5. Effector |
|
|
Term
| If just one component of the reflex does not work is there still a reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Integration centers are ___ part of a reflex arc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sometimes sensory neuron stimulates motor neuron ___ with no interneuron present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define monosynaptic reflexes |
|
Definition
No interneuron, one synapse
Stretch reflex |
|
|
Term
| Define polysynaptic reflexes |
|
Definition
Multiple interneurons, multiple synapses
Withdrawal reflex (pain withdrawal), activates flexor muscles
ex. bicep flexes, tricep must be relaxed neuron also inhibits antagonist muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| towards the snout; ex: cervical spinal cord more rostral than lumbar spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Towards the tail; ex: more caudal toward occipital lobe |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the brain is closest to the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The diencephalon is __ from the brain stem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Largest part of the brain.. left and right hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gives rise to thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Second largest part of the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rostral continuation of the spinal cord; consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain |
|
|
Term
| ALL ventricles produce... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lateral ventricles associated with? |
|
Definition
| Cerebrum; cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei) |
|
|
Term
| What is the third ventricle associated with? |
|
Definition
| Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, retina) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cerebral aqueduct associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fourth ventricle associated with? |
|
Definition
| Brain stem: pons; cerebellum; brain stem: medulla oblongata |
|
|
Term
| What is the central canal associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are brain ventricles? |
|
Definition
| Spaces in the brain; continuous with each other and the central canal; contain CSF; Lined with ependymal cells |
|
|
Term
| What are brain ventricles lined with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| **KNOW EVERYTHING ON VENTRICLES PICTURE IN NOTES** |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do the anterior ventricles touch AND interact? |
|
Definition
| No, they touch but do NOT interact. They are medially placed for frontal lobe |
|
|
Term
| Which lobe is the posterior horn in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does CSF get outside the brain? |
|
Definition
| Through the 4th ventricle (little holes=apertures) |
|
|
Term
| *Know circulation of CSF in CH. 13 notes* |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 Protective Coverings of the CNS |
|
Definition
| The skull (protects brain); Vertebrae (protects spinal cord); Meninges (CT sheaths that encircle the brain and spinal cord; meninx = singular) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dura mater (strongest, most superficial), Arachnoid mater(whispy and networked), pia mater(adheres directly to brain/spinal cord surface.. outermost layer of brain and spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
| **Know picture of the meninges in CH 13** |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fuses to form the Dura mater? |
|
Definition
| Periosteum of inside of the skull (Periosteal) and meningeal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Dural Septa? |
|
Definition
| holds the brain in the skull to prevent damage |
|
|
Term
| Define Tentorum Cerebelli |
|
Definition
| Separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum |
|
|
Term
| The two layers of the Dura Mater are separated to form.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the dural venous sinuses do? |
|
Definition
| Drain venous blood from the brain and deliver it to the internal jugular veins |
|
|
Term
| Know Gross anatomy of the cerebrum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know all lobes, fissures, sulci, and functional regions of cerebral cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do areas of greater cortical mass represent in somatotopy? |
|
Definition
| Areas of greater sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| What makes up cerebral white matter? |
|
Definition
| Commissural Fibers, Associational Fibers, & Projection Fibers |
|
|
Term
| What are commissural fibers? |
|
Definition
| Between hemispheres; cross the midline; Largest = Corpus Callosum |
|
|
Term
| What are Associational Fibers? |
|
Definition
| Intrahemispheric; can be long or short |
|
|
Term
| What are Projection Fibers? |
|
Definition
| Cortex <-> lower CNS regions; vertical fibers |
|
|
Term
| What makes up cerebral deep grey matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do basal ganglia do? |
|
Definition
| Initiate and terminate body movements; suppresses unwanted movements |
|
|
Term
| What is the Diencephalon? |
|
Definition
| Thalamus + Hypothalamus + Epithalamus |
|
|
Term
| What does the thalamus look like? |
|
Definition
| Two egg-shaped structures stuck together\ |
|
|
Term
| The thalamus is a ___ station |
|
Definition
| Relay; EVERY PART OF THE BRAIN THAT COMMUNICATES WITH THE CEREBRAL CORTEX MUST RELAY ITS SIGNAL THROUGH A NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS |
|
|
Term
| There is ____ a paired nuclei in the thalamus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the hypothalamus control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the hypothalamus |
|
Definition
| Inferior and rostral to the thalamus; many subnuclei; contains pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cerebral peduncles; cerebral aqueduct; corporal quadrigemina |
|
|
Term
| Define cerebral peduncles |
|
Definition
| Composed mostly of the motor tracts from the cortex to the cerebellum and spinal cord (look like columns/pillars supporting the cerebrum; located ventrally) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passes through the center of the midbrain; 3rd --> 4th ventricle |
|
|
Term
| Define corporal quadrigemina |
|
Definition
| nuclei that form 4 bumps on the dorsal midbrain; superior colliculi = visual reflexes ; inferior colliculi = auditory reflexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Little columns or little feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bridge of fibers between brainstem and cerebellum; relay of motor information from the cortex to the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| Ventral brain structure = |
|
Definition
| transversely running fibers in the pons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Continuous with superior aspect of the spinal cord; from the foramen magnum to inferior pontine border; pyramids (motor tracts that form bulges on the anterior surface of the medula) & olives (nuclei that form bulgest lateral to the pyramids... sensory relay station) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE MEDULLA IS VERY IMPORTANT!! Why? |
|
Definition
| Motory and sensory tracts run through the medulla; descending motor tracts cross the midline in the medulla; very important nuclei housed in the medulla: cardiovascular center, respiratory center, vasomotor center, control of vomiting, swallowing, sneezing, coughing |
|
|
Term
| Arrangement of cerebellum |
|
Definition
cerebellar cortex: grey matter w/ many folds called folia
cerebellar white matter: tracts called arbor vitae
deep grey matter nuclei |
|
|
Term
| Major tract entering/exiting the cerebellum |
|
Definition
| Middle cerebellar peduncle: only info in one direction, largest |
|
|
Term
| Functions of the Cerebellum |
|
Definition
| Coordinates and smoothes motor movements; equilibrium and balance; some cognition |
|
|
Term
| Function of anterior and posterior lobes of cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of Flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Sensory and motor innervation of the whole body (inferior to head)
2. Two way conduction pathway between the brain and the body (inferior to head)
3. Major integration center for reflexes (inferior to head) |
|
|
Term
| Gross anatomy of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
| Extends from the foramen magnum to L1 vertebra (Conus medullaris; Cauda equina; Filum terminale); Cervical Enlargement; Lumbar enlargement |
|
|
Term
| What does cauda equina mean and what does it contain? |
|
Definition
| "horses tail" ; spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What does the filum terminale do? |
|
Definition
| holds the spinal cord in place |
|
|
Term
| How many cervical spinal nerves are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spinal cord segments are typically located ___ to where their corresponding spinal nerves emerge through the intervertebral foramina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the spinal cord, white matter is located ___ & grey matter is located __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In the spinal cord...
Dorsal =
Ventral = |
|
Definition
Dorsal = sensory
Ventral = motor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensory; dorsal roots carry info TOWARD the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motor; ventral roots carry info AWAY from the CNS |
|
|
Term
| Somatic sensory neurons live in the.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatic motor neurons live in the.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are white matter tracts named? |
|
Definition
| According to where the tract begins and where it ends |
|
|
Term
| Spinal cord white matter is made up of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Traveling up the spinal cord, SENSORY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Traveling down the spinal cord; MOTOR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cervical : largest amt. of white matter & grey matter (CERVICAL ENLARGEMENT)
Thoracic: Least amount of grey matter
Lumbar: Large amount of grey matter (LUMBAR ENLARGEMENT)
Sacral: Least amount of white & grey matter |
|
|
Term
| Where is the interneuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Peripheral Nervous System made up of? |
|
Definition
Mixed nerves (contain afferent and efferent axons) - ALL SPINAL NERVES ARE MIXED NERVES
Motor nerves (only efferent axons)
Sensory nerves (only afferent axons) |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attached to the brain and pass through the skull foramina ; numbered with roman numerals from rostral to caudal ; each nerve is either motor, sensory or mixed |
|
|
Term
| IDENTIFY ALL 12 CRANIAL NERVES FROM TOP VIEW OF BRAIN |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composed of very short fibers ; SENSORY ; doesn't form tight nerve ; Bipolar neurons that are olfactory neurons ; olfactory bulb is NOT cranial nerve I it is where olfactory nerve synapses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Axons of the retina converge to form the optic nerve ; passes through the optic foramen into the brain ; from eye to chiasma ; SENSORY - vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MOTOR - moves the eyeball and eyelid ; parasympathetic ; activates skeletal muscles that move eyeball |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MOTOR - moves the eyeball ; smallest CN ; only CN from DORSAL brainstem ; inervates the superior oblique muscle and that's all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MIXED
-Motor: muscles of mastification (chewing only)
-Sensory: All facial sensations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MOTOR - moves the eyeball
runs along middle of pons ; activates lateral rectus muscles (ABDUCTS the eyeball) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MIXED
-Motor: Facial expression
-Sensory: TASTE in anterior 2/3rds of tongue
NOT FOR CHEWING |
|
|
Term
| CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear |
|
Definition
| SENSORY - equilibrium and audition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MIXED
-Sensory : taste for the POSTERIOR 1/3 of tongue
-Motor: swallowing muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
BIGGEST CN Nerve; only one that goes past the neck (fibers innervate most organs of ventral body cavity); MIXED
-Sensory: visceral sensation and taste from throat region
-Motor: supplies muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate that are involved in swallowing and vocalization |
|
|
Term
| Effector tissues of the Vagus Nerve |
|
Definition
| Lung, Heart, spleen, liver, stomach, kidney, small intestine, colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MOTOR - coordinates head movements
Activates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius ; through foramen magnum, exit out jugular foramen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Underneath tongue, activates tongue; MOTOR - tongue movement
Internal muscles change shape of tongue ; external muscles are skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet Ah
Functions: Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More |
|
|
Term
| Is cranial nerve XI attached to the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of MIXED nerves are attached to the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are spinal nerves named? |
|
Definition
| For their point of issue from the vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| Number of spinal nerves at each segment corresponds to the number of vertebra... except... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Below cervical region, all spinal nerves exit ___ their respective vertebra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If coming from your limbs it will follow what route? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If coming from your back it follows what route? |
|
Definition
| dorsal route; SENSORY MUST GO IN DORSAL ROOT |
|
|
Term
| The ____ of all spinal nerves (except ___) branch and join one another forming an interlacing network of axons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ventral rami primarily serve... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Because of the arrangement of the ventral rami, if a single spinal nerve is damaged does it completely paralyze the limb muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Back and Thorax Innervation = |
|
Definition
Spinal nerves T2-T12
The dorsal rami supply the back of the trunk in a segmented fashion ;
The ventral rami of the thorax supplies the remainder of the thorax in a segmented fashion via the intercostal nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C1 - C5 spinal nerves ; Located deep in the neck under the SCM muscle ; Phrenic Nerve (innervation of the diaphragm) |
|
|
Term
| What does spinal cord damage superior to C3 to C5 result in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arises from C4-T1 ; Located in neck and axilla region ; innervates the shoulders and arms ; ULNAR NERVE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Femoral nerve supplies the anterior thigh ; obturator nerve supplies the medial thigh (adductors)
Arises from L1 - L4 ; located in psoas major |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arises from L4 - S4 spinal nerves ; Supplies the buttocks, hamstrings, and leg ; SCIATIC NERVE = largest in the body, innervates all of lower limb except anterior and medial thigh |
|
|
Term
| Coronial is also known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An area of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves;
clinical relevance? Nerve blocks, localization of injuries |
|
|
Term
| What is the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)? |
|
Definition
| A system of motor neurons that innervate the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands of the body ; Functions with the hypothalamus ("puppet master") to maintain homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic activation or inhibition of body systems ... |
|
Definition
Somatic motor - voluntary - skeletal muscles
Visceral motor - involuntary - sm/card muscle tissue and glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sympathetic (Fight or Flight) & Parasympathetic (Rest and Digest) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fight or flight ; responds to stresses (physical and emotional) ; increase body functions that support physical activity ; Decrease digestive and urinary function |
|
|
Term
| Functions of parasympathetic |
|
Definition
| Rest and Digest ; Conserve and restore body energy ; decrease body functions that support physical activity ; increase digestive and urinary function ; activates stomach mucsles |
|
|
Term
| Know Somatic Motor vs. Autonomic Motor Chart in Ch. 15 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define preganglionic neuron |
|
Definition
Soma located in the CNS
sympathetic: lateral horn of thoracolumbar spinal cord
Parasympathetic: brainstem or sacral spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Define postganglionic neuron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autonomic ganglia are loacted in different places for sympathetic vs parasympathetic brances of the.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the parasympathetic ganglia ; located close to or within the wall of an organ, some located in the head but most located in the gut |
|
|
Term
| Because terminal ganglia are located so near the effector organ... |
|
Definition
Preganglionic axons are long (spinal cord/brain -> ganglia)
Postganglionic axons are short (ganglia -> effector) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4 cranial nerves + sacral spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| Memorize the cranial nerves in Ch 15 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CN III (Oculomotor) = what parasympathetic function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic function of CN VII (Facial) |
|
Definition
| Lacrimal gland, salivary glands below the tongue |
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic function of CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parasympathetic function of CN X (Vagus) |
|
Definition
| Visceral organs of the thorax and upper 2/3rds of the abdomen ; 90% of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers for the whole body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Paravertebral Ganglia & Prevertebral Ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Paravertebral Ganglia (chain ganglia) |
|
Definition
| Located ina vertical row to either side of the vertebral column ; paired |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Located anterior to the vertebral column near the large abdominal arteries ; Unpaired |
|
|
Term
| Because most of the sympathetic ganglia are near the spinal cord... |
|
Definition
Preganglionic axons are short (spinal cord -> ganglion)
Postganglionic axons are long (ganglion ->effector) |
|
|
Term
Parasympathetic = ___ Outflow
Sympathetic = ___ Outflow |
|
Definition
| Craniosacral; Thoracolumbar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Innermost part of the adrenal gland ; highly specialized sympathetic ganglia ; specialized neurons without processes ; secrete hormones: norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the ANS ; Regulated largely by the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic control of the heart |
|
Definition
Sympathetic - stimulates the heart to beat faster and harder
Parasympathetic - slows the heart down |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic control of the Bronchioles |
|
Definition
Sympathetic: dilation of bronchioles
Parasympathetic: constriction of bronchioles
(sphincters in bronchioles) |
|
|
Term
| Autonomic control of the GI Tract |
|
Definition
Sympathetic: sphincters close
Parasympathetic: inhibits sphincter closure |
|
|
