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Anatomy Exam 2
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235
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/01/2009

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Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
includes the head, your vertebral column, & your ribcage
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
arms & legs; shoulder & pelvis
Term
Articulations
Definition
joints between different bones and different parts of your body
Term
Cranial Bones
Definition
protect your brain- (Skull) 8 in total; Frontal bone (1), parietal bones (2, temporal bones (2), occipital bone (1), sphenoid bone (1), ethmoid bone (1)
Term
Facial Bones
Definition
give you the shape of your face- (Skull) 14 in total; Zygomatic bones (2), lacrimal bones (2), nasal bones (2), vomer (1), inferor nasal conchae (2), palatine bones (2), maxillae (2), mandible (1)
Term
Associated bones of the skull
Definition
auditory ossicles (6- malleus (2), inxus (2), stapes (2)) & hyoid bone (1)
Term
Vertebral Column
Definition
Vertebrae- cervical vertebrae (7), thoracic vertebrae (12), lumbar vertebrae (5); sacrum (1), coccyx (1)
Term
Thoracic Cage
Definition
Sternum (1), Ribs (24)
Term
sacrum
Definition
made of 5 different bones that fused together
Term
coccyx
Definition
(tailbone)- made of 4 different bones that fused together
Term
Auditory ossicles
Definition
in your middle ear; the smallest bones in your body that have to vibrate in order for you to hear anything
Term
Hyoid bone
Definition
only attaches to other bones by ligaments & muscles; supports your tonque and larynx
Term
frontal bone
Definition
bone in front of the head
Term
parietal bones
Definition
on front and side behind the frontal
Term
sphenoid bone
Definition
makes up the eye socket, goes from the left eye socket to the right eye socket; it is a rather big bone that forms part of the cranial cavity
Term
ethmoid bone
Definition
separating the right eye from the left eye; it helps make the front surface of your cranium
Term
zygomatic bones
Definition
the cheek bones
Term
maxilla
Definition
form the upper jaw and hard palate in your mouth (it doesn't move)
Term
nasal bone
Definition
little joint or groove at the top of your nose
Term
inferior nasal concha
Definition
bony shells in your nasal canal/ passage
Term
vomer
Definition
supports the front of your nose
Term
lacrimal bone
Definition
bones there for support to take fluid from eyes to nasal passages
Term
mandible
Definition
lower jaw bone
Term
Sutural bone
Definition
bones that fill holes in your head; not everybody has them
Term
Pterion
Definition
where 4 bones fuse together; found where you have been told it is your temple
Term
external acoustic meatus
Definition
auditory canal
Term
soft pallete
Definition
movable bone, will close off nasal passages whenever you are vomiting so all that stuff comes out of your mouth
Term
foramen magnum
Definition
large hole that spinal cord goes through to join the brain
Term
What are the holes in the bones for?
Definition
blood vessels and nerves to pass through; they supply the muscle and skin that is exterior to the skeleton
Term
Fontanelle
Definition
where the skull is made up of dense regular connective tissue (soft spot; will fill in or disappear by the time the child is 2 years old
4 types: Anterior, posterior, mastoid, sphenoidal
Term
Why did your head have fontanelles?
Definition
1. so your bones could move when you exited the birth canal
2. to provide more flexibility of the growing skull (the brain grows the fastest)
Term
o When pregnant, what keeps all that bacteria from getting to the fetus?
Definition
§ The entrance/exit to the uterus is a mucus plug that is a formed as a result of implantation. It keeps the internal environment clean & aseptic.
Term
Cervical vertebrae
Definition
form the bones of the neck: C1-C7
Term
Thoracic vertebrae
Definition
provide structure for your thoracic region, T1-T12
Term
Lumbar vertebrae
Definition
form the inferior concave region ("small") of the back, L1-L5
Term
Sacrum
Definition
made by the fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae fused together; fuses solidly w/ your pelvic girdle (S1-S5)
Term
Coccyx
Definition
4 vertebrae fused together, "tailbone", Co1-Co4
Term
Glenoid cavity
Definition
ball and socket type structure; shoulder socket
Term
Pectoral girdles
Definition
clavicle (2), scapula (2)
Term
Upper Limb
Definition
60 total- Humerus (2), Radius (2), Ulna (2), Carpals (12)- Schaphoid (2), lunate (2), triquetrum (2), pisiform (2), trapezium (2), trapezoid (2), capitate (2), hamate (2), Metacarpals (10), Phalanges (28)- Proximal phalanx (10), middle phalanx (8), distal phalanx (10)
Term
Pelvic girdles
Definition
Os coxae (2)- Ilium, ischium, and pubis bones fuse in early adolescense
Term
Lower limbs
Definition
60 in total; Femur (2), Patella (2), Tibia (2, Fibula (2), Tarsals (14)- Calcaneus (2), talus (2), navicular (2), cuboid (2), medial cuneiform (2), intermediate cuneiform (2), lateral cuneiform (2), Metatarsals (10), Phalanges (28)- Proximal phlanx (10), middle phalanx (8), distal phalanx (10)
Term
Scaphoid
Definition
in your wrist/hand, gets most of the impact when you fall; it generally breaks into 2 pieces
Term
Os coxae
Definition
made of ilium, pubis, and ischium fused together
Term
What’s the principle, original ingredient in bone?
Definition
collagen fibers
Term
What is the longest, strongest, & heaviest bone of your body?
Definition
the femur
Term
Articulation
Definition
when 2 or more bones are interacting w/ each other
Term
Fibrous joints
Definition
where bones are held together by dense regular (fibrous) connective tissue
Term
Cartilaginous joints
Definition
where bones are joined by catrilage; pubic symphasis & ephiphyseal plates
Term
Epiphyseal plates
Definition
the part of the ends of long bones where the bones grow in length; you had these when you were growing; they are now called the epiphyseal line
Term
Synovial joints
Definition
has a fluid filled, joint cavity that separates the articulating surfaces of the bones
Term
Synovial fluid
Definition
a lubricant
Term
Bursae
Definition
bags of synovial fluid around various joints; outer is protecting the ligament, inner is protecting the ligament from the bone; protects ligaments from impace
Term
Tendon sheath
Definition
halfway up your wrists, these tendons are wrapped together into a sheath with synovial fluid
Term
Four Basic Properties of Skeletal Muscle
Definition
Excitability, Contractability, Elasticity, Extensibility
Term
Excitability
Definition
the muscle receives a stimulus to activate it
Term
Contractability
Definition
when it is stimulated, a muscle cell gets shorter (contracts)
Term
Elasticity
Definition
when the stimulus is removed, the muscle will return to its relaxed length
Term
Extensibility
Definition
skeletal muscle cells can become a little longer than their relaxed length if you put a force on them
Term
Functions of Muscles (5)
Definition
Provide body movement, posture, produce heat, enable you to store urine feces, provide support for abdominal and pelvic cavities
Term
external anal sphincters
Definition
give you conscious control to not have a spontaneous bowel movement
Term
fascicle
Definition
fibers bound in the muscle, several fascicles make up a muscle; higly vascularized and innervated
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
membrane of a muscle cell
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
cytoplasmic area of the cell, internal to the sarcolemma; you find organisms here that you don't find anywhere else in the cell
Term
Myofibril
Definition
contractile tubules; the smallest part of a muscle to get shorter when the muscle contracts
Term
Endomysium
Definition
whitish band that surrounds each and every muscle fiber; loose connective tissue
Term
Satellite cells
Definition
yellow thing there to maintain and repair the muscle cells because they do not mitose
Term
Perimysium
Definition
dense irregular connective tissue; see this wrapped around the muscle
Term
Epimysium
Definition
dense irregular connective tissue; surrounds the perimysium
Term
deep fascia
Definition
really dense irregular connective tissue designed to surround several muscles
Term
origin
Definition
the less mobile point of attachment of the muscle
Term
Insertion
Definition
the more mobile attachment of the muscle
Term
Belly
Definition
the bulge of the muscle
Term
Terminal cisternae
Definition
where the muscle cells store calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
Tranverse (T) Tubules
Definition
openings come right out to the membrane; purposes: the electrical impulse is distributed throughout the cell in these openings, the cell gets its nutrients through these openings, it gets rid of metabolic wastes
Term
myofibrils
Definition
the smallest part of a muscle that gets shorter
Term
2 kinds of myofibrils
Definition
thick filaments and thin filaments
Term
Thick filaments
Definition
made up of proteins called myosin; you've got 100s-1000s of myosin molecules twisted around each other to make a cable
Term
Myosin molecule
Definition
made up of 2 strains, 2 myosin proteins twisted around each other like a rope or a cable
Term
thin filaments
Definition
composed of 2 strands of the protein actin, tropomyosin, and troponin
Term
Actin
Definition
2 strands of actin molecules are twisted around each other in thin filaments
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
made of two strands of tropomyosin twisted around each other. Those 2 strands are twisted around the actin.
Term
Troponin complex
Definition
made up of several different molecules of troponin that wraps around the troponin in the myosin; The purpose of the troponin in a relaxed muscle is to hold the tropomyosin over top of the actin active sites.
Term
M- line/m-protein
Definition
keeps adjacent filaments properly oriented to each other
Term
Sarcomere
Definition
the distance from on Z-disc to the next Z-disc
Term
Z-disc
Definition
attaches thin filaments
Term
Titin
Definition
a coiled protein, which is supposed to represent a spring. These are little elastic proteins. They are what gives muscles their elastic properties.
Term
Synaptic knob
Definition
point of connection; expanded tip of an axon in the neuron
Term
Neuromuscular junction
Definition
The actual interaction between the synaptic knob (end of nerve cell) and the surface of the muscle cell
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
chemicals that transmit a nerve impulse to the next cell in line
Term
Synaptic cleft
Definition
an actual space held together by loose connective tissue
Term
terminal cisternae
Definition
muscle cells use these to store calcium ions
Term
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Definition
an enzyme that targets acetylcholine. The AChE sits in the synaptic cleft so that after the brain has told the muscle to stop whatever it is doing, the AChE gets rid of any unused ACh so the process does not occur any longer
Term
Nervous tissue
Definition
collects, processes, evaluates, and responds to information
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
brain & spinal cord; command center of nervous system that integrates and processes nervous info
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, & ganglia; projects info to and receives info from CNS; mediates some reflexes
Term
Sensory Nervous System
Definition
contains receptors; transmits information from receptors to CNS
Term
Somatic Sensory
Definition
refers to all body parts except for internal viscera; receives sensory info from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles, special senses
Term
Visceral sensory
Definition
receives sensory info from internal organs
Term
Motor nervous system
Definition
transmits info from CNS to rest of the body; sends motor info to effectors
Term
Somatic motor
Definition
"voluntary"; innervates skeletal muscle
Term
Autonomic motor
Definition
"involuntary"; operates your internal organs (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)
Term
Effectors
Definition
the muscles or glands that receive info from the CNS and have to act accordingly
Term
Neurons
Definition
cells specialized to carry an electric current
Term
3 Basic Parts of a Neuron
Definition
dendrites, nerve cell body, axon
Term
What is the effect of the "little valleys" of the synaptic knob?
Definition
to inscrease surface area b/w the nerve cell and the muscle cell
Term
t-tubule
Definition
carries impulse deep into the cell
Term
terminal cisternae
Definition
store calcium ions
Term
masseter
Definition
one of the strongest muscles of the body
Term
bulbospongiosus
Definition
surrounds vagina; contract to "tighten pelvis"
Term
rotator cuff muscles
Definition
injury common in baseball players; supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
Term
cross section of the upper arm
Definition
jam packed with muscles, bones, nerves, & blood vessels
Term
carpal tunnel
Definition
cavity that holds tendons and medial nerve
Term
carpal tunnel syndrome
Definition
tendons become inflamed and swollen to the point where they squeeze the medial nerve
Term
groin pull
Definition
stretching/tearing/bruising of adductor longus (medial to lateral muscles); not in the pubic area, actually in the high thigh
Term
hamstring pull
Definition
in the back of thigh
Term
What causes the myosin head to bend?
Definition
ATP into ADP + P
Term
Dendrites
Definition
receive an impulse or stimulus of some kind from another neuron or from a sensory receptor
Term
Nerve Cell Body
Definition
impulses come from somewhere to this; where you find the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles
Term
Chromatophilic Substances
Definition
in neuron, endoplasmic reticulum is called this because if the neurons are properly stained, the endoplasmic reticulum shows up in the slide as a pinkish or bluish color. It attracts certain dyes making endoplasmic reticulum very prominent.
Term
Axon
Definition
takes the impulse away from the nerve cell body; impulse going from axon to another neuron/muscle cell/gland cell; going to some effector
Term
Telodendria
Definition
smaller branches at the end of axon branches; carries impulse to a certain muscle cell or group of cells or gland cells
Term
What does it mean when there is more gross movement in a neuron?
Definition
more muscle cells are served by each individual neuron
Term
Unipolar neuron
Definition
principle (main) sensory neurons in your body; impulse travels past the nerve cell body (ex: stumping your toe)
Term
Bipolar neurons
Definition
traditional type neuron; one big dendrite going into the cell body and one axon coming out; in specialized areas
Term
multipolar neurons
Definition
bunch of dendrites feeding into the nerve cell body; find it in your brain
Term
In what order do neurons interact?
Definition
receive stimulation -> CNS -> interneuron(s) -> other neurons -> motor neurons -> effector (muscle neuron)
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
around many neurons in CNS & PNS; insulation, keep impulse where you want it to go
Term
neurofibril nodes
Definition
spaces between myelin sheath; allows for the impulse to arc from axon to axon; speeds up impulse transmission 300x -> rapid impulse transmission
Term
neurolemmocyte
Definition
cell that is wrapped around the axon of the neuron
Term
What is the most abundant compound in the myelin layer?
Definition
the cell membrane
Term
What is the most abundant compound w/in the cell membrane?
Definition
phospholipid
Term
oligodendrocyte
Definition
have feet that project out from the nerve cell body; myelin is due to this only in the CNS
Term
multiple sclerosis
Definition
autoimmune disease; your immune system destroys the myelin sheath in your CNS, you then have impulses going in all different kinds of directions
Term
autoimmune disease
Definition
where your immune system is attacking part of your own body
Term
chemokines
Definition
makes the communication b/w severed neuron, neurolemmocytes, and muscle possible
Term
chemotactic molecules
Definition
chemical attractants
Term
If a dendrite or axon is damaged, can a neuron repair itself?
Definition
yes
Term
If the nerve cell body is damaged, can a neuron repair itself?
Definition
No. You lose whatever that neuron serves.
Term
neuron
Definition
cell specialized to carry an electric current
Term
nerve
Definition
a collection of nerve fibers (dendrites or axons); does not have nerve cell bodies
Term
endoneurium
Definition
loose connective tissue surrounding each and every nerve fiber
Term
fassicle
Definition
a whole bunch of nerve fibers bundled together
Term
perineurium
Definition
dense irregular connective tissue; several bundles are wrapped together in the nerve
Term
epineurium
Definition
dense connective tissue; the wrapping around the nerve
Term
2 basic types of nerve impulses in your body
Definition
chemical synapse & electrical synapse
Term
presynaptic neuron
Definition
neuron bringing impulse to synapse
Term
synapse
Definition
communication between two nerve cells or a nerve and gland cell
Term
cardiac muscle cells
Definition
connected through intercalated discs
Term
polarized neuron
Definition
you've got a positive and negative pole
Term
depolarization
Definition
when the membrane becomes permeable so that you are destroying the polarization process
Term
Can an impulse go backwards?
Definition
No, never. It can only travel in one direction (dendrite to nerve cell body to axon)
Term
threshold stimulus
Definition
it takes a stimulus of certain intensity to initiate an impulse
Term
glial cells
Definition
protect & help nourish neurons
Term
satellite cells
Definition
repair & maintenance cells
Term
ependymal cells
Definition
simple cuboidal cells lining the lumenal surface of the spinal cord; make and circulate CSF
Term
central canal
Definition
hollow canal in the spinal cord
Term
ventricles
Definition
4 hollow spaces in the brain filled w/ CFS
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
help form the BBB; regulate tissue fluid composition; replace damged neurons; assist w/ neuronal development
Term
Blood Brain Barrier
Definition
barrier b/w your vascular and nervous tissue; everything that goes into the brain has to pass this;
Term
microglial cells
Definition
get rid of metabolic wastes produced in the brain; cousin of macrophage, it phagocytizes toxic wastes
Term
dementia
Definition
loss of neurological control; affects 2/3 of AIDS patients
Term
sulcus
Definition
a valley or crevice that is all over the brain
Term
gyrus
Definition
the ridges between adjacent sulci
Term
lateral sulcus
Definition
runs sideways across the brain
Term
parioccipital sulcus
Definition
valley between parietal and occipital lobe
Term
cerebrum
Definition
has 2 hemispheres, each with 5 lobes
Term
The 5 lobes of the brain
Definition
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula
Term
frontal lobe
Definition
reasoning, control of skeletary muscles
Term
parietal lobe
Definition
involved in receiving sensory stimulation/impulses from almost your whole body
Term
occipital lobe
Definition
responsible for visual stimuli and interpretations
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
auditory and olfaction stimulation
Term
Insula lobe
Definition
taste and memory
Term
cerebellum
Definition
inferior to cerebrum; coordinates impulses of skeletal muscles
Term
corpus calosum
Definition
handles the overwhelming majority of communication between the two hemispheres
Term
meninges
Definition
covering of the brain
Term
longitudinal fissure
Definition
separates two hemispheres
Term
post central gyrus
Definition
anterior gyrus of parietal lobes; sensory impulses from all over your body arrive here; receives touch, pressure, pain, temperature
Term
pre central gyrus
Definition
most posterior gyrus of the frontal lobes; initiates the impulses that go to your skeletal muscles
Term
4 functions of the brain
Definition
orientation, coordination, assimilation, control your behavior
Term
gustation
Definition
taste
Term
Wernicke area
Definition
gathers info that you might want to verbalize about
Term
gnostic area
Definition
chooses words you want to say and order you want to put them in
Term
arcuate fasciculus
Definition
bundle of interneurons that are carrying infor from the gnostic area to the brocca's area
Term
brocca area
Definition
motor speech area- selects the muscles you need to use in order to express the words you selected and order you selected them in
Term
cardiac notch
Definition
where your heart is
Term
How much does your brain weigh?
Definition
about 3 pounds
Term
Gray matter
Definition
nerve cell bodies & unmyelinated dendrites and axons; where your intelligence, personality, & common sense is located
Term
white matter
Definition
internal, myelinated axons; transmission of impulses from pt a to pt b
Term
cerebral nuclei
Definition
regulate unconscious control of skeletal muscles
Term
muscle tone
Definition
the minimal amount of neurological impulse required to keep a relaxed muscle functioning
Term
association tracts
Definition
white matter; bundles of myelinated axons carrying the impulses from one point in a hemisphere to another point in the same hemisphere
Term
commissural tracts
Definition
carry impulses from one hemisphere to another hemisphere
Term
projection tracts
Definition
fiber bundles that carry impulses from the lower part of the brain all the way to the top of the brain
Term
decussation
Definition
crossing over of impulses from one side of the body to the opposite side of the brain; occurs in medulla & spinal cord
Term
periostem
Definition
outermost covering of bone
Term
dura mater
Definition
outermost layer of meninges; subdivided over the top of your head; double layered (Periosteal & Meningeal)
Term
periosteal layer
Definition
around the skull bone
Term
meningeal layer
Definition
separates from periosteal layer
Term
subdural space
Definition
potential space where arachnoid meets the dermal layer
Term
arachnoid layer
Definition
middle layer of meninges; underneath it is the subaractnoid space- has a lot of blood vessels, but rest is filled w/ CSF
Term
pia mater
Definition
most internal layer of meninges; follows exact contour of brain; highly vascularized, where BBB is located
Term
falx cerebri
Definition
meninges that are down in the longitudinal fissure
Term
falx cerebellum
Definition
largest of the four dural septa
Term
cerebral aqueduct
Definition
fluid filled passagewat that connects the 4 ventricles
Term
Choroid plexus
Definition
in each of 4 ventricles; where you make CSF
Term
ependymal cells
Definition
simple cuboidal cells that actually make the CSF in the choroid plexus
Term
arachnoid villi
Definition
projections of subarachnoid space into this dural sinus
Term
primary target tissue
Definition
one that a virus can attach to
Term
pons & medulla
Definition
transmission/relay centers
Term
telencephalon
Definition
lateral ventricles- cerebrum
Term
diencephalon
Definition
3rd ventricle- epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus
Term
mesencephalon
Definition
midbrain, cerebral aqueduct- cerebral peduncles, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi
Term
metencephalon
Definition
anterior part of 4th ventricle- pons, cerebellum
Term
myelencephalon
Definition
posterior part of 4th ventricle- medulla oblongata
Term
thalamus
Definition
relay center for all sensory impulses except olfaction
Term
lateral aperture
Definition
a little port hole that lets CSF go into your subarachnoid space
Term
What kind of tissue is in your CNS?
Definition
nervous, epithelial, everything but muscle tissue
Term
hypthalamus
Definition
master control of autonomic nervous system & endocrine system
Term
autonomic
Definition
controls your internal organs
Term
nucleus
Definition
collection of nerve cell bodies inside CNS
Term
anterior pituitary
Definition
receives instructions from hypothalamus
Term
posterior pituitary
Definition
stores hormones produced in hypothalamus
Term
limbic system
Definition
several parts of the brain that colletively and cooperatively contribute to emotion
Term
epithalamus
Definition
posterior part of the diencephalon
Term
pineal gland
Definition
produces the hormone melatonin
Term
Melatonin
Definition
nature's sleep inducer
Term
Habenular nucleus
Definition
responsible for visceral & emotional response to odors
Term
mammillary bodues
Definition
responsible for smell, reflexes, & swallowing
Term
cerebral peduncle
Definition
projection fibers; impulses are carried by projection fibers that will arrive somewhere in cerebrum
Term
superior colliculi
Definition
responsible for visual reflexes
Term
inferior colliculi
Definition
deal w/ auditory reflexes
Term
substantia nigra
Definition
smooth out motor impulses that have come from higher up in the brain, produce dopamine
Term
L-dopa
Definition
precursor for dopamine
Term
red nuclei
Definition
responsible for posture reflex
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