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Anatomy Exam 1 Flashcards
CH.1,2,4,5,6,8 and 9
278
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/18/2011

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Cards

Term
What is anatomy?
Definition
The study of the structures of the body 
Term
What is physiology?
Definition
The study of the functions of the body
Term
What is the hierarchy of structural organization?
Definition
1. Chemical Level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. Organ system level 6. Organism level
Term
What does osteo mean?
Definition
Bone or bone cell/tissue (osteon) 
Term
What does por or porus mean?
Definition
holes (pores) 
Term
What does osis mean?
Definition
condition or disease 
Term
Define superior
Definition
toward the head; above
Term
Define inferior
Definition
Away from the head; below 
Term
Define anterior/ventral
Definition
Front of the body; in front
Term
Define posterior/dorsal
Definition
Back of the body or behind
Term
Define medial 
Definition
Towards the middle; inner
Term
Define lateral 
Definition
Away from the middle; outer
Term
Define proximal 
Definition
Closer to the site of attachment
Term
Define distal
Definition
Further away from the site of attchment 
Term
Define superficial
Definition
Exterior; toward or at the surface
Term

Define deep 

 

Definition
Interior; away from the surface
Term
Define ipsilateral
Definition
Same side
Term
Define contralateral
Definition
Different sides
Term
Define body cavity
Definition
Spaces within the body that separate, protect, and support internal organs 
Term
What does the dorsal cavity contain?
Definition
Cranial cavity and vertebral/spinal cavity 
Term
What does the ventral body cavity contain?
Definition
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Term
The cranial cavity...
Definition
Is formed by the cranial bones and contains and protects the brain
Term
The vertebral canal...
Definition
Is formed by bones of vertebral column and contains and protects the spinal cord
Term
Meninges are...
Definition
Layers of prtective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal 
Term
The thoracic cavity...
Definition
is formed by the ribs, diaphragm, Muscles of the chest, sternum and vertebral column and contains the heart and lungs
Term
The Abdominopelvic cavity...
Definition
Is made up of the abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) and the pelvic cavity (contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
Term
What are mucous membranes?
Definition
They are thick membranes open to the outside environment; secrete mucous. Example: lining the oral and nasal cavities, vagina and anus
Term
What are serous membranes?
Definition
thin membranes that are closed to the outside environment; no mucous; two layers: visceral and parietal
Term
The visceral layer...
Definition
is the first layer of serous membrane; contacts the organ it covers; actually forms the outside cellular layer of the organ
Term
The paritel layer...
Definition
Is the second layer of serous membrane; contacts the cavity wall
Term
What is the serosae associated with the lungs?
Definition
pleura
Term
What is the serosae associated with the heart?
Definition
pericardium 
Term
What is the serosae associated with the abdominal viscera?
Definition
peritoneum
Term
What are the smallest living units in our bodies?
Definition
cells
Term
What are the three basic functions cells perform for survival?
Definition

1. Obtain nutrients

2. Dispose of waste

3. Replicate/regenerate

 

Term
What are the three main structural components of a cell?
Definition

1. Plasma membrane

2. Cytoplasm 
3. Nucleus  

Term
What is the plasma membrane made of?
Definition
A sea of lipids with a mosaic of different types of proteins; fluid mosaic model
Term
What are the three types of membrane lipids?
Definition

1. Phospholipids

2. Cholesterol

3. Glycolipids

Term
Phospholipids...
Definition
Are 75% of plasma membrane; Have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails; Amphipathic
Term
Cholesterol...
Definition
Is 20% of the plasma membrane; only in animal cells; found among thr lipid tails of bilayer; stiffen the membrane
Term
Glycolipids...
Definition
5% of plasma membrane; only found in layer facing ECF (outer surface); Cellular adhesion, recognition, and growth/development
Term
What are the two types of membrane proteins?
Definition

1. Integral proteins

2. Peripheral proteins

Term
What are integral proteins?
Definition
Proteins embedded in the bilayer, usually transmembrane protiens that extend across both layers 
Term
What are peripheral proteins?
Definition
Proteins NOT embedded in the bilayer; loosely associated with membrane and are easily separated from it 
Term
What are the three principal functions of the plasma membrane?
Definition

1. protective barrier

2. cellular communications (via receptor proteins) 

3. regulates movement of substances in and out

Term
What are the two types of membrane transport?
Definition
active and passive
Term
What are the three types of passive transport?
Definition

1. simple diffusion

2. osmosis

3. facilitated diffusion

Term
Define active transport
Definition
Solutes are moved through an integral protein against their concentration gradient; often called ion pumps
Term
Define vesicular transport and provide the two types
Definition
Transport of very large macromolecules across the membrane; Endocytosis and exocytosis 
Term
What are the three types of endocytosis?
Definition

1. Phagocytosis

2. Pinocytosis

3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Term
What are the three components of the cytoplasm and their functions?
Definition

1. Cytosol-intracellular fluid (ICF) that surrounds organelles; 55%of cells volume; 75-90% water; site of many chemical reactions

2. Organelles-specialized structures within a cell that have characteristic shapes and perfrom specific functions

3. Inclusions-temporary structures in some cells, typically stored nutrients

Term
What are the three components of the cytoskeleton?
Definition

1. Microfilaments

2. Intermediate filaments

3. Microtubules

Term
Describe microfilaments
Definition
Smallest in diameter; concentrated near edge of cell; movement & mechanical support; microvilli: non-motile, microscopic, finger-like projections of plasma membrane (increases surface area)
Term
Describe intermediate filaments
Definition
Located throughout the cell; stabalize organelle position in the cytosol and attach cells to one another
Term
Describe microtubules
Definition
Largest in diameter; project outward from the centrosome; determine cells overall shape; cilia and flagella: motile projections
Term
Describe the centrosome
Definition
Functions in initiating cellular division; helps for microtubules for cilia and flagella
Term
Describe ribosomes
Definition
Function in protein synthesis and contain RNA
Term

Where are ribosomes found?

 

 

Definition

1. Attached to the nuclear envelope (ex. Rough ER)

2. Scattered throughout cytosol (free ribosomes)

3. Mitichondria 

Term
What does reticulum mean?
Definition
network
Term
What is the network of membranes (flattened sacs or tubules) extending from the nuclear envelope?
Definition
The Endoplasmic reticulum
Term
The rough ER...
Definition
Is site of protein synthesis; flat and closests to the nucleus
Term
The smooth ER
Definition
Is site of fatty acis and steroid synthesis; tubular and farther from the nucleus
Term
What is AKA the factory of the cell?
Definition
Golgi apparatus
Term
The golgi apparatus consist of...
Definition
3-10 falttened, membranous sacs called cisternae
Term
What organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport?
Definition
Golgi apparatus
Term
Wat organelle contain powerful digestive enzymes?
Definition
Lysosomes
Term
What is the overall function of lysosomes?
Definition
Digestion
Term
What organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell?
Definition
Mitochindria
Term

Mitochindria...

 

Definition
Generate ATP (fuel for cellular activities); prevelant in physiologically active cells; has double membrane
Term
What organelle directs the cells activites via instructions for protein synthesis and contain DNA?
Definition
The nucleus
Term
What are the three nuclear components and their functions?
Definition

1. Nuclear envelope-double membrane that separates nuclear contents from the cytoplasm 

2. Nuclear pores-openings in the nuclear envelope which control movement of substances betwen nucleus and cytoplasm 

3. Nucleolus-Spherical body within nucleus that produces ribosomes (NOT enclosed by membrane)

Term
Cells changing shape, size or arrangement due to long term irritation or inflimation is known as?
Definition
Dysplasia
Term
Cells incresing in number, but retain normal form and arrange ment is known as?
Definition
Hyperplasia
Term
Cells increasing in size, but retain normal form and arrangement is know as?
Definition
Hypertrophy
Term
Cells decreasing in size, but retain normal form and arrange ment is known as?
Definition
Atrophy
Term
Cells changinf from one type to another and the new cells are of a different shape/function is known as?
Definition
Metaplasia
Term
What is the most abundant type of tissue?
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
What are the four types of tissues and their functions?
Definition

1. Epithelial-covering

2. Connective-support

3. Muscle-movement

4. Nervous-control

Term
What tissue covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs,and ducts and forms all glands?
Definition
epithelial tissue
Term
What type of tissue protects, supports, binds organs, stores energy as fat and provides immunity?
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
What type of tissue is involved in movement and body heat?
Definition
Muscle
Term
What type of tissue detects and responds to changes in and around the body?
Definition
Nervous tissue
Term
What are the basic components of all tissues?
Definition
Living cells and nonliving extracellular matrix
Term
interstitial fluid or tissue fluid is derived from what?
Definition
blood plasma 
Term
Cells are closely packed and held tightly together, always have a free surface and little extracellular matrix are characteristics if what type of tissue?
Definition
Epithelial
Term
What are the three principle functions of epithelial cells?
Definition

1. Selective barrier that regulates the movement of materials in and out of body

2. Secretory surfaces that release products onto the free surface

3. Protective surfaces against the environment

Term
Name the seven special features of epithelial cells and describe
Definition

1. Cellularity-lots of cells, little matrix

2. Avascular-no direct blood supply

3. Nervous intervention-nerve endings present

4. Regeneration-high rate

5. Polarity-different on top and bottom

6. Basment membrane-thin, double, extracellular layer serves as attachment

7. Membrane junctions-contact points in plasma membranes of adjacent cells

Term
What are the two different layers of epithelial cells that have different polarities and where are they located?
Definition

1. Apical (free surface)-faces the body surface, body cavity, lumen or duct

2. Basal (surface)-adheres to basement membrane

 

Term
What are the two layers of the basement membrane and their functions?
Definition

1. Basal lamina- closer to and secreted by the epithelial cells 

2. Reticular lamina-closer to and secreted by the underlying connective tissue

Term
What are the three types of membrane junctions?
Definition

1. Desmosomes

2. Gap junctions

3. Tight junctions

Term
What type of junctions are channels between adjacent cells, allow ICF to flow between cells via connexons, and found in avascular tissue (lens and cornea) and in electrically excitable cells (cardiac muscle cells)?
Definition
Gap junctions
Term
What type of junctions are impermeable when transmembrane proteins from adjacent cells fuse together and prevent ECF and molecules in ECF from passing between cells?
Definition
Tight junctions
Term
What type of junctions are rivet-like couplings that prevent separation of adjacent cells, linker protiens and found in the outer layer of skin and in cardiac muscle cells?
Definition
Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)
Term
In what ways can epithelial cells be classified?
Definition

They can be one layer (simple) or two or more layers (stratified) 

They can also be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar

Term
How are stratified cells always named?
Definition
from their TOP layer (apical surface)
Term
Thin cells that are arranged like floor tiles, allow rapid passgae of substances and found in lungs are?
Definition
squamous cells
Term
Cells that are as tall as they are wide and shaped like cubes or hexagons and function in secretion and absorbtion are?
Definition
cuboidal cells
Term
Cells that are much taller than they are wide, shaped like columns and function in secretion and absorbtion are?
Definition
columnar cells
Term
Epithelium that secretes lubricating substances in serosae, located in kidney, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and lining ventral body cavity is?
Definition
Simple squamous epithelium 
Term
What are the two types of specialized simple squamous epithelia and their functions?
Definition

1. Endothelium-line the heart and vessels

2. Mesothelium-form serous membranes 

Term
Epithelium located in kidney tubules, ducts, secretory portions of small glands and ovary surfaces are?
Definition
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Term
Epithelium that lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts are?
Definition
Simple Columnar epithelium
Term
Nonciliated type of epithelium in male's sperm carrying ducts of large glands; Ciliated type lines trachea and upper respiratory tract. 
Definition
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Term
Epithelium that functions in protecting underlying tissues; Nonkeratinized type forms moist linings of esophagus, mouth and vagina; Keratinized forms epidermis 
Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium
Term
Epithelium that functions in protection and located in largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and slaivary glands are?
Definition
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Term
Epithelium that function in protection and secretion, very rare in the body, but located in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands are?
Definition
Stratified columnar epithelium 
Term
Epithelia that make and secrete a product form what?
Definition
Glands
Term
Secretions are always...?
Definition
Exocytosed
Term
What is the largest gland in the body?
Definition
Liver
Term
What are the two types of glands?
Definition
Endocrine and exocrine
Term
Glands that secrete hormones that are released directly into ECF and then diffuse into blood stream w/o aid of duct are?
Definition
Endocrine glands
Term
Glands with secretions that flow onto the body surfaces or into cavities and act locally (effector organ is nearby) are?
Definition
Exocrine glands
Term
What are unicellular exocrine glands that produce mucous, found in columnar tissue and located in the trachea?
Definition
Goblet cells
Term
What tissue is most diverse and abundant in the body?
Definition
Connective tissue
Term
What are the four main categories of connective tissue?
Definition

1. CT proper

2. Cartilage

3. Bone

4. Blood

Term
Tissues that have few cells and lots of extracellular matrix are?
Definition
Connective tissues
Term
What does chondra mean?
Definition
cartilage
Term
All connective tissue have the same embryonic origin called...?
Definition
Mesenchyme
Term
What types of fibers are located in connective tissue?
Definition

1. Collagen Fiber

2. Elastic Fiber

3. Reticular Fiber 

Term
What type of fibers are the strongest, largest in diameter, most abundant and function in strength?
Definition
Collagen fibers
Term
What type of fibers are intermediate in diameter (long & thin), branches form networks and function in recoil?
Definition
Elastic Fibers
Term
What type of fibers are smallest in diameter (appear delicate), cluster in networks and function in support?
Definition
reticular fibers
Term
Connective tissue with all 3 fibers present, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some white blood cells, and located under epithelia (forms lamina propria of mucous membranes), packages organs and surrounds capillaries is?
Definition
Loose areolar CT proper
Term
Connective tissue that reserve food fuel, insulate against heat loss, and support and protect organs; located under skin in the hypodermis, around the kidneys, eyeballs, w/in abdomen and in breasts.
Definition
Loose adipose CT proper 
Term
What are large, spherical shaped cells with a large lipid droplet in the cytoplasm that pushes the nucleus and organelles to the side of cell?
Definition
Adipocytes (fat cells)
Term
Connective tissue with reticular fibers that form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) taht supports other cell types such as white blood cells, mast cells and macrophages, located in lymphoid organs (spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes), *Contain immune cells*
Definition
Loose reticular CT proper 
Term
Connective tissue with parallel collagen fibers, major cell type is fibroblasts, attach muscle to bones or to muscles, bones to bones, located in tendons, most ligaments and aponeuroses?
Definition
Dense regular CT proper
Term
Connective tissue with irregularly arrag=nged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers, main cell type is fibroblast, withstands tension, provides strength, located fibrous capsules of organs and joints, dermis of the skin and submucossa of digestive tract?
Definition
Dense irregular CT proper
Term
Connective tissue taht are just like dense regular CT, but contain high proportion of elastic fibers, allow recoil and located in walls of large arteries (aorta), certain ligaments associated with vertebral column and walls of bronchial tubes?
Definition
Dense elastic CT proper 
Term
What are the three types of cartilage?
Definition

1. Hyaline 

2. Elastic 

3. Fibrocartilage

 

Term
Cartilage that is amorphous but firm matrix, chondroblasts produce matrix and when mature (chondrocytes) lie in lacunae (little lakes), supports and reinforces, resists compressive stress, forms most of embryonic skeleton, covers ends of long bones in joint cavities, forms costal cartilage of ribs, cartilage of nose, trachae and larynx
Definition
Hyaline cartilage
Term
Cartilage with lots of elastic fibers, chondrocytes found in lacuna, shapes structures and allows flexibility, supports external ear and epiglottis
Definition
Elastic cartilage
Term
Cartilage with thick collagen fibers predominant, not to be confused with dense regular connective tissue proper, strength with ability to absorbs compressive shock, located in invertebral discs, pubic symphysis, disc of knee joints, chondrocytes in train like rows. (MAJOR FUNCTION=SHOCK ABSORBTION)
Definition
Fibrocartilage
Term
What are the two types of osseous tissue (bone)?
Definition

1. compact

2. spongy (trabecular) 

Term
CT with hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers, osteocytes lie in lacunae, very vascularized, support and protect store calcium and other minerals and fats, marrow inside is site of blood cell formation
Definition
Bone tissue
Term
CT with red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma), transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, waste, contained w/in blood vessels
Definition
Blood tissue 
Term
All membranes consist of what two types of tissue?
Definition
Epithelium and connective tissue
Term
What are the three types of membranes?
Definition

1. Cutaneous

2. Serous

3. Mucous

Term
What membrane is the skin..covers the body's exterior surface and is a dry membrane?
Definition
Cutaneous membrane
Term
What type of membrane lines open cavities and organs, tube sof respiratory, digestive, reproductive, urinary systems, wet membrane?
Definition
Mucous membrane
Term
What type of membrane covers organs inside closed cavities such as pleural, pericardial and peritoneal, wet membrane that is very slippery?
Definition
Serous membrane
Term
Muscles cells can also be called (2)?
Definition
Myocytes or muscle fibers
Term
Muscle tissue that is long, cylindrical, mulitinucleate cells, obvious striations, function in voluntary movement, locomotion, manipulation of environment, facial expression, located in skeletal muscles attached to bones or skin
Definition
Skeletal muscle tissue
Term
Muscle tissue that is branching, striated, uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercelated discs), as it contracts it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control, located in walls of the heart.
Definition
Cardiac muscle tissue
Term
Muscle tissue with spindal shaped cells w/central nuclei, no striations, cells clsely arranged forming sheets, function in propelling substances or objects along internal passageways, involuntary contrl, located in walls of hollow organs(GI tract, uterus), (NO FREE SPACE) 
Definition
Smooth muscle tissue
Term
Nervous tissue is composed of what two components?
Definition
Neurons and neuroglia (often called glial cells) 
Term
Neurons branching cells, transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors which control their actvity, located in brain spinal cord and nerves
Definition
Nervous tissue
Term
What happens when inflammatory chemicals are released?
Definition
Blood vessels dialets incresing blood flow causing heat and redness
Term
What effect does histamine have on vessels?
Definition
Increase permeability and makes them leaky. Edme-accumulation of fluid in CT; swelling and pain
Term
What are the two types of wound healing?
Definition

1. Regeneration

2. Fibrosis

Term
Type of tissue repair in which regular cells of tissue are able to divide and arrange themselves into their original locations so the specialized functions are fully restored
Definition
regeneration
Term
Type of tissue repair that forms scar tissue; occurs when fibroblasts in CT of damaged area take over and make a very strong, tough, less specialized repair; scar tissue contains abundance of collagen fibers
Definition
Fibrosis
Term
What types of tissue are good regenerators?
Definition
Epithelium because they have lots of regenerative cells and Bone because theres lot of blood
Term
What types of tissues are poor regenerators?
Definition
Skeletal muscle because regenerative cells are too far apart and cartilage because there is no blood
Term
What types of tissues have no regeneration?
Definition
Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue
Term
The integumentary system consists of what?
Definition

1. Skin (integument)-largest organ

2. Acessory organs-hair, nails, oil and sweat glands

Term
The skin is divided into what two layers?
Definition

1. Epidermis (epithelial tissue)

2. Dermis (CT) (where blood is located)

Term
What is the subcutaneous layer of CT that is deep to the dermis where we find adipose, but is not considered part of the skin?
Definition
Hypodermis
Term
What are the 5 functions of the skin?
Definition

1. Thermoregulation

2. Protection 

3. Secretion and absorption

4. Synthesis of vitamin D

5. Cutaneous sensation

Term
What layer of the skin is the most superficial, contains no blood and is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Definition
The epidermis
Term
The epidermis contains what four types of cells?
Definition

1. Keratinocytes (>90%)-dead cells

2. Melanocytes-produce melanin

3. Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)-get rid of germs (involved in immune)

4. Merkel cells (tactile epithelial cells)-function in cutaneous sensation)

Term
Type of skin where little friction develops, covers most of the body and consists of four layers?
Definition
thin skin (hairy skin)
Term
Type of skin where friction commonly develops, located on the palms, feet and fingetips and consists of five layers
Definition
thick skin
Term
The deepest layer of epidermis also know as Stratum germinativum (germinating layer); simple cuboidal keratinocytes, site of cellular division, melanocytes and merkel cells present
Definition
Stratum basale
Term
Superficial to stratum basale, spine like extensions of kertinocytes, 8-10 layers, langerhans cells and projections of melanocytes (immune), tonofilaments-pre-keratin filaments
Definition
Stratum spinosum
Term

Superficial to the stratum spinosum, 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes, in process of dying (apoptosis)

Keratohylin-darkly staining protein that covers tonofilaments making them into keratin

Lamellar granules-release lipid-rich secretion that water proofs the skin 

Definition
Stratum granulosum 
Term
Merkel cells are always associated with?
Definition
Nerve endings
Term
Superficial to the stratum granulosum, AKA transition zone, ONLY IN THICK SKIN, 3-5 layers of flattened, clear, DEAD keratinocytes
Definition
Stratum lucidum
Term
Most superficial layer, largest layer, 25-30 layers of flattened, DEAD keratinocytes, cells are continuously shed
Definition

Stratum corneum

Cornu=horn

glycolipid between stratum corneum cells keep it waterproof

Term
Epidermis is 100% replaced every       ?
Definition
Month
Term
The hide of the body, mostly connective tissue, very tough, find blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves is known as?
Definition
The dermis 
Term
What are the two layers of the dermis and what percentages of the dermis do they make up?
Definition

1. Papillary Dermis (20%)

2. Reticular Dermis (80%)

Term
Part of the dermis made of loose areolar CT proper that contains thin collagen and elastic fibers and form dermal papillae
Definition
Papillary Dermis
Term
Part of the dermis made of dense irregular CT proper; extracellular matrix contains thick bundles of collagen and elastic fibers that give skin strength and resilience
Definition
Reticular Dermis 
Term
Small projections of the papillary dermis into the overlying stratum basale; nipple-like protrusions coming from dermis into epidermis; increase surface area & supply more blood to skin 
Definition
Dermal papillae
Term
Separations or less dense regions of collagen bundles in the reticular dermis that are very important for surgeons 
Definition
Cleavage lines
Term
Layer that means "below the skin" AKA superficial fascia and subcutaneous layer, not considered part of the skin, consists of adipose tissue, varies in thickness, protects underlying structures, insulates and stores energy
Definition
The hypodermis
Term
What are the three pigments that impart varying colors and tones to skin and hair?
Definition

1. Melanin

2. Carotene

3. Hemoglobin 

Term
Ranges from yellow to reddish-brown to black; consists of Pheomelanin-which imparts yellow to red colors, particularly noticeable in hair and Eumelanin-imparts brown to black color
Definition
Melanin
Term
The inherited inability to produce any melanin usually due to an inability to produce tyrosinase enzyme, results in translucent hair, skin, and eyes, display pink or red eyes 
Definition
Albanism 
Term
What are the three Cutaneous sensations and and what they contain?
Definition

1. Light touch-Meisner's corpuscles, merkel cells, hair

2. Pressure/vibration-pacinian corpuscles

3. Pain-free nerve ending 

Term
Columns of dead keratinized, epidermal cells is known as?
Definition
Hair
Term

What are the two layers of hair follicles?

 

Definition

1. External root sheath-downward continuation of epidermis and produce hair matrix cells

2. Internal root sheath-produced by external root sheath, fills space between hair root and eternal root sheath 

Term
What is known as "raiser of the hair?"
Definition
Arrector pili muscle
Term
Glands of the skin are all what type of glands?
Definition
exocrine glands
Term
Oil glands located everywhere except soles and palms, associated with hair follicles, produce sebum-shiny/oily hair and skin, protects against brittle hair/skin, and collect dirt; activated by hormones-acne, Simple alveolar glands
Definition
Sebaceous glands
Term
What are the two types of sweat glands? 
Definition
Eccrine and apocrine sweat glands (both simple tubular) 
Term
Sweat glands located on palms, soles and forehead that produce "true" sweat, and duct opens directly onto skin surface 
Definition
Eccrine sweat glands 
Term
Sweat glands located on axillary, anal and genital areas, duct opens to hair follicle and produces "milky" sweat; B.O. is caused by this type of gland combining with bacteria 
Definition
Apocrine sweat glands
Term
Plates of tightly packed, hard, dead keratinized epidermal cells that form a clear, solid covering over the dorsal surfaces of the distal portions of the digits are known as?
Definition
Nails
Term
The skeletal system consists of what two components?
Definition
Bones and catilages
Term
The predominant cell type of cartilage are?
Definition
chondrocytes
Term
Type of cartilage that contains articular cartilage, looks like frosted glass, contain chondrocytes w/in lacunae, only collagen fibrils present not fibers
Definition
Hyaline cartilage
Term
Where is hyaline cartilage located?
Definition

1. Ends of long bones

2. Growth plates w/in bones

3. Costal cartilages

4. Respiratory Structures

5. Embryonic skeleton

Term
Type of cartilage with chondrocytes w/in lacunae, elastic fibers in matrix highly visible, located in epiglottis and outer ear
Definition
Elastic cartilage
Term
Cartilage with rows of round chondrocytes and rows of collagen fibers in parallel, located in invertebral discs, articular cartilages of the knee (menisci) and pubic symphysis; SHOCK ABSORPTION
Definition
Fibrocartilage
Term
What are the functions of bones and descriptions?
Definition

1. Support: frameowrk of body

2. Protection: bones and cartilage do this (rib cage)

3. Movement: attachment sites for skeletal muscles

4. Mineral storage: calcium and phosphate

5. Hemopoiesis: blood cell formation-red bone marrow

6. Energy storage: yellow bone marrow-stores fat  and composed of adipose tissue and stores keratin

7. Metabolism: regulation of insulin and fat storage 

Term
What are the four types of bones and their descriptions?
Definition

1. Long bones: longer than they are wide with shaft (diaphysis) + two distint ends (epiphysis); named for shape not size

2. Short Bones: roughly cube-shaped; carpals/tarsals and sesmoid bones (form w/tendons)

3. Irregular bones: various shapes-vertebrae, os coxae

4. Flat Bones: thin, flattened, curved; cranial bones, ribs, sternum and scapula

Term
What is the dense, outer layer of a bone called?
Definition
Compact bone
Term
What is the internal bone tissue (trabecular bone) called?
Definition
Spongy bone
Term
The region where diaphysis and epiphysis joins is called?
Definition
Metaphysis 
Term

The hyaline cartilage found in matephysis of growing babies is known as        ?

Once it's done growing this is called       ?

Definition
Epiphyseal plate;Epiphyseal line 
Term
Membrane that surround the external bone surface wher eit is not covered by articular cartilage; consists of two layers: Superficial layer=dense irregular CT and Deep layer=osteogenic (osteoblasts and osteoclasts); contain sharpey's fibers 
Definition
Periosteum
Term
Fibers of the periosteum that dive into the bone matrix to secure it to the bone; located at insertion points of muscles to bones where they are very dense
Definition
Sharpey's (perforating) fibers
Term
Thin bone membrane that lines the internal bone surface, cover the trabeculae of spongy bone (medullary cavity and epiphysis); is osteogenic 
Definition
Endosteum 
Term

Medullary cavities are only located in          .bones?

 

Definition
Long
Term
Haversian system is also known as an?
Definition
osteon
Term
A        . is the organized unit of compact bone tissue.
Definition
osteon 
Term
Type of bone that has solid trabecula (little beams) with no cavities or vessels inside and receive nutrients from surrounding endosteum, no osteons, and red bone marrow found in the spaces
Definition
Spongy bone
Term
Bone is made up of what two components and their  descriptions?
Definition

1. Organic components (35%): collagen fibers, cells, ground substance

2. Inorganic components (65%): mineral salts- tightly packed calcium and phosphate crystals cover long collagen fibers and harden the bone

Term
The process by which bone forms is called?
Definition
ossification or osteogenesis
Term
Bone formation occurs in what four situations?
Definition

1. Formation of bone in an embryo

2. Growth of bones until adulthood

3. Remodeling of bone throughout life

4. Repair of fractures

Term
What are the two types of ossification?
Definition

1. Intramembranous ossification

2. Endochondral ossification

Term
Bone ossification that forms directly w/in mesenchyme arranged in layers that resemble membranes and make up most skull bones and the clavicles is?
Definition
Intramembranous ossification
Term
Bone ossification that forms w/in hyaline cartilage, replacing it; all bones from the base of the skull down except clavicles 
Definition
endochondral ossification 
Term
Cartilage growth on the epiphysis side of spiphyseal plate and replacement of cartilage by bone on the diaphysis side causes what?
Definition
Lengthening of bones
Term
Bones get thicker by what type of growth?
Definition
Appositional growth
Term
Osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone tissue to external surface and osteoclasts remove bone tissue from the medullary cavity at the same rate is known as?
Definition
Appositional growth 
Term
How often is spongy bone replaced;compact bone?
Definition
3-4 years; 10 years
Term
Does Diaphysis or Epiphysis remodel faster?
Definition
Epiphysis 
Term
This occurs when bone is injured or added demand is placed on the bone; essential ions must be present; mineral salt crystals pack together in a pattern that reduces the risk of cracks in stressed bones
Definition
Bone deposition with the use of osteoblasts
Term
This occurs when osteoclasts secrete HCL and lysosomal enzymes; as organic matrix is degraded and mineral salts are leached out and dissolved by acids, released ions enter interstitial fluid and then blood
Definition
Bone resorption
Term
Athro means?
Definition
joint
Term
Another name for joint is?
Definition
articulation 
Term
How are joints classified?
Definition

1. Structurally: based on anatomical features

2. Functionally: based on type and degree of movement they permit

Term
Classification of joints are based on what two criteria?
Definition

1. Presence/absense of synovial cavity

2. Type of CT binding the bones together

Term
What are the three classes of joints and their functions?
Definition

1. Fibrous Joints: bones held together by dense collagen fibers

2. Cartilaginous Joints: bones held together by cartilage

3. Synovial Joints: bones held together by ligaments

Term
All synovial joints are?
Definition
DIARTHROTIC 
Term
What are the three classes of movement in joints and their descriptions?
Definition

1. Synarthrotic: immovable

2. Amphiarthrotic: slightly moveable

3. Diathrotic: freely moveable

 

Term
What classifications of joints do we focus on?
Definition
structural 
Term
What are three types of fibrous joints?
Definition

1. Sutures: don't move;found in skull

2. Syndesmosis: movement based on length of fibers

3. Gomphosis: hold teeth in socket

Term
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Definition

1. Synchondroses: united by hyaline cartilage; 1st rib and sternum and epiphyseal plate

2. Symphyses: united by fibrocartilage; pubic symphysis and invertebral discs

Term
Cartilaginous joints lack?
Definition
A joint cavity
Term
Synovial joints are also know as?
Definition
"Joint edges"
Term
What are the components of synovial joints?
Definition

1. Synovial cavity

2. Synovial Capsule

3. Synovial fluid

4. Reinforcement ligaments

5. Nervous innervation

6. Blood supply

Term
The outer fibrous capsule is made of what type of tissue?
Definition
Dense irregular CT proper
Term
The inner synovial membrane is made of what type of tissue?
Definition
Loose CT proper
Term
Hyaline cartilage at the site of articulation (end of bones)responsible for shock absorption and decreasing friction is know as?
Definition
articular cartilage
Term
Fibrocartilage located inside the joint cavity responsible for shock absorption and enhanced "fit of articulating bones is known as?
Definition
Articular discs or meniscus
Term
True or false all synovial joints have articular discs?
Definition
False
Term
What are the three types of reinforcong ligaments located in synovial joints?
Definition

1. Capsular

2. Extracapsular

2. Intracapsular

Term
A sac-like structure containing synovial fluid that is located between something hard and something soft and reduces friction between body parts that rub against one another is known as a?
Definition
Bursa
Term
Tube-like bursa that wrap around tendons is known as a?
Definition
Tendon sheath
Term
What are the four types of movement at synovial joints?
Definition

1. Gliding 

2. Angular movements

3. Rotation

4. Special movements

Term
Gliding occurs in what 3 types of joints?
Definition

1. Intercarpal joints

2. Intertarsal joints

3. Intervertebral joints

Term
What are the 6 types of angular movements?
Definition

1. Flexion

2. Extension

3. Hyperextension

4. Adduction

5. Abduction

6. Circumduction

Term
Decreasing the angle between articulating bones is known as?
Definition
Flexion
Term
Increasing the angle between articulating bones is known as?
Definition
Extension
Term
Continued extension beyond anatomical position is known as?
Definition
Hyperextension
Term
Movement of a bone away from the midline is known as?
Definition
Abduction
Term
Movement of a bone toward the midline is known as?
Definition
Adduction
Term
Movement of a body part in a circle is known as?
Definition
Circumduction
Term
Turning the anterior surface of the body away from the midline is known as?
Definition
External (lateral) rotation
Term
Turning the anterior surface of the body toward the midline is known as?
Definition
Internal (medial) rotation
Term
Upward movement of a body part is called?
Definition
Elevation
Term
Downward movement of a body part is called?
Definition
Depression
Term
Movement of a body part anteriorly in the transverse plane is called?
Definition
Protraction
Term
Return of a protracted body part to anatomical position is called?
Definition
Retraction
Term
Movemenbt of the sole medially is called?
Definition
Inversion
Term
Movement of the sole laterally is called?
Definition
Eversion
Term
Pointing your toes is also called?
Definition
Plantar flexion
Term
Pulling your foot towards for shin is also called?
Definition
Dorsiflexion
Term
Turning the palm anteriorly is known as?
Definition
Supination
Term
Turning the palm posteriorly is also known as?
Definition
Pronation 
Term
Movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers is called?
Definition
opposition
Term
Joints that permit a back and forth and side to side movement (nonaxial) and found in invertebral joints are known as?
Definition
Planar joints
Term
Cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface of another bone (uniaxial) found in interphalangeal joints are knowns as?
Definition
Hinge joints
Term
Rounded end of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and an encircling ligament (uniaxial) found in the atlantoaxial joints is known as?
Definition
Pivot joint
Term

Rounded end of one bone fits into the oval shaped depression of another bone (biaxial) found in wrist joint is known as?

Definition
Condyloid joints
Term
Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the "saddle" (biaxial) found in thumb is a?
Definition
Saddle joint
Term
spherical head of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone (multiaxial) found in shoulder and hip is a?
Definition
Ball and socket joint
Term
*Remember to look at chapter nine notes*
Definition
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