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Anatomy Exam 1
Canine, Equine, Bovine, Feline Pelvic Limb
220
Anatomy
Professional
09/14/2011

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Cards

Term
sacrotuberous ligament
Definition
O: S3/Cd1
I: ischiatic tuberosity
Term
patellar ligament
Definition
O: patella
I: tibial tuberosity
Term
superficial gluteus m.
Definition
O: sacrotuberous ligament/sacrum
I: third trochanter
N: caudal gluteal n.
A: hip extension / limb abduction
Term
middle gluteus m.
Definition
O: wing of ilium
I: greater trochanter
N: cranial gluteal n.
A: hip extension / limb abduction / medial thigh rotation
Term
deep gluteus m.
Definition
O: body of ilium
I: greater trochanter
N: cranial gluteal n.
A: hip extension / limb abduction / medial thigh rotation
Term
m. piriformis
Definition
O: lateral S3/Cd1
I: greater trichanter
N: caudal gluteal n.
A: hip extension
Term
m. tensor fascia lata
Definition
O: tuber coxae / aponeurosis of middle gluteal m.
I: lateral femoral fascia
N: cranial gluteal n.
A: hip flexion / stifle extension
Term
m. biceps femoris
Definition
O: ischiatic tuberosity / sacrotuberous ligament
I: tuber calcanei / tibial crest / patella
N: sciatic n.
A: hip, hock, and stifle extension / stifle flexion
Term
internal obturator m.
Definition
O: pelvic pubis and ischium
I: trochantric fossa
N: sciatic n.
A: lateral hip rotation
Term
m. gemelli
Definition
O: lateral ischium
I: trochantric fossa
N: sciatic n.
A: lateral hip rotation
Term
m. quadratus femoris
Definition
O: caudoventral ischium
I: distal to trochantric fossa
N: sciatic n.
A: hip extension / lateral hip rotation
Term
m. sartorius (cranial)
Definition
O: iliac crest
I: patella
N: femoral n.
A: hip flexion / stifle extension
Term
m. sartorius (caudal)
Definition
O: iliac spine
I: cranial border of tibia
N: saphenous n.
A: hip flexion / stifle extension
Term
m. rectus femoris
Definition
O: iliopubic eminence
I: tibial tuberosity via patella and patellar ligament
N: femoral n.
A: hip flexion / stifle extension
Term
m. vastus lateralis
Definition
O: craniolateral proximal femur
I: tibial tuberosity via patella and patellar ligament
N: femoral n.
A: stifle extension
Term
m. vastus intermedius
Definition
O: craniolateral proximal femur
I: tibial tuberosity via patella and patellar ligament
N: femoral n.
A: stifle extension
Term
m. vastus medialis
Definition
O: craniolateral proximal femur
I: tibial tuberosity via patella and patellar ligament
N: femoral n.
A: stifle extension
Term
m. semitendinosus
Definition
O: ischiatic tuberosity
I: tuber calcanei / medial body of tibia
N: sciatic n.
A: hip and hock extension / stifle flexion
Term
m. semimembranosus
Definition
O: ischiatic tuberosity
I: caudomedial distal femur / proximal tibia
N: sciatic n.
A: hip extension / stifle flexion and extension
Term
m. gracilis
Definition
O: pelvic symphasis
I: tuber calcanei / cranial border of tibia
N: obturator n.
A: hip and hock extension / stifle flexion / limb adduction
Term
m. pectineus
Definition
O: iliopubic eminence
I: distal end of medial lip of caudal femur
N: obturator n.
A: limb adduction
Term
m. adductor
Definition
O: pelvic symphasis / ventral pubis and ischium
I: lateral lip od caudal femur
N: obturator n.
A: hip extension / limb adduction
Term
external obturator m.
Definition
O: obturator foramen / ventral pelvis
I: lateral lip of caudal femur
N: obturator n.
A: lateral hip rotation
Term
m. iliopsoas
Definition
O: lumbar / ventral ilium
I: lesser trochanter
N: femoral n. / lumbar nn.
A: hip and lumbar flexion
Term
cranial tibial m.
Definition
O: extensor groove of tibia
I: proximal plantar MT I and II
N: fibular n.
A: tarsal flesion / lateral pes rotation
Term
long digital extensor m.
Definition
O: femoral extensor fossa
I: extensor process of distal phalanges 2-4
N: fibular n.
A: hock flexion / digit extension
Term
m. fibularis longus
Definition
O: lateral tibial condyle / fibular head / lateral collateral ligament
I: plantar tarsal 4 / plantar MT 2-4
N: fibular n.
A: tarsal flexion / pes pronation
Term
lateral digital extensor m.
Definition
O: proximal fibula
I: long digital extensor m. tendon / m. interosseus V
N: fibular n.
A: 5th digit extension and abduction
Term
deep digital flexor m.
Definition
O: proximal fibula / proximal tibia
I: distal plantar phalanges 2-5
N: tibial n.
A: tarsal extension / phalangeal joint flexion
Term
superficial digital flexor m.
Definition
O: lateral m. gastrocnemius sesamoid / lateral supracondylar disto-caudal femur
I: proximo-plantar middle phalanges 2-5
N: tibial n.
A: digit flexion
Term
m. gastrocnemius
Definition
O: medial/lateral femoral supracondylar tuberosities
I: tuber calcanei
N: tibial n.
A: tarsal extension / stifle flexion
Term
m. popliteus
Definition
O: disto-caudal lateral femoral condyle
I: medial proximo-caudal tibia
N: tibial n.
A: resist lateral tibial rotation during stifle flexion
Term
anastomosis
Definition
connection between 2 blood vessels
Term
end-artery
Definition
single artery supplies region
Term
lymphatic vessels
Definition
thin-walled, blind-ended valves
Term
cutaneous area
Definition
area of skin innervated by sensory nerve
Term
overlap zone
Definition
region served by multiple cutaneous nerves
Term
autonomous zone
Definition
region served by 1 cutaneous nerve
Term
equine femoral n. autonomous zone
Definition
m. quadriceps
Term

equine sciatic n. autonomous zone

Definition
hamstring group
Term

equine common fibular n. autonomous zone

Definition
cranial tibial group
Term

equine tibial n. autonomous zone

Definition
calf mm.
Term
tendon
Definition
muscle to bone
Term
ligament
Definition
bone to bone
Term
extracapsular
Definition
thickenings of fibrous joint capsule; outside synovial membrane
Term
intracapsular
Definition
inside fibrous capsule; outside synovial membrane
Term
menisci
Definition
hyaline and fibrocartilage
Term
aponeurosis
Definition
sheet
Term
raphe
Definition
mm. and aponeurosis meeting on midline seam
Term
agonist
Definition
produces characteristic movement at joint
Term
antagonist
Definition
opposes movement at joint
Term
synergist
Definition
assists agonist
Term
forces that stress bone
Definition
bending
torsion
distraction (tension)
compression (pressure)
Term
flexion
Definition
decreases angle; flexor
Term
extension
Definition
increases angle; extensor
Term
hyperextension
Definition
extension > 180 degrees
Term
fiberous (syndemosis)
Definition
suture, gomphosis, and synostosis; united by dense CT; relatively immobile
Term
cartilaginous (syndchondrosis)
Definition
symphysis and intervertebral dick; cartilage; relatively immobile
Term
synovial
Definition
articular surfaces; hyaline cartilage; synovoal membrane; fibrous capsule
Term
recipricol apparatus
Definition
stifle extension = tarsal extension; stifle flexion = tarsal flexion; fibularis tertius and SDF
Term
suspensory apparatus
Definition
limbs passively held in extension; SDF, DDF, suspensory ligament, tarsal check ligament, proximal sesamoids, and distal sesamoidean ligaments; fetlock and interphalangeal joints held via flexor tendons
Term
sacroiliac joint
Definition
synovial and cartilaginous; limited movement (ventral and dorsal); sacroiliac ligaments (dorsal and ventral in horse); interosseous ligament in horse
Term
hunter's bump
Definition
sacroiliac subluxation
Term
coxofemoral joint
Definition
hip

spheroidal joint (head of femur and acetabulum); fibrocartilage collar (acetabular lip); round ligament (ligament of the head of the femur); transverse acetabular ligament; accessory ligament of the femur in horses
Term
what prevents horses from "cow kicking"
Definition
accessory ligament of the femur
Term
femorotibial, femoropatellar, and proximal tibiofibular joints
Definition
stifle

1 capsule; 3 synovial sacs (all communicate in carnivores; 2 between condyles of femur and tibia, 1 femoropatellar); 4 sesamoids (1 patella, 2 fabellae, 1 of m. popliteus)
Term
unique characteristics of the equine stifle
Definition
medial ridge of trochlea enlarged (patellar fibrocartilage)

3 patellar ligaments (medial, intermediate, and lateral)
Term
most common ligamentous injury in small animals
Definition
rupture or tear of cranial cruciate ligament
Term
what predisposes an animal to tear/rupture of CCL
Definition
medial patellar luxation
Term
tests for CCL tear/rupture
Definition
cranial drawer test and tibial compression test

CCL normally prevents cranial displacement of the tibia, stifle hyperextension, and inward rotation of the tibia during flexion
Term
distal tibiofibular joint
Definition
synovial in carnivores

synostosis in horses

fibrous in ruminents

involves the interosseous membrane of the crus
Term
tarsocrural joint
Definition
hock

tibiotarsal, tibiotalal, and talocrural

involves medial/lateral collateral ligaments, flexor/extensor retinacula, and long plantar ligament
Term
bursa of the equine tarsocrural joint
Definition
subtendinous calcaneal bursa, subcutaneous calcaneal bursa, and dorsomedial pouch of tibiotarsal joints
Term
4 synovial sacs of the equine tarsocrural joint and their interaction
Definition
tarsocrural (large dorsomedial pouch)

proximo intertarsal

distal intertarsal

tarsometatarsal

ANS:
ALWAYS INTERACT - tarsocrural and proximal intertarsal
NEVER INTERACT - proximal intertarsal and distal intertarsal
SOMETIMES INTERACT - distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal
Term
metatarsophalangeal joint
Definition
fetlock

hinge joint; collateral ligaments; palmar annular ligament and ligament of ergot
Term
proximal interphalangeal joint
Definition
pastern

hinge joint; collateral ligaments; proximal annular ligament
Term
distal interphalangeal joint
Definition
coffin

hinge joint; collateral ligament; distal annular ligament
Term
3 major lymphocenters
Definition
iliosacral
superficial inguinal
popliteal
Term
femoral triangle
Definition
m. pectineus
m. sartoris
body wall
vascular lacuna
Term
common calcaneal tendon contributors 
Definition
m. semitendinosus
m. gastrocnemius
SDF
m. gracilis
m. biceps femoris
Term
knock-down hip
Definition
tuber coxae fracture
Term
upward fixation of patella
Definition
untimely locking of patella over medial ridge
Term
fibrotic myopathy
Definition
tissue replacing muscle after trauma
Term
throughpin
Definition
tarsal sheath synovitis
Term
capped hock
Definition
inflammation of calcaneal bursa
Term
curb
Definition
long plantar ligament inflammation
Term
bog spavin
Definition
tibiotarsal joint synovitis
Term
bone spavin
Definition
DJD of distal tarsal joints
Term
hooks
Definition
prominent bovine tuber ischiadicum
Term
pins
Definition
prominent bovine tuber coxae
Term
bovine tarsals
Definition
central and 4th fused (centroquartal bone); 2nd and 3rd fused; small 1st
Term
bovine digital tendons
Definition
long digital extensor medial insertion - digit 3
long digital extensor lateral insertion - digits 3 and 4
lateral digital extensor insertion - digit 4
Term
abaxial
Definition
away from axis
Term
axial
Definition
toward axis
Term
caudal
Definition
towards tail
Term
contralateral
Definition
on opposite sides of the body
Term
cranial
Definition
towards head
Term
distal
Definition
away from body; used on limbs
Term
dorsal
Definition
towards back; more cranial par tof limb
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
on same side of body
Term
lateral
Definition
away from midline
Term
medial
Definition
towards midline
Term
median
Definition
on the midline
Term
palmar
Definition
caudal forelimb
Term
plantar
Definition
caudal hindlimb
Term
proximal
Definition
towards body; used on limbs
Term
rostral
Definition
towards nose
Term
ventral
Definition
towards belly
Term
frontal plane
Definition
aka dorsal; divides into dorsal and ventral segments
Term
midsagittal plane
Definition
aka median; divides into right and left halves
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
aka paramedian; parallel to midsagittal plane/median
Term
transverse plane
Definition
perpendicular to long axis (cross sections)
Term
latin dog
Definition
Canis familiaris
Term
latin cat
Definition
felis domesticus
Term
latin ox (European)
Definition
Bos taurus
Term
latin ox (Indian)
Definition
Bos indicus
Term
latin horse
Definition
Equus caballus
Term
latin sheep
Definition
Ovies arus
Term
latin goat
Definition
Capra hircus
Term
latin llama
Definition
Llama glama
Term
latin swine
Definition
Sus scrofa
Term
chicken/turkey family
Definition
Galliformes (gallinaceous birds)
Term
parrot-like birds
Definition
Psittacines
Term
large flightless birds
Definition
ratites
Term
ungulates
Definition
hooved animals
Term
artiodactyles
Definition
even numbere of hooved toes
Term
perissodactyls
Definition
odd number of hooved toes
Term
deer
Definition
cervine / cervid
Term
goat
Definition
caprine / caprid
Term
cat
Definition
feline / felid
Term
dog
Definition
canine / canid
Term
swine
Definition
porcine / porcid
Term
horse
Definition
equine / equid
Term
ox
Definition
bovine / bovid
Term
sheep
Definition
ovine / ovid
Term
mouse/rat
Definition
murine / murid
Term
nature of a sesamoid bone
Definition
bone embedded within a tendon; protects tendon and increases mechanical effect
Term
superficial fascia
Definition
loose CT; under skin; variable fat; loosely attached to body
Term
deep fascia
Definition
loose CT; denser than superficial; wraps muscle (epimysium); penetrated by septa (carry vessels)
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
skull, spine, ribs, sternum
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
limbs
Term
hyoid apparatus
Definition
bone that supports larynx
Term
3 serosa-lined body cavities
Definition
thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
Term
peruneum
Definition
caudal border of abdomen to tail
Term
axilla
Definition
armpit
Term
guard hairs
Definition
straight, stiff topcoat; color
Term
wool hair
Definition
curly, soft undercoat; insulating
Term
tactile hair
Definition
sinus hair/vibrissae; whiskers
Term
carpal scent glands
Definition
pigs and cats

mediopalmar aspect of crus

territorial claims
Term
circumanal scent glands
Definition
carnivores (dogs)

perianal skin

endocrine; sniff greeting
Term
circumforal scent glands
Definition
cats

outer lip

territorial claims

aka submental organ
Term
glands of anal sacs
Definition
carnivores

walls of anal sac

marker during defication
Term
glands of infraorbital pouch
Definition
sheep and other ungulates

rostral to eys, opening ventrolaterally

territorial claims
Term
glands of inguinal pouch
Definition
sheep

base of udder/scrotum

assist lamb to find udder
Term
glands of interdigital pouch
Definition
sheep

tubular invaginations on forelimbs and hindlimbs

trail marker
Term
horn glands
Definition
goats

caudomedial to horn base

breeding
Term
preputial glands
Definition
all species

sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands in prepuce; forms smegma
Term
tail glands
Definition
carnivores (dogs)

dorsal tail

breeding

aka suprecaudal organ
Term
polled
Definition
naturally hornless
Term
mammary glands
Definition
modified sweat glands
Term
bitch mammary glands
Definition
5 pairs (1 inguinal, 2 abcominal, 2 thoracic)
Term
queen mammary glands
Definition
4 pairs
Term
sow mammary glands
Definition
7 pairs (2 inguinal, 2 thoracic, 3 abdominal)
Term
cow mammary glands (udder)
Definition
4 glands
Term
mare mammary glands (udder)
Definition
2 glands
Term
ewe and doe mammary glands (udder)
Definition
2 glands
Term
dewclaws
Definition
non weight bearing
Term
shortening potential of muscle
Definition
proportional to degree to which fibers are parallel to long axis
Term
strength of muscle
Definition
proportional to cross-sectional area of muscle
Term
strap/parallel muscle
Definition
parallel to long axis; good shortening potential; decreased strength
Term
fusiform muscle
Definition
spindle shaped; reduced shortening potential; increased strength
Term
pennate muscle
Definition
fibers at angle to long axis; very reduced shortening potential; good strength
Term
sphincter
Definition
circular muscle; reduction of diameter
Term
origin
Definition
more proximal; less mobile
Term
insertion
Definition
more distal; more mobile
Term
contraction of muscle
Definition
draws origin and insertion together
Term
support/extension phase of gait
Definition
limb is on the ground
Term
swing/flexion phase of gait
Definition
limb in the air
Term
cranial phase of gait
Definition
moment of movement when foot passes supportive limb until it strikes the ground
Term
caudal phase of gait
Definition
moment of movement when foot leaves the ground until it passes contralateral supporting limb
Term
strain
Definition
muscle injury
Term
sprain
Definition
ligament injury
Term
luxation
Definition
complete loss of congruity between articulating bones of a joint (dislocation)
Term
subluxation
Definition
incomplete loss of congruity between bones in a joint
Term
muscle associated with gluteal surface
Definition
middle gluteal m.
Term
associated with fovea capitis femoris
Definition
ligament of femoral head
Term
associated with greater trochanter
Definition
middle gluteal m. and deep gluteal m.
Term
associated with third trochanter
Definition
superficial gluteal m.
Term
associated with extensor fossa
Definition
long digital extensor m.
Term
associated with tibial tuberosity
Definition
quadriceps mm.
Term
associated with patella
Definition
patellar ligament
Term
associated with popliteal notch
Definition
popliteus m.
Term
associated with extensor groove
Definition
long digital extensor m.
Term
draining region of superficial inguinal lymph node
Definition
mammae, prepuce, scrotum, and ventral abdominal wall to umbilicus
Term
draining region of popliteal lymph node
Definition
stifle to foot
Term
anastomosis
Definition
connection between 2 blood vessels
Term
primary arterial blood supply to pelvic limb from abdominal aorta to pes 
Definition
iliac a. --- femoral a. --- popliteal a. --- cranial tibial a. --- dorsal pedal a.
Term
mixed nerve
Definition
sensory and motor neurons in a bundle
Term
use of dorsal pedal a.
Definition
blood pressure measurement
Term
tibial n. dysfunction manifestation
Definition
limits hock extension, digit flexion, foot sensitivity
Term
common peroneal n. dysfunction manifestation
Definition
limits hock flexion, digit extension, hock sensitivity
Term
tibial and common peroneal nn. dysfunction manifestations
Definition
non weight bearing; caudal stifle insensitivity
Term
embryonic period
Definition
organogenesis
Term
fetal period
Definition
period of growth
Term
outcome of teratogen exposure during preimplantation
Definition
early embryonic death
Term
outcome of teratogen exposure during embryonic period
Definition
birth defects
Term
outcome of teratogen exposure during fetal period
Definition
growth retardation
Term
early developmental process
Definition
zygote (totipotent fertilized egg) --- clevage --- morula (8-16 cells) --- blastula (committed cells) --- inner cell mass begins division (becomes embryo) / trophoblast (becomes amniotic sac) --- bilaminar embryo --- trilaminar embryo (mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm) --- primitive node and streak --- formation of notochord --- embryonic folding
Term
synarthoris joint
Definition
rigid; fibrous/cartaliginous; dense CT
Term
synovial joint
Definition
mobile; fluid filled to allow gliding (diarthrosis)
Term
syndesmosis
Definition
fibrous joint; 2 bones joined by CT ligaments; relatively immobile (eg. metacarpus)
Term
gomphosis
Definition
fibrous joint; attachment of tooth to bone socket
Term
synostosis
Definition
fibrous joint; union between bones is bone (eg. equine mandible)
Term
synchondrosis
Definition
cartilaginous joint; temporary during growth; relatively immobile
Term
symphysis
Definition
cartilaginous joint; articulating bones divided by succession of tissues
Term
artiodactyl talus
Definition
2 trochlae
Term
bony landmarks of equine pelvis
Definition
tuber coxae, tuber sacrale, tuber ischiadicum
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