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Anatomy Directional Terms
Tranverse, Medial, Etc.
27
Anatomy
Professional
10/10/2011

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Term
Sagittal Plane
Definition
Passes through the head, body, or limb
parallel to the median plane.
Term
Median Plane
Definition
Divides the head, body, or limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves.
Term
Transverse Plane
Definition
Cuts across the head, body, or limb at a right angle to its long axis or across the long axis of an organ or a part.
Term
Dorsal Plane
Definition
Runs at right angles to the median and transverse planes and thus divides the body or head into dorsal and ventral portions.
Term
Dorsal
Definition
Toward or relatively near the back and corresponding surface of the head, neck, and tail; on the limbs it applies to the upper or front surface of the carpus, tarsus, metapodium, and digits (opposite to the side with the pads).
Term
Ventral
Definition
Toward or relatively near the belly and the corresponding surface of the head, neck, thorax, and tail. This term is never used for the limbs.
Term
Medial
Definition
Toward or relatively near the median plane.
Term
Lateral
Definition
Away from or relatively farther from the median plane.
Term
Cranial
Definition
Toward or relatively near the head; on the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus. In reference to the head, it is replaced by the term rostral.
Term
Rostral
Definition
Toward or relatively near the nose; applies to the head only.
Term
Caudal
Definition
Toward or relatively near the tail; on the limbs it applies proximal to the carpus and tarsus. Also used in reference to the head.
Term
Proximal
Definition
Relatively near the main mass or origin; in the limbs and tail, the attached end.
Term
Distal
Definition
Away from the main mass or origin; in the limbs and tail, the free end.
Term
Palmar
Definition
The aspect of the forepaw on which the pads are located—the surface that contacts the ground in the standing animal—and the corresponding surface of the metacarpus and carpus.
Term
Plantar
Definition
The aspect of the hindpaw on which the pads are located—the surface that contacts the ground in the standing animal—and the corresponding surface of the metatarsus and tarsus. The opposite surface of both forepaw and hindpaw is known as the dorsal surface.
Term
Axial, Abaxial
Definition
Of, pertaining to, or relative to the axis. In reference to the digits, the functional axis of the limb passes between the third and fourth digits. The axial surface of the digit faces the axis, and the abaxial surface faces away from the axis.
Term
Flexion
Definition
The movement of one bone in relation to another in such a manner that the angle formed at their joint is reduced. The limb is retracted or folded; the digit is bent; the back is arched dorsally.
Term
Extension
Definition
The movement of one bone upon another such that the angle formed at their joint increases. The limb reaches out or is extended; the digit is straightened; the back is straightened. Extension beyond 180 degrees is overextension.
Term
Abduction
Definition
The movement of a part away from the median plane.
Term
Adduction
Definition
The movement of a part toward the median plane.
Term
Circumduction
Definition
The movement of a part when outlining the surface of a cone (e.g., the arm extended drawing a circle).
Term
Rotation
Definition
The movement of a part around its long axis (e.g., the action of the radius when using a screwdriver). The direction of rotation of a limb or segment of a limb on its long axis is designated by the direction of movement of its cranial or dorsal surface (e.g., in medial rotation of the arm, the crest of the greater tubercle is turned medially).
Term
Supination
Definition
Lateral rotation of the appendage so that the palmar or plantar surface of the paw faces medially.
Term
Pronation
Definition
Medial rotation of the appendage from the supine position so that the palmar or plantar surface will face the substrate.
Term
Brachium
Definition
For the arm (between should er and elbow).
Term
Antebrachium
Definition
For the forearm (between the elbow and carpus).
Term
Crus
Definition
For the leg (between the stifle and tarsus).
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