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anatomy chapter7-10
Probin's @ CSU
170
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/19/2011

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Term
sutures
Definition
interlocking joints that unite all bones of the skull except the mandible
Term
orbits
Definition
bony cavities in which the eyes are encased in fatty tissue along with the muscles that move the eyes and lacrimal glands
Term
cribiform plate
Definition
forms roof of nasal cavities; holy for smell receptors to pass through brain
Term
sella turcica
Definition
holds the pituitary gland
Term
concha
Definition
form the walls of the nasal cavity; covered with mucus membrane which moistens and warms inspired air; shape of conchae increases turbulence of air flow which encourages trapping of bacteria and dust in mucus and helps warm air
Term
Wormian bones
Definition
sutural bones; tiny, irregular bones that appear within sutures, most often in lambdoid; not present in all skulls; represent additional ossification centers that appeared when the skull was expanding during fetal development
Term
hyoid bone
Definition
not actually part of the skull; lies inferior to the mandible; only bone in the body that does not articulate directly with any other bone; involved in swallowing and speech
Term
cervical (C1-C7); thoracic (T1-T12); lumbar (L1-L5)
Definition
Know the types of vertebrae
Term
ligamentum nuchae
Definition
an elastic ligament that connects the vertebrae of the neck to the skull
Term
sacrum
Definition
S1-S5; fused vertebrae; posterior wall of pelvis
Term
coccyx
Definition
four fused vertebrae extending from sacrum; “tailbone”; virtually useless
Term
scoliosis
Definition
lateral curvature of the vertebral column in the thoracic region; treated with braces
Term
kyphosis
Definition
dorsal thoracic curvature; due to osteoporosis or TB
Term
lordosis
Definition
accentuated lumbar curvature; due to pregnancy or pot-bellied men
Term
Floating ribs
Definition
2 pairs; lack attachment to the sternum
Term
Know the bony processes that form the ankles.
Definition
7 tarsal bones; talus forms the “ankle” and the calcaneus forms the heel; articulates with tibia and fibula to form “ankle”
Term
Describe the arches of the foot
Definition
2 longitudinal arches (medial, lateral) + 1 transverse arch; maintained by bones, ligaments, and tendons
Term
Colle’s fracture
Definition
a break in the distal end of the radius; common fracture when a falling person attempts to break his fall with outstretched hands
Term
synarthrosis = immobile; amphiarthrosis = slightly mobile; diarthrosis = freely movable
Definition
Name 3 classes of joints based on the degree of movement allowed by each
Term
syndesmosis joint
Definition
bones connected by a ligament
Term
gomphosis joint
Definition
peg in socket;
Term
synchondrosis joint
Definition
/plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
Term
symphysis joint
Definition
articular surface of bone covered in hyaline cartilage which is fused to a plate of fibrocartilage; provides strength with flexibility
Term
articulating bones are covered by cartilage and enclosed within an articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid; most common type of joint;
Definition
Describe synovial joints
Term
ligaments
Definition
connect bone to bone
Term
tendons
Definition
Bone to muscle
Term
bursae (brusa)
Definition
flattened fibrous sacs; lined with synovial membrane; filled with fluid. In synovial joints.
Term
tendon sheath
Definition
elongated bursae that wrap completely around a tendon subjected to friction
Term
Most complicated joint the knee. Main ligaments. Two cruciate ligs & two lateral lig. One attacted to femur to fibula. fibular collateral & tibial collateral. Anterior cruciate & posterior cruciate cross. Collateral keep knee stable
Definition
Describe collateral and cruciate ligaments in the knee
Term
made up of 4 tendons and the associated muscles; encircles the shoulder joint; shoulder joint is the most freely movable joint in the body, therefore it is very unstable; rotator cuff can be stretched with vigorous circumduction
Definition
What is the rotator cuff
Term
Briefly describe the ligamentum teres
Definition
ligament at the head of the femur, flat intracapsular band; unclear function; contains artery that supplies the head of the femur
Term
flexion
Definition
decreases the angle of the joint; brings articulating bones together
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin
Term
extension
Definition
reverse of flexion; increases the angle between articulating bones
Term
hyperextension
Definition
extension beyond upright position
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
depressing the foot and pointing the toes
Term
abduction
Definition
movement of a limb away from the midline
Term
adduction
Definition
movement of a limb toward the midline
Term
circumduction
Definition
movement of a limb so that it describes a cone in space
Term
rotation
Definition
the turning of a bone around its own axis; medial or lateral
Term
supination
Definition
palm or face up
Term
pronation
Definition
palm or face down
Term
inversion
Definition
foot turning medially
Term
eversion
Definition
foot turning laterally
Term
protraction
Definition
nonangular anterior movements in a transverse plane
Term
retraction
Definition
nonangular posterior movements in a transverse plane
Term
sprain
Definition
stretch or tear a ligament
Term
dislocation (luxation)
Definition
bones forced out of alignment; sprain, inflammation, joint immobilization
Term
subluxation
Definition
partial dislocation of a joint
Term
bursitis
Definition
inflammation of the brusa
Term
bursitis
Definition
inflammation of the brusa
Term
tendonitis
Definition
inflammation of the tendon sheet
Term
arthritis
Definition
inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the joints; widespread and crippling; bacterial, autoimmune, wear and tear
Term
gout
Definition
uric acid crystals in the join; uric acid comes from the breakdown of nucleic acids; collects in feet b/c of gravity
Term
Contrast skeletal muscle, smooth muscle & cardiac muscle.
Definition
Skeletal obv striation, under voluntary control. Cardiac light pink really messy looking only found in the heart, involuntary control. Not striated smooth muscle.
Term
excitability
Definition
the ability to receive and respond to stimuli
Term
contractility
Definition
the ability to shorten forcibly.
Term
extensibility
Definition
the ability to be stretched and extended
Term
elasticity
Definition
the ability of a fiber to recoil and resume its resting length after being stretched
Term
endomysium
Definition
reticular CT around each muscle fiber
Term
fascicle
Definition
a bundle of muscle fibers
Term
perimysium
Definition
fibrous CT around each fascicle
Term
epimysium
Definition
dense CT around the entire muscle, epithelial tissue.
Term
insertion
Definition
(contracted skeletal muscle) the movable bone
Term
origin
Definition
the bone that does not move.
Term
myoglobin
Definition
hemoglobin-like protein in muscle fibers; stores oxygen (only found in the muscle)
Term
parallel
Definition
the long axes of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle;
Term
fusiform
Definition
parallel muscle with an expanded midsection
Term
pennate
Definition
the fascicles are short and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle; feather-like; uni-, bi-, multi-; ex. quadriceps femoris or extensor digitorum longus
Term
coninnate
Definition
“convergent”; broad origin, fascicles converge toward a single tendon of insertion; triangle or fan shaped; ex. pectoralis major
Term
circular
Definition
the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings; sphincters; surround external openings; ex. orbicularis oris
Term
Define & give a function for sphincters.
Definition
Smooth muscle: Circular muscle. Where hallow organs need to close really tightly. Sphincters are Between the bladder & urethra, between the rectum & colon, Esophagus & throat.Define & give a function for sphincters.
Term
sarcolemma
Definition
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
Term
sarcoplasm
Definition
cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Term
myofibrils
Definition
rodlike contractile elements; make up most of muscle fiber volume
Term
actin
Definition
thin myofilament
Term
tropomyosin
Definition
component of actin
Term
troponin
Definition
component of actin
Term
troponin
Definition
component of actin
Term
myosin
Definition
thick myofilament
Term
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
smooth ER of muscle fiber; regulates internal Ca levels which are important for muscle contraction
Term
tubules
Definition
where the sarcolemma penetrates into the cell interior; helps conduct nerve impulses to the deepest regions of the muscle fiber
Term
neuromuscular junction
Definition
where a nerve terminal contacts a muscle fiber
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
at the site of contact of a nerve terminal and muscle fiber; cleft allows a space for the diffusion of acetylcholine from the nerve terminal to be taken up by the sarcolemma
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
increase in cell size.
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
increase in cell number
Term
atrophy
Definition
decrease in cell size.
Term
muscular dystrophy
Definition
progressive skeletal muscle weakness and death; generally genetic; defect in muscle fiber protein production
Term
Ca2+ channel blockers
Definition
interfere with Ca2+ movement and inhibit muscle contraction; used as anti-epileptics
Term
cramp
Definition
a sustained spasm of a muscle; common causes are fatigue or low electrolytes
Term
fasciculations
Definition
spontaneous contraction of a few of the muscle fibers.
Term
fibromyositis
Definition
inflammation of a muscle and its CT; also called fibromyalgia
Term
myalgia
Definition
muscle pain
Term
hernia
Definition
the protrusion of an organ through its body cavity wall
Term
strain
Definition
a pulled or over-stretched muscle  tearing, pain
Term
myoglobinuria
Definition
reddish-brown urine due to the presence of myoglobin; indicates pathological muscle destruction
Term
serum creatinine
Definition
: a muscle metabolism waste product that should be removed by the kidneys; a buildup in the blood indicates kidney dysfunction
Term
anabolic steroids
Definition
hormones artificially increase muscle mass
Term
myopathy
Definition
any disease of the muscle
Term
RICE
Definition
rest ice compression elvation. Fill in the blank.
Term
myoblasts
Definition
mesoderm cells that differentiate into muscle fibers
Term
epicranius
Definition
frontalis and occipitalis; raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead horizontally, pulls scalp posteriorly; O: galea aponeurotica and occipital bone; I: skin of eyebrows and root of nose and galea aponeurotica
Term
zygomaticus
Definition
smiling muscle; O: zygomatic bone; I: skin/muscle at corner of mouth
Term
orbicularis oris
Definition
closes lips, purses/protrudes lips, kissing/whistling muscle; O: maxilla and mandible; I: muscle/skin at angles of mouth
Term
masseter
Definition
prime mover of jaw closure, elevates mandible; O: zygomatic arch; I: mandible
Term
pterygoids
Definition
protrudes mandible, provides teeth grinding; O: sphenoid, maxilla, palatine; I: mandible, sphenoid
Term
pharyngeal constrictors
Definition
constrict pharynx during swallowing which propels food  esophagus; O: mandible, hyoid; I: pahrynx
Term
sternocleidomastoid
Definition
head flexion, neck flexion, rotates head toward shoulder, tilts head to its own side; O: sternum, clavicle; I: mastoid process of temporal bone
Term
splenius
Definition
extends or hyperextends head; O: ligamentum nuchae, vertebrae; I: mastoid process of temporal bone occipital bone, vertebrae
Term
erector spinae
Definition
prime mover of back extension; O: iliac crest, ribs, vertebrae; I: ribs, vertebrae, occipital bone
Term
diaphragm
Definition
prime mover of inspiration; O: ribcage, sternum, vertebrae; I: central tendon
Term
rectus abdominis
Definition
flex or rotates lumbar region of vertebral column, stabilizes pelvis during walking; O: pubic crest and symphysis; I: xiphoid process and ribs
Term
trapezius
Definition
stabilizes, raises, retracts and rotates scapula; O: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, vertebrae; I: acromion, scapula, clavicle
Term
rhomboids
Definition
“square” the shoulder, stabilize scapula; O: vertebrae; I: scapula
Term
rotator cuff muscles
Definition
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis; reinforced the capsule of the shoulder joint to prevent dislocation; O: scapula; I: humerus
Term
pectoralis major
Definition
prime mover of arm flexion, rotates arm medially, adducts arm against resistance; O: clavicle, sternum, ribs; I: humerus
Term
pectoralis major
Definition
prime mover of arm flexion, rotates arm medially, adducts arm against resistance; O: clavicle, sternum, ribs; I: humerus
Term
teres major
Definition
arm adduction; O: scapula; I: humerus
Term
latissimus dorsi
Definition
prime mover of arm extension, arm adductor; O: vertebrae, iliac crest, scapula; I: humerus
Term
deltoid
Definition
prime mover of arm abduction; O: trapezius, clavicle, scapula; I: humerus
Term
biceps
Definition
flexes elbow joint and supinates forearm; O: scapula, humerus; I: radial tuberosity
Term
triceps
Definition
prime mover of forearm extension; O: scapula, humerus; I: ulna
Term
flexor carpi radialis & ulnaris
Definition
powerful wrist flexor, hand abductor and adductor; O: humerus, ulna; I: metacarpals
Term
extensor carpi radialis & ulnaris
Definition
powerful wrist extensor, wrist abductor and adductor; O: humerus, ulna; I: metacarpals
Term
extensor digitorum
Definition
prime mover of finger extension; O: humerus; I: phalanges
Term
extensor indicis
Definition
extends index finger; O: ulna; I: index finger
Term
iliacus
Definition
part of iliopsoas; prime mover for thigh flexion; O: iliac fossa; I: femur
Term
psoas major
Definition
part of iliopsoas; prime mover for thigh flexion, important for posture; O: vertebrae; I: femur
Term
sartorius
Definition
thigh flexion; O: iliac spine; I: tibia
Term
gracilis
Definition
adducts thigh; O: pubis; I: tibia
Term
pectineus & adductor (longus, magnus, brevus) muscles
Definition
adducts, flexes, medially rotates thigh; O: pubis; I:femur
Term
quadriceps femoris
Definition
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius; extend knee; O: iliac spine, femur; I: patella, tibia
Term
tensor fasciae latae
Definition
flexes and abducts thigh, rotates thigh medially; O: iliac crest/spine; I: iliotibial tract
Term
gluteus maximus
Definition
major extensor of the thigh; O: ilium, sacrum, coccyx; I: femur
Term
gluteus medius
Definition
abducts and medially roates thigh; O: ilium; I: femur
Term
hamstrings
Definition
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus; prime movers of thigh extension and knee flexion; O: ischium, femur; I: fibula, tibia
Term
tibialis anterior
Definition
prime mover of dorsiflexion; O: tibia; I: metatarsals
Term
peroneus longus & brevis
Definition
(fibularis) plantar flexion and foot eversion; O: fibula; I: metatarsals, tarsals
Term
gastrocnemius & soleus
Definition
plantar flexion during knee extension; important in running, walking, dancing; O: femur, tibia, fibula; I: calcaneus
Term
popliteus
Definition
flexes and rotates leg medially to unlock extended knee; O: femur; I: tibia
Term
flexor digitorum longus
Definition
plantar flexion and foot inversion, toe flexion; O: tibia; I: malleolus, phalanges
Term
tibialis posterior
Definition
prime mover of foot inversion, plantar flexion; O: tibia, fibula; I: malleolus, tarsals, metatarsals
Term
Prime Mover
Definition
the “agonist”; the muscle that provides the major force in any movement
Term
antagonist
Definition
the muscles that oppose or reverse a particular motion
Term
synergist
Definition
muscles that help the prime movers by adding extra force or reducing undesirable/unnecessary movements
Term
fixator
Definition
synergists that immobilize a bone or muscle’s origin
Term
level
Definition
is the bone; ridge bar that moves on a fixed point
Term
fulcrum
Definition
is the fixed point (joint)
Term
effort
Definition
provides the force for movement (muscle.)
Term
load
Definition
is the existence; The weight that is being lifted. (body weight)
Term
1st class lever
Definition
LFE seesaw
Term
2nd class lever
Definition
FLE wheel barrel
Term
3rd class lever
Definition
LEF teasers
Term
pulled groin
Definition
abductor muscles that bring legs together. Pulled muscle of this group.
Term
arthrogryposis
Definition
non-progressive muscle disorder; multiple joint contractures or limitations in range of movement; congenital
Term
leiomyoma
Definition
benign smooth muscle tumor
Term
trichinosis
Definition
parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork or wild game infected with Trichinella spirallis larvae. Pigs eat raw meat and garbage including infected rats  people eat raw or undercooked pig  worms mate in intestines larvae burrow into smooth muscle around the intestines and travel elsewhere in the body to burrow into skeletal muscle and eventually the CNS and myocardium  death from myocarditis, encephalitis; intestinal effects
Term
Charley horse
Definition
muscle contusion followed by bleeding into the tissues (hematoma) and severe prolonged pain; common contact sport injury
Term
shin splint
Definition
pain in the anterior leg; Due to injury or overuse of the tibia anterior.
Term
herniated disc
Definition
ruputure to annulsus fibrosus
Term
short answer :two parts to the intervetbral disc
Definition
short answer: inner pulpy is nucleus pulposus
otter fibrouscartialage is anulus fibrosus.
Term
ribs 1-7
Definition
true ribs
Term
ribs 8- 12`
Definition
false ribs
Term
fontanels
Definition
area where the skull can expand
Term
atlas
Definition
first cervical bone connects the skull like pivot
Term
axis
Definition
second cerivcal bone
Term
congential
Definition
present at birth
Term
need to know how to draw a sacrolemme
Definition
which includes i band and h band blah blah
Term
parts united by collegenic fibers
sutures
immobile
Definition
short answer:fibrous joint
give structal characteristic
types
moblilty
Term
parts end with cartilage
hyaline catilage
immobile
Definition
short answer cartilogenous
characteristics
sutures
mobility
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