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| The study of mircroscopic structures of tissues & organs |
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| Structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye |
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| Hierarchy of structural organization |
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Chemical Level
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organisim |
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| Toward front/ Toward back |
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| toward midline/away from midline |
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| towards or at surface/more internal |
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Appendiges only
closer to attachment point/farther from attachment point |
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| plam of hand/sole of foot |
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Football goal line
Imaginary flat surface passing through the body or an organ |
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(frontal)
Vertical division into anterior and posterior parts |
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(horizontal)
horizontal division into right or left parts |
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vertical division into right or left parts
(midsagittal) (parasagittal) |
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between horizontal & vertical
diagonal |
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Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity |
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Throacic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity |
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pleural cavity
pericardial cavity
mediastinum |
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(separated from thoraic by diaphragm)
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity |
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| superior to pericardial cavity, medial to pleural cavities |
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epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous |
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covering
Protects skin
selective permeability
secretion (glands)
sensation (w/ nervous tissue) |
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| Charateristics of epithelial tissue |
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celluarity
polarity
attachment to basement membrane
avascularity
innervation
regeneration |
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| made of cells, rows of cells |
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2 poles
Apical-top (attic)
Basal-bottom (basement) |
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| Basement membrane(epithelial) |
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| specfic proteins allow basal surface to stick |
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| Avascularity (epithelial) |
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| without blood tissues & vessels |
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| has nerves running through them |
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| regeneration (epithelial) |
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| has ability to replenish itself |
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finger-like extensions
increase surface area
(digestive system)
shorter than cilia |
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Motile extentions
Longer than microvilli
moves things along (mucus)
(respiratory system)
Smoking paralyzes cilia |
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| Intercellular Junctions (epithelial) |
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| Classifacation of Epithelial Tissues |
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Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified |
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| Simple (epithelial arrangement) |
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| Stratified (epithelial arrangement) |
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| pseudostratified (epithelial arrangment |
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not all cells extend to the apical surface
most of the time columnar |
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squamous
cuboidal
columnar
transitional |
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| Squamous (epithelial shape) |
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| flattened, nucleus is disc-shaped |
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| Cuboidal (epithelial shape) |
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| cubelike or spherical nucleus |
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can be stretched
expand/contract
(bladder) |
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| Naming epithelial tissues |
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1.) Arrangement
2.) Shape
look at Apical (top) surface
Ex.
straified (arrangement)
squamous (shape)
epithelium (type) |
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Endocrine- into
Exocrine- out of
Still epithelial |
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internal secretion
Ex.) empty INTO blood |
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external secretion
Ex.) empty OUT OF ducts |
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Very Diverse but share embryonic orgin
Made of cells and extracellular matrix
Protein fibers for support
Ground substance holds fluid |
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| layer of developing embryo |
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| Functions of Connective tissue |
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Protection (bone)
Support and provide framework (bone)
Bind together tissues (ligaments)
Storage & energy (fat)
Tranports fluids and dissolved materials(blood & lymph)
Defense from microorganisms |
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| packing material of the body |
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| supporting connective tissue |
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Cartiledge
Bone: contains large amounts of calcium salts |
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(blood and lymph)
many types of cells, suspended in matrix (plasma) |
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| Cells (connective tissue proper) |
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resident or fixed
wandering: looking for wounds |
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| Fibers (connective tissue proper) |
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| packing material of the body |
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| Areolar connective tissue |
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supports and cushions:
Surrounds blood vessels and nerves, between muscles, beneath skin, organs |
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| Adipose connective tissue |
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(fat tissue)
provides padding, cushions shocks, acts as an insulator, and stores energy |
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| Reticular connective tissue |
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| forms a supportive network for cells and organs such as liver, bone marrow, etc. |
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| more supportive than loose connective tissue |
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| Regular dense connective tissue |
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tendons and aponeuroses
ligaments
fibers are paralel |
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| Irregular dense connective tissue |
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surronds internal organs, part of skin
fibers run in different directions |
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| Elastic dense connective tissue |
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stretchy
found between vertebrae, and the vocal cords |
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movement;
made of long cylindrical cells |
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voluntary
moves limbs and external body parts |
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involuntary
propels blood through heart |
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involuntary
propels objects along internal passages, found in walls of hollow organs and in blood vessels |
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controls everything in body by conducting electrical impulses
located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves all over body |
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nervous cells
irritability and conductivity |
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protect, suport, insulate
(supporting cells) |
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