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Anatomy Chapter 6
Skeletal System: Bone Tissue
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/25/2006

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Term
tissues that work together to make up bone (7)
Definition
Bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, various blood-forming tissues, adipose tissue, nervous tissue.
Term
the skeletal system
Definition
Individual organs (bones) and their cartilages.
Term
functions of the skeletal system (6)
Definition
Support (structural framework for body, supports soft tissues, provides attachment for tendons of most skeletal muscles), protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage as one ages.
Term
structural parts of a typical long bone (7)
Definition
Diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary (marrow) cavity, endosteum.
Term
diaphysis
Definition
Main portion of a long bone that is a long, cylindrical shaft in the midsection of the bone.
Term
epiphyses
Definition
Portion of a long bone at distal and proximal ends.
Term
metaphyses
Definition
Portion of a long bone where the diaphysis joins the epiphyses. Location of the epiphyseal line. In growing bones it contains the epiphyseal plate.
Term
epiphyseal plate
Definition
In growing bones, a layer of hyaline cartilage that is eventually replaced by bone. It allows the diaphysis to grow in length.
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
Hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis to reduce friction and absorb shock at freely movable joints.
Term
periosteum
Definition
Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the bone wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. It protects, nourishes, assists in fracture repair, and serves as attachment points for ligaments and tendons while allowing the brown to grow in diameter.
Term
medullary (marrow) cavity
Definition
The space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow.
Term
endosteum
Definition
The membraine containing bone forming cells that lines the medullary (marrow) cavity.
Term
bone (osseus) tissue
Definition
This consists of widely separated cells surrounded by large amounts of matrix.
Term
composition of bone matrix
Definition
25% water, 25% protein fibers, 50% crystallized mineral salts.
Term
types of cells in bone tissue (4)
Definition
Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Term
osteogenic cells
Definition
These are specialized stem cells derived from mesenchyme. Only they undergo cell division, resulting in daughters that develop into osteoblasts. Found along inner portion of periosteum, endosteum, and in canals within bone that contain blood vessels.
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
These are bone-building cells that secrete collagen fibers that are needed to build the matrix of bone tissue and that initiate calcification.
Term
osteocytes
Definition
Cells found in mature bones that are derived from osteoblasts that have become entrapped in matrix secretions, which they no longer secrete. They are the principal cells of bone tissue that maintain daily cellular activities.
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
These cells that break down bone are derived from the fusion of monocytes that are concentrated in the endosteum. This is part of normal bone maintenance and repair.
Term
matrix of bone
Definition
Its hardness depends n inorganic mineral salts. Formed by calcification initiated by osteoblasts. Its flexibility and strength depends on collagen fibers.
Term
calcification (mineralization)
Definition
The process initiated by osteoblasts by which mineral salts are deposited in the framework formed by the collagen fibers of the matrix, and crystalized. This tissue hardens.
Term
compact bone
Definition
Contains few spaces between its hard components. Arranged in osteon (Haversian) systems. Contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves and osteocytes along with the calcified matrix. Osteons are aligned in the same direction along lines of stress.
Term
spongy bone
Definition
Has no true osteons. Instead, contains trabeculae that surround many red marrow filled spaces. Supports and protects red bone marrow. It is light weight and forms most of the structure of short, flat, and irregular bones, and the epiphyses of long bones.
Term
bone blood and nerve supply
Definition
Especially abundant in portions of bone containing red bone marrow. Contains arteries, veins, and nerves.
Term
bone arteries
Definition
Periosteal ones supply periosteum and outer part of compact bone. Nutrient one is located from the diaphysis up to the epiphyseal plates. Metaphyseal one in the metaphysis. Epiphyseal ones in the epiphysis.
Term
bone veins
Definition
These accompany their respective arteries.
Term
bone nerves
Definition
These accompany blood vessels that supply bones. Periosteum is rich in these.
Term
bone formation
Definition
This begins when mesenchymal cells provide the template for subsequent ossification (intramembranous and endochrondral). There is no difference in structure of mature bones, only different methods.
Term
ossification (osteogenesis)
Definition
The process by which bone is formed.
Term
intramembranous ossification
Definition
This type of ossification has no cartilage stage. It forms flat bones of the skull and mandible.
Term
endochondral ossification
Definition
This type of ossification replaces hyaline cartilege with bone. It forms most of the bones of the body. The final process of this forms articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate.
Term
bone growth (length)
Definition
Grows in 4 zones (resting, proliferation, hypertrophic, and calcified). Diaphysis is indreased in length due to activity of the epiphyseal plate.
Term
bone growth (thickness)
Definition
Minerals (lots of calcium and phosphorus, and small amounts of fluoride, magnesium iron, and manganese), vitamins (C for synthesis of main bone proteins and differentiation of osteoblasts into osteocytes, K and B12 for protein synthesis, and A to stimulate activity of osteoblasts) and hormones (insulin, insunlike growth factors, thyroid, estrogen, and testosterone) help this kind of growth.
Term
bone remodeling
Definition
This is an ongoing process of equal activities of osteoclasts and osteoblasts destroying and constructing. A full cycle takes about 2-3 months.
Term
fracture
Definition
Any break in a bone.
Term
repair of bone
Definition
Fracture hematoma -> fibrocartilaginous callus -> bony callus -> bond remodeling.
Term
bone's role in calcium homeostasis
Definition
99% of calcium stored in bones but can also be pulled from the bone if needed in the blood.
Term
parathyroid hormone
Definition
Regulates calcium exchange between bone and blood via negative feedback.
Term
calcitonin
Definition
It is secreted by the thyroid gland and decreases blood calcium levels.
Term
effects of exercise on bones (2)
Definition
Exercise will increase bone strength and help retain bone mass.
Term
developmental anatomy of the skeletal system
Definition
Bone forms from mesodoerm by intramembranous or endochondral ossification. From weeks 5-8 limb buds develop into upper and lower limbs.
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