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Anatomy Chapter 5
Anatomy Chapter 5
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/05/2012

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Term
what is the skeletal system made up of?
Definition
cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissues
Term
what is the major component of the skeletal system?
Definition
bone tissue of osseous tissue
Term
what are bones and what are they made up of?
Definition
theyre supporting connective tissues made up of cells in a solidmatrix containing calcium salts
Term
periosteum
Definition
the fibrous covering of bones, which is continuous with the deep fascia and an inner cellular lining called the endosteum
Term
the matrix of bone
Definition

is nearly 2/3 calcium phosphate

collagen fibers make up about 1/3 of the bone matrix

collagen fibers compress easily, however they are very resistant to stretch, twisiting, and bending

the combination of collagen and hydroxyapatite makes bone tissue very strong

cells make up only 2-3% of bone tissue

Term
what are the 4 cells of the mature bone?
Definition
osteocytes, octeoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells
Term
osteocytes
Definition

are the mature cells of the bone tissue (main bone cells)

Responsible for maintaining bone tissue by regulating the recyling of the calcium salts in the matrix

Term
osteoblasts
Definition

BUILD BONE!

produce a substance known as osteoid

Osteoid- becomes mineralized to form new bone

Osteogenesis- the process of making new bone

Term
osteoid
Definition

produced by osteoblasts

becomes mineralized to form new bone

(osteogenesis)

Term
osteogenesis
Definition
the process of making new bone
Term
osteoprogenitor cells
Definition

found in the periosteum and endosteum of the bone

(these cells divide and differentiate to form new osteoblasts to help in the formation of new bone AFTER injury) 

Term
osteoclasts
Definition

BREAK DOWN BONE

they dissolve bone matrix

Preform Osteolysis- meaning they dissolve bone matrix

(multinucleated 50+ cells)

 

 

Term
osteolysis
Definition
the dissolving or break down of bone matrix
Term
compact bone
Definition
relatively dense and solid tissue that makes up the walls of most bone
Term
spongy bone
Definition

an airy tissue made up of interconnected struts and plates of bone tissue

(found deep in the bone surrounding the marrow cavity)

Term
PATHOLOGY: Osteoporosis
Definition
vertebrae getting broken down, loss of bone mineralization
Term
what is the cortex or outer region of bone primarily?
Definition
compact bone
Term
what are the three sections of a long bone?
Definition
Epiphyses (ends), diaphysis (shaft), metaphysis (conneting region between the two)
Term
epiphyses
Definition
ENDS of a long bone, filled with spongy bone that is resistant to forces in many directions
Term
diaphysis
Definition
SHAFT of a long bone, it is a compact collar that resists tension along the axis of the bone
Term
the medullary cavity
Definition
the space in the shaft that contains the yello, marrow, which is the fat storage
Term
metphysis
Definition
the connecting region between the epiphyses and diaphysis
Term
periosteum
Definition

an outer connective and inner epithelial tissue membrane that surrounds the outer surface of a bone

LOCATED: on the suface of all bones!!!!

has two layers: Fibrous layer, and cambium layer

Transmits PAIN receptors

Term
endosteum
Definition

a simple cunboidal epithelium lining the inside of the marrow cavity, covering the trabeculae of spongy bone, and lining the central canals and perforating canals

(Osterprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts are found in the endosteam)

Most activive when bone remodeling is occuring!!!

Term
osteogenesis
Definition
bone formation
Term
ossification
Definition
bone replacing existing tissue
Term
calcification
Definition
the process of depositing calcium salts into tissues and is part of ossification
Term
epiphyseal plate growth zones:
Definition

(Real People Have Career Options)

1. Resting zone

2. Proliferative zone

3. Hypertrophic cartilage zone

4. Calcified cartilage zone

5. Ossification zone

Term
PATHOLOGY: Salter-Harris fracture
Definition
a break across an epiphysis plate
Term
green stick fracture
Definition
usually found in children, the bone splinters, doesnt break
Term
PATHOLOGY: Achondroplasia dwarfism
Definition
lack of conversion of cartilage to bone particularly in the long bones
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
remains on the end of bones that are in contact with other bones at a joint (the cartilage helps reduce the friction)
Term
epiphyseal cartilage
Definition
reamins as a thin line of cartilage in the metaphysis throughout childhood
Term
epiphyseal cartilage
Definition
remains as a thin line of cartilage in the metaphysis throughout childhood
Term
flat bones
Definition
consist of two compound bone plates with spongy bone sandwiched inbetween
Term
osteopenia
Definition
the normal decrease in bone mass that begins in the third decade and countinues through out adulthood
Term
osteroporosis
Definition
severe case of osteopenia in which the normal function of the skeleton in compromised
Term
long bones
Definition

have one axis much greater than the others

( found in limbs)

Term
sutural (wormian)
Definition
oddly shapped bone inbedded between the flat bones of the skull in the suture lines
Term
irregular bones (anomaly)
Definition
have complex shapes with numerous notches, ridges, and ectensions of bone
Term
short bones
Definition

nearly cuboidal, are spherical in shape

compact bone shells with deep spongy bone

(wrist, ankle)

Term
sesamoid bones
Definition
small, round, falt bones imbedded in tendons near joints (patellae)
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