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Anatomy Chapter 5
Integumentary System
52
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/25/2006

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Term
integumentary system
Definition
Skin and its accessory structures: hair and nails, along with various glands, muscles, and nerves.
Term
functions of skin (5)
Definition
Thermoregulation, protection, cutaneous sensations, excretion and absorption, synthesis of vitamin D.
Term
structure of the skin (2 parts)
Definition
1. Superficial (epidermis) and 2. Deep (dermis, subcutaneous)
Term
epidermis
Definition
This is the superficial layer of the skin. It is stratified squamous epithelium. It contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and merkel cells in a series of many layers.
Term
keratinocytes
Definition
Cells in the epidermis that protect and produce lamellar granules which release a waterproofing sealant.
Term
melanocytes
Definition
Cells in the epidermis that produce melanin that contributes to skin color. They absorb UV rays.
Term
langerhans cells
Definition
Cells in the epidermis that participate in immune response protecting the skin from microbe invasion. They can easily be damaged by UV light.
Term
merkel cells
Definition
Cells that are located in the deepest layer of the epidermis. They are the least numerous and fuction in the sensation of touch.
Term
layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial
Definition
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, (stratum lucidum), stratum corneum.
Term
stratum basale
Definition
The deepest layer of the epidermis. It s composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnal keratinocytes and stem cells. Unable to regernate new skin if germinal portion is destroyed. Sometimes called stratum germinativum to indicate its role in the formation of new cells.
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
Located in the epidermis, it has 8-10 layers of flattened keratinocytes, contains langerhans cells and melanocytes, and provides strength and flexibility.
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
Located in the epidermis, it has 3-5 layers of lattened keratinocytes that undergo apoptosis ("programmed death"). This is the transition between the deeper and more superficial strata. Contains lamellar granules that make a water-repellant seal.
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
Located in the epidermis, it has 3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes. It is present only in the fingertips, palms, and soles of the feet (where there is no hair).
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
The most superficial layer of the epidermis containing 25-30 layers of dead, flat keratinocytes that are continuously shed and replaced by cells from deeper strata. Constant exposure to friction will cause formation of a callus.
Term
keratinization
Definition
The accumulation of more keratin. Occurs over 2-4 weeks.
Term
epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Definition
A hormonelike protein that plays a role in epidermal growth.
Term
dermis
Definition
Second part of the skin deeper than the epidermis. It has blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles. Divided into papllary and reticular regions.
Term
papillary region
Definition
Superficial region of the dermis. Contains dermal papillae, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings for sensations.
Term
reticular region
Definition
Deep portion of the dermis. Composed of dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. Contains adipose cells, hair follicles, arrector pili muscle, sebaceous and sudoriferous glands, veins, arteris, nerve fibers, and sensors.
Term
structural basis of skin color (4)
Definition
3 pigments in dermis (melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin), amount of pigment the melanocytes produce, freckles (patches of accumulated melanin), and exposure to UV light (increases the synthesis of melanin in the organelle melanosome)
Term
types of skin (2)
Definition
Thin and thick.
Term
thin skin
Definition
The type of skin that lacks epidermal ridges. It is not found on palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles.
Term
thick skin
Definition
The type of skin that covers palms, palmar surfaces of digits, and soles. It has no hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, or sebaceous glands. It has more sweat glands and sensory receptors and stratum lucidum.
Term
accessory structures of the skin (3)
Definition
These develop from the embryonic epidermis. Hair (on most skin surfaces except palms, soles, palmar and plantar surfaces of digits), glands, and nails.
Term
anatomy of hair
Definition
Columns of dead, keratinized cells bonded together by extracellular proteins. Consists of shaft, root, and hair follicle. Develops from a matrix in the bulb. Associated with sebaceous glands, arrector pili muscles, and root plexuses.
Term
hair growth stages
Definition
15% of the time the hair is resting. The other 85% of the time it grows. The cycle can be altered by many factors.
Term
hair color
Definition
This is due primarily to the amount and type of melanin in the hair.
Term
functions of hair (3)
Definition
Protection, decrease heat loss, and sensing light touch.
Term
nails
Definition
These are plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells. Consist of a body, free edge, root, lunula, eponychium, hyponychium, and matrix.
Term
functions of nails (3)
Definition
Used to grasp, manipulate, and protect distal end of digits.
Term
nail body
Definition
The portion of the nail that is visible.
Term
free edge
Definition
The portion of the nail that may extend past the distal end of the digit (the white part).
Term
nail root
Definition
The portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin.
Term
lunula
Definition
The whitish crescent-shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body.
Term
eponychium
Definition
Cuticle.
Term
hyponychium
Definition
The portion of the nail beneath the free edge; a thickened region of stratum corneum which secures the nail to the fingertip.
Term
kinds of skin glands (exocrine) (3)
Definition
1. Sebaceous, 2. Ceruminous, 3. Sudoriferous (eccrine and apocrine)
Term
sebaceous glands
Definition
Exocrine skin glands that are connected to hair follicles and produce sebum.
Term
ceruminous glands
Definition
Exocrine skin glands that modify sudoriferous glands in the external auditory meatus (ear canal). They produce cerumen (earwax).
Term
sudoriferous glands
Definition
Exocrine skin glands that produce sweat. Can be divided into eccrine and apocrine.
Term
eccrine glands
Definition
More common sudoriferous glands that regulate body temperature. Use ducts that open to surface of epidermis.
Term
apocrine glands
Definition
Sudoriferous glands with ducts that open into hair folicles. Found in axilla, groin, areolae.
Term
epidermal wound healing
Definition
Healing consists of a central portion extending deep down to the dermis. Wound edges involve only superficial damage to cells. A hormone (EGF) stimulates basal cells to divide and replace the ones that hve moved into the wound.
Term
deep wound healing (dermis and subcutaneous layers)
Definition
Healing involves 4 phases (inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, and maturation). Fibrosis can occur.
Term
inflammatory phase
Definition
First phase of deep wound healing where a blood clot forms in the wound and loosely unites the wound edges.
Term
migratory phase
Definition
Second phase of deep wound healing where the clot becomes a scab and epithelial cells come together beneath the scab to bridge the wound.
Term
proliferative phase
Definition
Third phase of deep wound healing where extensive grownth of epithelial cells beneath the scab and continual growth of blood vessels occurs.
Term
maturation phase
Definition
Fourth and final phase of deep wound healing where the scab sloughs off once the epidermas has been restored to normal thickness.
Term
fibrosis
Definition
The process of scar tissue formation.
Term
primary germ layers
Definition
Three layers of tissue from which a developing embryo differentiates: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Term
ectoderm
Definition
The primary germ layer from which the epidermis (hair, nails, skin glands) is derived.
Term
mesoderm
Definition
The primary germ layer from which the dermis, connective tissues, and blood vessels associated with the glad develop.
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