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Anatomy Chapter 4
Tissue Level of Organization
78
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/25/2006

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Term
types of tissues (4)
Definition
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Term
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
Definition
The 3 primary germ layers from which all tissue and organs develop.
Term
cell junctions
Definition
Points of contact between adjacent plasma membranes.
Term
functions of cell junctions (3)
Definition
Depending on their structure they can: 1. Act as fluid-tight seals between cells, 2. Anchor cells together or to extracellular material, 3. Act as channels allowing ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell within a tissue.
Term
tight junctions
Definition
Type of cell junctions that form fluid-tight seals, connecting the cells of tissues that line the surfaces of organs and body cavities. They are common in epithelial cells that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder.
Term
the most important cell junctions (5)
Definition
Tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions.
Term
adherens junctions
Definition
Type of cell junctions that help epithelial surfaces to resist separation. They are made of plaque. Transmembrane glycoproteins anchored in this plaque cross the space between membranes from this cell to connect with the adjacent cell glycoproteins.
Term
desmosomes
Definition
Type of cell junctions that are numerous in the epidermis and between cardiac muscles. They are made of plaque, linking the cytoskeletons of cells together with cadherins (transmembrane glycoproteins). Intermediate filaments extend from these across the cytoplasm of the opposite side of the cell for stability of the cell and tissue.
Term
hemidesmosomes
Definition
Type of cell junctions that anchor one kind of tissue to another. They have integrin transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins). They attach to intermediate filaments inside cells and to extracellular membrane on the outside.
Term
gap junctions
Definition
Type of cell junctions that leave a tiny intracellular space between adjacent plasma membranes that is bridged by connexons (transmembrane protein channels), enabling nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly between cells.
Term
epithelial tissue (epithelium)
Definition
Tissue that consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, either in single or multiple layers. Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts, and forms glands. Layers can be simple, stratified, or pseudostratified. Shape can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or transitional.
Term
general features of epithelium (8)
Definition
1. Arranged in sheets (either single or multiple layers), 2. Many cell junctions to provide secure attachments, 3. Apical (free) surface, 4. Basal surface adhered firmly to a basement membrane, 5. Lateral surfaces, 6. Avascular (so it uses diffusion), 7. Has nerve supply, 8. High capacity for renewal (high mitotic rate)
Term
functions of epithelium (9)
Definition
Protection, secretion, absorption, filtration, excretion, lubrication, digestion, reproduction, transportation.
Term
simple squamous epithelium
Definition
Single layer of flat cells that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and secretion. Found where protection is not important because of minimal wear and tear.
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
Single layer of cube-shaped cells used for secretion and absorption. Found in kidneys, surface of ovaries, thyroid and pancreas glands.
Term
simple columnar epithelium
Definition
Single layer of tall, rectangular cells with oval nuclei. The nonciliated kind contains microvilli, is used for absorption and secretion of mucus and enzymes and is found in the digestive track. The ciliated kind moves mucus and other substances and is found in the upper respiratory tract and uterine tubes.
Term
stratified epithelium
Definition
Tissue that contains at least two layers of cells, making it more durable and able to better protect underlying tissues. Some kinds produce secretions.
Term
stratified squamous epithelium
Definition
Thick membrane tissue composed of several layers that protects underlying tissues in areas subject o abrasion. Can be keratinized (superficial layer of skin) or nonkeratinized (lines wet surfaces of mouth, epiglottis, and vagina, and covers tongue).
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium
Definition
Rare tissue. Mostly protective but also functions in limited secretation and absorption. Found in ducts of adult sweat, mammary, salivary, and espophageal glands, and part of male urethra.
Term
stratified columnar epithelium
Definition
Rare tissue. Protects and secretes. Found in part of male urethra, esophageal glands, part anal mucous membrane and conjunctiva of eye.
Term
stratified transitional epithelium
Definition
Tissue that permits distention and is variable in appearance, depending on whether the orgain it lines is relased or distended (stretched). Found in ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Definition
Tissue with a single layer of cells at different heights where nuclei are seen at different levels. Ciliated kind secrets and moves mucus in upper respiratory tract. Nonciliated kind has no globlet cells, lines ducts of large glands, epididymis, and part of male urethra.
Term
glandular epithelium
Definition
Tissue whose function is secretion, which is accomplished by glandular cells that often lie in clusters deep to the covering and lining epithelium. Contains endocrine and exocrine glands.
Term
gland
Definition
A single cell or mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion.
Term
endocrine glands
Definition
Secrete products (hormones) into blood to maintain homeostasis by using diffusion, not ducts. Found in pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and thymus glands.
Term
exocrine glands
Definition
Secrete products into ducts that empty at the surface of covering or free surface. Produce mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, and digestive enzymes.
Term
structure of exocrine glands and examples (2)
Definition
1. Unicellular: goblet cell, 2. Multicellular: sweat, oil, and digestive glands
Term
functional classification of exocrine glands (3)
Definition
This is based on whether a secretion is released by itself from a cell, or whether the secretion consists of entire or partial glandular cells themselves.

1. Holocrine: when cell dies, accumulated product in cytosol is discharged as glandular secretion, 2. Merocrine: discharge product by exocytosis (most common), 3. Apocrine: cell discharges product at apical surface by pinching off from rest of cell; cell repairs and repeats (we're not sure if humans have these)
Term
connective tissue
Definition
Tissue most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body. It consists of relatively few cells in a generous matrix. Is derived from mesodermal embryonic cells (called mesenchymal cells).
Term
general features of connective tissue (4)
Definition
This tissue contains 3 basic elements (cells, ground substance and fibers), does not occur on free surfaces, is highly vascular, and has a nerve supply (except for cartilage).
Term
functions of connective tissue
Definition
Tissue functions to protect the body and its organs, bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and provide immunity to disease-causing organisms.
Term
-blast
Definition
Immature connective tissue cell. ex: fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast
Term
-cyte
Definition
Mature connective tissue cell. ex: osteocyte
Term
connective tissue matrix
Definition
Part of connective tissue that prevents tissue cells from touching one another. It is made by fibroblasts and can be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, fibrous, or calcified. Is made up of the ground substance and fibers.
Term
ground substance
Definition
A componant of connective tissue matrix that is between the cells and fibers. It supports and binds, and provides a medium for material exchange between blood and cells.
Term
fibers
Definition
A component of connective tissue matrix that provides support and strength for tissues. Can be collagen, elastic, or reticular.
Term
collagen
Definition
Fiber in connective tissue matrix that are very tough and resistant to stretching but allow some flexibility (like glue). It is the most abundant protein in the body, found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Term
elastic
Definition
Fiber in connective tissue matrix that provides strengh and stretching capacity. Found in skin, blood vessels, and lungs.
Term
reticular
Definition
Fiber in connective tissue matrix that provides a criss-cross "net" of support in walls of blood vessels. Forms a strong, supporting network around fat cells, nerve, skeletal and smooth muscle fibers and basement membrane.
Term
classification of connective tissue (2)
Definition
1. Embryonic (a. mesenchyme: found in embryo/fetus giving rise to all other connective tissue types; b. mucous: in umbilical cord), 2. Mature: found in newborns and does not chage after birth
Term
mature connective tissues (6)
Definition
Loose connective, dense connective, cartilage, bone, blood, and lymph.
Term
loose connective tissue
Definition
Kind of mature connective tissue that has loosely woven fibers and many cells are present. Can be areolar, adipose, or reticular.
Term
areolar tissue
Definition
A loose connective tissue which is one of the most widely distributed connective tissues under epithelia, has a gel-like matrix with all 3 fiber types, forms the subcutaneous layer, and provides strength, elasticity, and suport.
Term
adipose tissue
Definition
A loose connective tissue that is specialized for storage of triglycerides. The nuclei are peripherally located. It reduces heat loss and is found under skin, around kidneys and heart, in abdomen and breast.
Term
reticular tissue
Definition
A loose connective tissue that contains a network of reticular fibers and reticular cells forming the stroma (supporting framework) of organs, and filtering and removing worn-out blood cells in spleen. Found in lymphoid organs.
Term
dense connective tissue
Definition
Type of mature connective tissue that contains numerous, thick fibers but few cells. Can be divided into regular, irregular, and elastic.
Term
dense regular tissue
Definition
Type of dense mature connective tissue that contains bundles of collagen fibers in a regular (parallel) arrangement, is silvery white and tough. Found in tendons, aponeuroses, and most ligaments.
Term
dense irregular tissue
Definition
Type of dense mature connective tissue that contains bundles of collagen fibers in irregular, various directions, making it able to withstand tension exerted in may directions. Found in dermis of skin, fasciae, around bone, cartilage, and heart, and capsules around joints and organs.
Term
elastic tissue
Definition
Type of dense mature connective tissue that recois back after stretching to maintain structure. Found in lung tissue, elastic arteries, trachea, and bronchial tubes.
Term
cartilage
Definition
Type of mature connective tissue where chondrocytes occur in lacunae in the matrix. It is surrounded by a perichondrium, has no blood vessels or nerves (except in the perichondrium) and can be divided into hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic.
Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition
The most abundant and weakest type of cartilege tissue. Most of it is surrounded by a perichondrium. It supports and reinforces. Found at costal cartilages of rigs, nose, trachea, larnyx, and most of embryonic skeleton.
Term
fibrocartilege
Definition
The strongest kind of cartilege. It contains no perichondrium. Used for support and fusion. Found in intervertebral discs, pubid symphysis, and menisci.
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
This cartilege has a perichondrium, and provides strength and elasticity. Found in external ear, auditory tubes, and epiglottis.
Term
bone (osseus) tissue
Definition
This mature connective tissue consists of a matrix containing mineral salts, collagenous fibers and osteocytes. It supports, protects, stores minerals, and forms blood. It can be classified (depending on how the matrix and cells are organized) into compact and spongy.
Term
compact bone tissue
Definition
This bone tissue constains osteon (Haversian) systems, lamella, lacunae, canaliculi, and central canals.
Term
lamellae
Definition
Concentric rings that provide hardness and strength in an osteon system.
Term
lacunae
Definition
Small spaces in osteon systems that contain osteocytes.
Term
canaliculi
Definition
Minute canals projecting from lacunae in an osteon system. Contain processes of osteocytes and provide routes for nutrient and waste transport.
Term
central (Haversian) canal
Definition
Central canal in an osteon system that contains blood vessels and nerves.
Term
spongy bone tissue
Definition
Bone tissue that contains trabeculae (columns of bone), lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, and canaliculi.
Term
blood
Definition
Mature connective tissue containing a liquid matrix (plasma) and formed elements (RBC, WBC, and platelets).
Term
RBC
Definition
Red blood cells in blood tissue that transport respiratory gases.
Term
WBC
Definition
White blood cells in blood tissue that are involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions.
Term
platelets
Definition
Part of blood tissue that participates in blood clotting.
Term
lymph
Definition
Mature connective tissue consisting of a clear fluid similar to plasma, but with much less protein.
Term
membranes
Definition
Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body. Can be divided into epithelial (mucous and serous) and synovial.
Term
mucous membranes
Definition
Type of epithelial membrane that lines cavities that open to the exterior. ex: digestive, reproductive, respiratory
Term
serous membranes
Definition
Type of epithelial membrane that lines cavities that do not open directly to the exterior. Covers organs that lie within the cavity, consist of a parietal and visceral layer secreting a lubricating fluid to reduce friction. ex: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
Term
synovial membranes
Definition
Membranes that line joint cavities, bursae (cushioning sacs), and tendon sheaths. They secret a lubricating fluid.
Term
muscle tissue
Definition
Tissue that generates the physical force needed to make body structures move. It consists of fibers (cells) that are modified for concentration. Provides motion, maintenance of posture, and heat production. Divided into skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
Term
skeletal muscle tissue
Definition
Muscle tissue that is attached to bones, is striated, and is voluntarily used.
Term
cardiac muscle tissue
Definition
Muscle tissue that forms most of the heart, is striated, and is involuntarily used. (Also the only kind with bright pink intercalated discs).
Term
smooth muscle tissue
Definition
Muscle tissue that is found in walls of hollow internal organs, is nonstriated, and is involuntarily used.
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
Tissue that detects internal and external changes and responds by generating nerve impulses to coordinate homeostasis. Contains neurons and neuroglia.
Term
neurons
Definition
Nerve cells that recieve impulses. Consist of a cell body with nucleus and other organelles. They are sensitive to stimuli, convert stimuli to nerve impulses, and conduct nerve impulses. Have 2 types of processes: dendrites and axon.
Term
dendrites
Definition
Highly branched short cell processes of neurons. These are the major recieving or input portion of a neuron.
Term
axon
Definition
The single, thin, cylindrical process extending from a neuron that may be very long. It is the output portion of the neuron that conducts new impulses toward another neuron or tissue.
Term
neuroglia
Definition
Protective and supporting cells of nervous tissue. They support neurons and never send signals. Often they are sites of tumors.
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