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ANATOMY Chapter 3
Flashcards for chapter 3 test
52
Anatomy
12th Grade
10/10/2006

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Term
cell
Definition
the basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane
Term
tissue
Definition
a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function
Term
microvilli
Definition
the tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to deoxify a number or poisonous substances, including alcohol and formaldehyde
Term
isotonic
Definition
having uniform tension
Term
hypotonic
Definition
below normal tone or tension
Term
hypertonic
Definition
excessive, above normal tone or tension
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
the ingestion of solid particles by cells
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
the engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells
Term
gene
Definition
one of the biological units of heredity located in chromatin; transmits heredity information
Term
interstitial fluids
Definition
the fluid between the cells
Term
intracellular fluids
Definition
fluid within a cell
Term
solution
Definition
a homogenous mixture of two or more components
Term
solvent
Definition
dissolving medium
Term
solute
Definition
components or substances present in smaller amounts are called this
Term
endocytosis
Definition
"into the cell"- includes those ATP-requiring processes that take up extracellular substances by enclosing them in a small membraneous vesicle (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)
Term
exocytosis
Definition
"out of the cell"- moves substances out of the cells (secrete hormones, mucus and other cell products or eject certain cellular wastes)
Term
translation
Definition
the nucleic acids(base sequence) are made understandable to the proteins(amino acid sequence)
Term
transcription
Definition
the transfer of information from DNA's base sequence into the complementary base sequence of mRNA
Term
double helix
Definition
a spiral staircaselike sculpture
Term
active transport
Definition
net movement of a substance across a membrance against a concentration or electrical gardient
Term
passive transport
Definition
membrane transport processes that do not require cellular energy (ATP)
Term
the nucleus
Definition
~ control center of the cell
~ contains DNA
Term
nuclear membrane
Definition
~ forms barrier of the nucleus
~ consists of a double phospholipid membrane
~ contain nulcear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell
Term
nucleoli
Definition
~ sites of ribosome production
~ ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores
Term
chromatin
Definition
~ composed of DNA and protein
~ scattered throughout the nucleus
~ condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
~ barrier for cell contents
~ double phospholipid layer
~ contains: protein
cholestrol
glycoproteins
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
Term
cytosol
Definition
fluid that suspends other elements
Term
organelles
Definition
metabollic machinery of the cell
Term
inclusions
Definition
non-functioning units
Term
ribosomes
Definition
~ made of protein and RNA
~ sites of protein synthesis
~ found in 2 locations:
free in the cytoplasm
attached to rough ER
Term
ER
Definition
~ fluid filled tubules for carrying substances- two types:
Rough
Smooth
Term
rough ER
Definition
studded with ribosomes
Term
smooth ER
Definition
functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism and deoxyfication of drugs
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
~ modifies and packages proteins
~ produces different types of packages:
- secretory vesicles
- cell membrane components
- lysosomes
Term
lysosomes
Definition
contain enzymes that digest nonusable materials with in the cell
Term
motochondria
Definition
~ powerhouses of the cell
~ change shape continuously
~ carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food
~ provides ATP for cellular energy
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
~ network of protein structures that extend throuhout the cytoplasm
~ provides the cell with an internal framework
Term
centrioles
Definition
~ rodshaped bodies made of microtubles
~ direct formation of mitotic spindle during cell division
Term
cellular projections
Definition
~ not found in cells
~ used for movement:
- cilia moves materials across the cell surface
Term
prophase
Definition
~ 1st part of cell division
~ centromeres will migrate to the poles
Term
metaphase
Definition
~ spindle from centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell
Term
anaphase
Definition
~ daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles
~ the cell begins to elongate
Term
telophase
Definition
~ daughter nuclei begin forming
~ a cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form
Term
tRNA
Definition
transfer RNA- transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein
Term
rRNA
Definition
ribosomal RNA- helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
Term
mRNA
Definition
messenger RNA- carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosomes
Term
the four elements that make up most living matter
Definition
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
Term
complementary base pairs: AAT-CGT-TCG
Definition
UUA-GCA-AGC
Term
types of Active Transport
Definition
~ solute pumping and bulk transport (exocytosis and endocytosis)
Term
types of Passive Transport
Definition
~ diffusion (simple, osmosis, facilitated)
~ filtration
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