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Anatomy Chapter 1
Introduction to the Human Body
57
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/21/2006

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Term
anatomy
Definition
The science of body structures and the relationships among structures.
Term
techniques to assess structure and function (4)
Definition
1. Palpation (touching): pulse
2. Auscultation (listening): lungs
3. Percussion (tapping): for size, consistency, and position
4. Inspection (seeing)
Term
the systems of the body (12)
Definition
1. Integumentary
2. Lymphatic
3. Immune
4. Skeletal
5. Muscular
6. Respiratory
7. Nervous
8. Digestive
9. Endocrine
10. Urinary
11. Cardiovascular
12. Reproductive
Term
characteristics of the living human organism (6)
Definition
These are certain processes carried on by organisms that distinguish them from nonliving things.

1. metabolism
2. responsiveness
3. movement
4. growth
5. differentiation
6. reproduction
Term
metabolism
Definition
The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. Includes breaking down large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones and building the body's structural and functional components.
Term
responsiveness
Definition
A characteristic of the living human organism.

The body's ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environment.

ex: nerve cells respond by generating electrical signals called nerve impulses
Term
movement
Definition
A characteristic of the living human organism.

Motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.
Term
growth
Definition
A characteristic of the living human organism.

An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, the number of cells, or both, or because the material between cells increases.
Term
differentiation
Definition
A characteristic of the living human organism.

The process a cell undergoes to develop from an unspecified state to a specialized state.

ex: stem cells are "ancestor cells" which can divide and give rise to progeny that undergo changes to specialized states
Term
reproduction
Definition
A characteristic of the living human organism.

Either the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual.
Term
homeostasis
Definition
The condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment produced by ceaseless interplay of all the body's regulatory processes.
Term
kinds of extracellular fluids (7)
Definition
Referred to as the "body's internal environment".

1. interstitial (between cells of tissues)
2. plasma (in blood vessels)
3. lymph
4. cerebrospinal
5. synovial
6. aqueous humor (eye)
7. vitreous body
Term
systems of regulation and how they work (2)
Definition
1. nervous system: detects change and rapidly sends nerve impulses to counteract disruption

2. endocrine system: works slowy, regulating homeostasis by secreting hormones
Term
factors that must be maintained inside the body for homeostasis (8)
Definition
1. pH
2. temperature
3. wastes
4. nutrients
5. electrolytes
6. CO2
7. O2
8. water (body fluids)
Term
feedback system
Definition
A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on.
Term
stimulus
Definition
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition such as temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level.
Term
receptors
Definition
Body structures that monitor changes in a controlled condition and send input in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals to a control center.

ex: nerve endings in the skin
Term
control center
Definition
This sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it recieves from receptors, and generates output commands when needed.
Term
effector
Definition
A body structure that recieves output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition.

ex: nearly every organ and tissue can act as this; like when muscles shiver
Term
negative feedback
Definition
Reverses a change in a controlled condition.
Term
positive feedback
Definition
Tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditions.

ex: like in childbirth
Term
definition and purpose of
anatomical position
Definition
Standing facing observer, head level, eyes forward, feet forward and flat on the floor, arms at sides with palms turned forward.

This way the body is easier for us to visualize and understand how it is organized into various regions.
Term
reclining positions (2)
Definition
1. prone: lying face down
2. supine: lying face up
Term
regional names (5)
Definition
1. head (skull and face)
2. neck
3. trunk (chest, abdomen, pelvis)
4. upper limbs (shoulders, armpits, arms)
5. lower limbs (buttocks, thighs, legs, ankles, feet)
Term
plane
Definition
Imaginary flat surface that passes through body parts.
Term
section
Definition
Flat surface of a three-dimensional structure.
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides.
Term
midsagittal (median) plane
Definition
A sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body or organ and divides it into equal right and left sides.
Term
parasagittal plane
Definition
A sagittal plane that does not pass through the midline of the body or organ.
Term
frontal (coronal)
Definition
A vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions.
Term
superior
Definition
Toward the head.
Term
inferior
Definition
Away from the head.
Term
oblique plane
Definition
A plane that passes through the body or organ at an angle between the transverse plane and either a sagittal or a frontal plane.
Term
transverse (cross-sectional, horizontal) plane
Definition
A plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions.
Term
anterior
Definition
Nearer to or at the front of the body.
Term
posterior
Definition
Nearer to or at the back of the body.
Term
medial
Definition
Nearer to the midline (midsagittal plane).
Term
lateral
Definition
Farther away from the midline (midsagittal plane).
Term
intermediate
Definition
Between two structures.
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
On the same side of the body as another structure.
Term
contralateral
Definition
On the opposite side of the body as another structure.
Term
proximal
Definition
Nearer to the origin or point of attachment.
Term
distal
Definition
Farther from the origin or point of attachment.
Term
superficial
Definition
Toward or on the surface.
Term
deep
Definition
Away from or below the surface.
Term
body cavities (3)
Definition
Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs.

1. dorsal
2. ventral
3. abdominopelvic
Term
dorsal cavity and its subdivisions (2)
Definition
Near the posterior surface of the body.

1. cranial cavity: cranial bones and brain
2. vertebral cavity: backbone and spinal cord
Term
ventral cavity and its subdivisions (2)
Definition
On the anterior side of the body.

1. thoracic cavity: superior containing ribs, chest muscles, sternum, portion of backbone
a. 2 pleural (lung) cavities
b. pericardial (heart) cavity
c. mediastinum cavity: between pleurals
2. abdominopelvic cavity
Term
abdominopelvic cavity and its subdivisions (2)
Definition
Inferior portion of the ventral cavity which extends from diaphragm to groin and is encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis.

1. abdominal cavity: stomach, spleen liver, gallbladder, small intenstine, most of the large intestine
2. pelvic cavity: urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine, internal reproductive organs
Term
serous membrane
Definition
Made up of a parietal layer and a visceral layer.
Term
parietal layer
Definition
Layer of the serous membrane which lines the walls of body cavities.
Term
visceral layer
Definition
Layer of the serous membrane which covers and adheres to the viscera within body cavities.
Term
serous fluid
Definition
Fluid in the serous membranes which reduces friction, allowing the viscera to slide somewhat during movement.
Term
serous membrane locations (3)
Definition
1. pleural
2. pericardium
3. peritoneum
Term
abdominopelvic regions (9)
Definition
(left to right, top to bottom, 3 across and 3 down)

right hypochondriac,
epigastric,
left hypochondriac,
right lumbar,
umbilical,
left lumbar,
right inguinal (iliac),
hypogastric (pubic),
left inguinal (iliac)
Term
abdominopelvic quadrants (4)
Definition
right upper (RUQ),
left upper (LUQ),
right lower (RLQ),
left lower (LLQ)
Term
physiology
Definition
The science of body functions or how the body parts work.
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