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Anatomy Chap 2
Anatomy Chap 2
95
Anatomy
Graduate
09/04/2011

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Term
Pressure
Definition
the force distributed over area
Term
Boyle's Law
Definition
tells us that as the volume of a container increases, the air pressure within the container decreases
Term
Negative Pressure
Definition
causes the air to enter the container until the pressure is equalized
Term
Pressure increases and air flows out until the the pressure is equalized
Definition
if volume is decreased
Term
Inspiration
Definition
inhalation; drawing air into the respiratory system
Term
Alveoli
Definition
small cavity; the air sac wherein gas exchange occurs
Term
Air Pressure
Definition
the force exerted on a surface by air molecules
Term
Sternum
Definition
Breast plate
Term
Vertebral Column
Definition
the bony structure made of vertebrae
Term
Spinal Cord
Definition
the nerve tracks and cell bodies within the spinal column
Term
Foramina
Definition
an opening or passageway
Term
Corpus
Definition
body
Term
Tubercle
Definition
a small rounded prominence on bone; little swelling
Term
Facet
Definition
a small surface
Term
Dens
Definition
tooth
Term
Pedicle
Definition
pedalis; foot
Term
Sarum
Definition
the five sacral vertebrae that are actually a fused mass
Term
Coccyx
Definition
composed of the fused coccygeal vertebrae
Term
Vertebral Column
Definition
composed of vertebral segments that combine to form a strong but flexible column
Term
Cervical
Definition
Top part of spine; bones C1 through C7
Term
Thoracic
Definition
2nd part of spine; bones T1 through T12
Term
Lumbar
Definition
3rd part of spine; bones L1 through L5
Term
Sacral
Definition
4th part of spine; fused bones S1 through S5
Term
Coccygeal
Definition
fused vertebrae known as the coccyx; lowest part of spine
Term
Spinous and Transverse Process
Definition
the spinal column provides the points of attachment for numerous muscles by means of?
Term
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
Definition
The vertebrae houses the ______ ____, with ______ ______ emerging and entering the spinal cord through spaces between the vertebrae
Term
Ribs and Spinal Column
Definition
The ____ of the rib cage articulate with the ______ ______ in a fashion that permits the rib cage some limited movement for respiration
Term
Pectoral or Shoulder Girdle
Definition
Pertaining to the chest
Term
Clavicle
Definition
Collarbone; clavivula; little key
Term
Rib Cage and Vertebral Column
Definition
the bony support structure of the respiratory system is composed of the ___ ____ and the _________ ______
Term
Pelvic Girdle, ilium, sacrum, pubic bone, and ischium
Definition
At the base of the vertebral column is the ______ ______, composed of the _____, ______, _____ ____, and the _______
Term
Pectoral Girdle, Scapula, Clavicle, and Sternum
Definition
The _______ ______ is comprised of the _______ and ________, which attach to the _______
Term
Pectoral Girdle and Pelvic Girdle
Definition
These structures provide the points of attachment for the upper and lower extremities
Term
Chondral
Definition
Pertaining to cartilage
Term
Manubrium Sterni
Definition
Handle of the sternum
Term
Xiphiod
Definition
Sword
Term
Ensiform
Definition
swordlike
Term
RIb Cage
Definition
Composed of 12 ribs (7 true ribs, 3 false ribs, and 2 floating ribs)
Term
Cartilaginous Attachment
Definition
The _____________ __________ of the ribs to the sternum permits the ribs to rotate slightly during respiration, allowing the rib cage to elevate
Term
Elevate
Definition
At rest the ribs slope downward, but they _______ during respiration
Term
Trachea
Definition
Flexible tube, approximately 11 cm in length and composed of a series of 16 to 20 hyaline cartilage rings that are open in the posterior aspect
Term
Carina
Definition
Keel of boat
Term
Bronchi or Bronchial Tubes
Definition
bronchos, windpipe
Term
Bolus
Definition
lump
Term
Mediastinal
Definition
Middle space; medius
Term
Pulmonary
Definition
pulmonarious, pertaining to the lungs
Term
Lungs, Lobes
Definition
A critical organ of the respiratory systems is the _____, the right and left lung having three and _____ respectively
Term
Trachea, Bronchial Tree
Definition
Communication between the external and internal environment is by means of the _______ and the _________ ____
Term
Alveoli
Definition
Repeated subdivisions of the bronchial tree end with the _______, the site of gas exchange
Term
Highly vascularized Alveoli
Definition
These ______ ____________ _______ provide the mechanism by which oxygen enters and carbon dioxide exits the bloodstream
Term
Beating Epithelia
Definition
Pollutants entering the respiratory tract are removed through the cleansing action of the _______ _________ that line the bronchial passageway
Term
Pleural
Definition
pleura, a side
Term
Costal
Definition
costae, coast
Term
Venules
Definition
venula, tiny veins
Term
hiatus
Definition
opening
Term
Pleural Linings
Definition
the lungs are covered with _______ _______ which, in conjunction with the thoracic wall, provide the mechanism for air movement through muscular action
Term
Lungs are pulled down
Definition
When the diaphragm contracts, the _____ ___ ______ ___ because of the association between the pleurae and the diaphragm
Term
Diaphragmatic Contraction
Definition
_____________ ___________ expands the lungs, drawing air into them through the bronchial passageway
Term
Crura
Definition
crosses
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
the primary muscle of inspiration is the _________, the dividing line between the thorax and the abdomen
Term
Central Tendon, Vertical Dimension
Definition
the fibers of the diaphragm pull on the _______ ______, resulting in the downward motion of the diaphragm during inspiration. This movement expands the lungs in the ________ _________
Term
Scalenus
Definition
uneven
Term
Serratus
Definition
toothed, notched
Term
Rhomboideus
Definition
rhombus, parallelogram + oid, like
Term
Diaphragm, Accessory Muscles
Definition
The _________ is an exceptionally important muscle of inspiration, but there are many _________ _______ of inspiration and expiration that also serve respiration
Term
Linea Alba
Definition
white line
Term
Rectus
Definition
straight (not crooked)
Term
Latissimus
Definition
widest
Term
Inflate, Cavity
Definition
To _______ the lungs, you need to expand the ______ that holds them so air can rush in
Term
Increase, Diaphragm, Elevate
Definition
to inflate the lungs you can either ________ the long dimension fairly easily by contracting the _________, or you can elevate the rib cage with just a little bit more effort
Term
Forced Expiration
Definition
reverses the inflation of the lungs by pulling the thorax down and in and by forcing the diaphragm higher into the thorax
Term
How do we breathe
Definition
Respiration is defined as the exchange of gas between an organism and its environment.
Oxygen travels to the cells of the body to sustain life by breathing in: inspiration
We eliminate waste products when we exhale or breathing out: expiration
Term
P=F/A
Definition
Pressure is Force on Area
Term
Structures of Respiration: Bony Thorax
Definition
Vertebrae and vertebral column
Ribs and their attachment to the vertebral column
Pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
Sternum
Pelvic girdle
Term
Visceral Thorax
Definition
Respiratory passageway (nose, mouth, trachea and bronchi)
Lungs
Mediastinum
Term
Additional Structures of Respiration
Definition
Diaphragm
Accessory muscles of inspiration
Accessory muscles of expiration
Muscles of postural control
Term
Structures of Respiration
Definition
Bony Thorax, Visceral Thorax, Diaphragm, Accessory muscles of inspiration, Accessory muscles of expiration, Muscles of postural control
Term
The lungs are housed in the?
Definition
Thorax, An area bounded in the superior aspect by the first rib and clavicle, and in the inferior by the twelfth rib
Term
Ribs and Sternum
Definition
The lateral and anterior aspects are composed of the ____ and the ________
Term
vertebral column aka spinal column
Definition
The entire thorax is suspended from the _________ ______ aka ______ ______
Term
conduit, spinal cord, nervous system
Definition
The spinal column doubles as the _______ for the ______ ____, the _______ ______ for the body and extremities
Term
Corpus
Definition
The ______ of the vertebra makes up the anterior portion with a prominent hole or vertebral foramen just posterior to that
Term
Interverbral Foramina
Definition
It is through the foramen that the tracts of the spinal cord pass. The spinal nerves exit and enter the spinal cord of the ___________ ________
Term
Superior, Inferior Articular Facets
Definition
The vertebral column articulation is completed by the ________ and ________ _________ ______
Term
Atlas
Definition
The uppermost cervical vertebra, C1 is the _____. It supports the skull for rotation
Term
Atlas
Definition
Articulating with the inferior surface of the _____ is C2, the axis, on which the skull pivots
Term
Respiratory
Definition
The 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-12) provide the basis for the ___________ framework
Term
head, neck, shaft, angle
Definition
Each rib consists of four parts: the ____, the ____, _____ and _____
Term
Manubrium Sterni, corpus, and xiphiod or ensiform process
Definition
3 components of the sternum?
Term
Trachea
Definition
This tube is necessary for delivery of oxygen to the lungs. The inner lining of the trachea has submucosal glands that assist in cleaning the trachea.
The trachea is both rigid and flexible.
Posterior to the trachea is the esophagus
Term
Aspiration
Definition
when food or liquid enters the lungs and misses the esophagus
Term
Lobes
Definition
The right lung is composed of 3 lobes separated by fissures
The left lung has only two lobes.
Space on the left is taken by the heart and the mediastinal or middle space structures
Term
Respiratory Passageway
Definition
The bronchi divide into smaller and smaller cartilaginous tubes.
The final tube called the terminal bronchiole.
Remember the cross section of the trachea is about 5 cm, the size of a quarter, the cross section of the 300,000,000 alveoli would equal the size of a 10ft x 24 ft rug!
The terminal bronchi serve the alveoli. It is known as the alveoli duct.
Term
Memorize this
Definition
During quiet breathing, the blood spends only about half a second in the capillaries with gas exchange occurring with the first quarter of its transit through the pulmonary system.
500 cc’s of air are exchanged during quiet tidal respiration on average
The pulmonary artery branches to follow the bronchial tree, serving the gas exchange at the alveolar level
Term
Movement of Air through the system
Definition
The lungs are placed inside the thoracic cavity, not held to the walls by ligaments or cartilage.
The lungs and inner thoracic wall are completely covered with a pleural lining. The lungs are encased in linings : Visceral pleurae and the thoracic linings are the parietal pleurae
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