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Anatomy Chap 1
Anatomy Chap 1
114
Anatomy
Graduate
09/04/2011

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
the study of the structure of an organism
Term
Physiology
Definition
the study of the function of a living organism and its parts
Term
Clinical Anatomy or Applied Anatomy
Definition
anatomy is anatomical study for diagnosis and treatment of disease
Term
Systemic Anatomy
Definition
involved in the description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease conditions, viewing the body as a composite of systems that function together
Term
Cytology
Definition
the study of the structure and function of cells
Term
Osteology
Definition
the study of structure and function of bones
Term
Myology
Definition
the study of form and function of muscle
Term
Neurology
Definition
the study of the nervous system
Term
Skin and mucous membrane are made up of ? tissue
Definition
Epithelial
Term
Cartilage
Definition
a particularly important connective tissue because it is both strong and elastic
Term
Muscle is?
Definition
a contractile tissue, Muscles are bound groups of muscle fibers with functional unity, A fascia of connective tissue termed the epimysium surrounds muscles and muscles are endowed with a tendon to permit attachment to skeletal structure
Term
Ligaments
Definition
binds organs together or hold bones to bone or cartilage
Term
Fascia
Definition
a sheetlike membrane surrounding organs that may be dense of filmy, thin or thick
Term
Tendons
Definition
attach muscle to bone or to cartilage
Term
Origin
Definition
the relatively immobile point of attachment of a muscle
Term
Insertion
Definition
the relatively mobile point of attachment of a muscle
Term
this system includes smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle of the body
Definition
muscular system
Term
this system includes the bones and cartilages that form the structure of the body
Definition
skeletal system
Term
this system includes the passageways and tissues involved in gas exchange with the environment, including the oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities, the trachea and bronchial passageway, and lungs
Definition
respiratory system
Term
this system includes the esophagus, liver, intestines, and associated glands
Definition
digestive system
Term
this system includes the nerve tissues and structures of the central and peripheral nervous system
Definition
nervous system
Term
Identify the systems of speech
Definition
respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, and resonatory
Term
this system includes the passageways and tissues involved in gas exchange with the environment, including the oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities, the trachea and bronchial passageway, and lungs
Definition
respiratory system
Term
this system is involved in production of voiced sound and utilizes components of the respiratory system (the laryngeal system)
Definition
phonatory system
Term
this system is involved in production of voiced sound and utilizes components of the respiratory system (the laryngeal system)
Definition
phonatory system
Term
this system is the combination of structures used to alter the characteristics of the sounds of speech, including parts of the anatomically defined digestive and respiratory systems (the tongue, lips, teeth, soft palate, etc.)
Definition
articulatory system
Term
this system includes the nasal cavity and soft palate and portions of the anatomically defined respiratory and digestive systems
Definition
resonatory system
Term
Frontal Section (Coronal)
Definition
in which there are front and back halves
Term
Sagittal Section
Definition
divides the body into right and left halves
Term
Transverse Section
Definition
divides the body into upper and lower portions
Term
Anterior (Ventral)
Definition
Front halve of the body
Term
Posterior (Dorsal)
Definition
back half of the body
Term
Abduct
Definition
movement away from the midline
Term
Adduct
Definition
movement toward the midline
Term
Distal
Definition
located away from the midline
Term
Medial
Definition
located near the midline
Term
Lateral
Definition
related to the side
Term
Superior
Definition
above
Term
Inferior
Definition
below
Term
Pathology
Definition
the study of diseased tissue
Term
Descriptive Anatomy
Definition
relates the individual parts of the body to functional systems
Term
Gross Anatomy
Definition
study of the body and its parts as visible without a microscope
Term
Microscopic Anatomy
Definition
study of the structure of the body by means of microscope
Term
Developmental Anatomy
Definition
studies the growth and development of the organism
Term
Histology
Definition
the study of tissues
Term
Arthrology
Definition
the study of the joint system for bones
Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
consists of the trunk and head
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
comprises the upper and lower extremeties
Term
Trunk
Definition
consists of the abdominal and thoracic regions
Term
Anatomical Terminology
Definition
the specialized set of terms used to define the position and orientation of structures
Term
Superficial
Definition
Refers to the surfaces of the body
Term
Peripheral
Definition
Away from the body
Term
Deep
Definition
Further from the surface
Term
Prone
Definition
Being on the belly
Term
Supine
Definition
Being on the back
Term
Proximal
Definition
A point of attachment of a free extremity
Term
Flexion
Definition
bringing ventral surfaces closer together when bending a joint
Term
Extension
Definition
Moving ventral surfaces farther apart when bending a joint
Term
Plantar
Definition
Sole of the foot
Term
Palmar
Definition
Palm of the hand
Term
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
Definition
What are the 4 basic tissues that constitute the human body?
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
Varies as a function of the intercellular material (matrix) surrounding it.
Term
Areolar Connective Tissue
Definition
Loose connective tissue, is supportive in nature
Term
Adipose Tissue
Definition
areolar tissue with significant fat deposits
Term
White Fibrous
Definition
strong, dense, and highly organized tissue. Found in ligaments that bind bones together
Term
Yellow Elastic Tissues
Definition
found where connective tissue must return to its original shape after being distended, such as cartilage of the trachea or branchial passageway
Term
Hyaline Cartilage
Definition
smooth and has a glassy blue cast. Provides a smooth mating surface for the articulating surfaces of bones, as in the cartilaginous portion of the rib cage
Term
Yellow Cartilage
Definition
has less collagen, endowed rather with elastic fibers. It is found in the pinna, nose, and epiglottis
Term
Blood
Definition
is a connective tissue
Term
Bone
Definition
highly dense material
Term
Voluntary Muscle
Definition
striated muscle, ex. bicep
Term
Involuntary Muscle
Definition
smooth muscle, ex. heart
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
Involuntary striated muscle, ex. heart
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
highly specialized communicative tissue
Term
Tissues
Definition
combine to form a larger structures
Term
Aponeurosis
Definition
when a tendon is flat
Term
Diarthrodial Joints (Synovial)
Definition
highly mobile joint
Term
Amphiarthrodial Joints (Cartilaginous)
Definition
Permit limited mobility
Term
Synarthrodial Joints (Fibrous)
Definition
immobile
Term
Fibrous Joints
Definition
bind immobile joints together
Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
those in which cartilage serves the primary joining function
Term
Synovial Joints
Definition
those joints in which lubricating synovial fluid is contained within an articular capsule
Term
Condylar
Definition
Knuckle joints
Term
Trochoid Joint
Definition
a joint consisting of a process and fossa, permitting only rotation
Term
Sellar Joint
Definition
a ball and socket joint in which the concave member rests on an elongated convex member, "saddle joint"
Term
Hinge Joints
Definition
a joint that acts like a hinge, permitting only flexion and extension
Term
Agonists
Definition
muscles that move a structure
Term
Antagonists
Definition
muscles that oppose movement
Term
Innervation
Definition
stimulation by means of a single nerve, muscles are these
Term
Afferent
Definition
carrying toward a central location; generally sensory nerve impulses
Term
Efferent
Definition
Carrying away from a central point
Term
Efferent
Definition
Carrying away from a central point
Term
System
Definition
a functionally defined group of organs
Term
Rostral
Definition
Beak like
Term
Inversion
Definition
To turn inward
Term
Extension
Definition
to stretch
Term
Flexion
Definition
bending
Term
Hyperextension
Definition
Arching your back
Term
Dosiflexion
Definition
Arching your back
Term
Plantar Grasp Reflex
Definition
grasping of toes
Term
Inversion
Definition
to turn inward
Term
Eversion
Definition
to turn outward
Term
Palmar Grasp Reflex
Definition
flex fingers to grasp
Term
Ispi
Definition
Same
Term
cells, living tissue, nucleus, cellular material
Definition
Body is composed of _____, _______ ______ that contains a _______ and a variety of ________ ________ specialized to the function of an individual cell
Term
tissue
Definition
Cells differ based on the type of ______ they comprise
Term
Speech, Hearing
Definition
______ and _______ is concerned with muscle cells, nerve cells and bone cells
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
Simple: single layer of cells
Squamous (pavement) epithelium- blood vessels, heart, alveoli, lymph vessels
Cubodial (cubical)epithelium – cube shaped, secretory function in some glands, such as thryoid
Columnar epithelium- cylindrical cells: inner lining for stomach, intestines, gall bladder, bile ducts
Ciliated epithelium- cylindrical cells with cilia: lining of nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi
Term
Cuboidal Cells
Definition
In kidney tissue we find the kidney's tubules cut such that they appear as rings of cells around empty spaces. These ________ _____ that line these tubules are as wide as they are tall as they are deep - cuboidal. The nuclei (B) are easily observed.

Locations: lining kidney tubules, salivary ducts, pancreatic ducts

Functions: secretion, excretion, and absorption
Term
Columnar Cells
Definition
The villi of the small intestine are lined by a single layer of ________ _____ - thus the name simple columnar epithelium. Note these cells are not as wide as they are tall with the darkly stained nuclei (B) located at the base of the cells.The cell membranes (C) are very thin but easily identified.

Locations: lining most of the digestive tract
Function: protection, secretion and absorption
Term
Ligaments
Definition
Refers to binding. _________ that stretch appear yellow while inelastic _________ have a white cast
Term
Synergists
Definition
Muscles that stabilize structures are termed?
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
A _____ ____ is the efferent nerve fiber and muscle fibers it innervates.
Term
ALS: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Definition
A condition in which the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve axon is progressively destroyed, resulting in a loss of muscle function
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