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Anatomy Brain Blood Supply Meninges
KYCOM Block 3
142
Anatomy
Graduate
10/17/2012

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Term
what are the parts of the brain
Definition
brainstem, cerebellum, ciencephalon, tenecephalon
Term
what are the parts of the brainstem
Definition
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Term
what are the parts of the diencephalon
Definition
thalamus, hypothalamus
Term
what is the tenecephalon
Definition
cerebral hemespheres
Term
what are the parts of the medulla
Definition
anterior median fissue, pyramids, olive, pre-olivary sulcus, retro-olivary sulcusmedullopontine sulcus
Term
what is the anterior median fissure continous with
Definition
continous inferior with anterior median fissue of spinal cord
Term
what are the pyramids, where are they located
Definition
2 longitudinal columns on each side of the anterior median fissue
Term
what is the olive, where is it
Definition
oval elevation lateral to upper part of pyramid
Term
where is the pre-olivary sulcus
Definition
between pyramid and olive
Term
what attaches to the pre-olivary sulcus
Definition
rootlets of the hypoglosseal nerve (CN XIII)
Term
where is the retro-olivary sulcus located
Definition
posterior to the olive
Term
what attaches to the retro-olivary sulcus
Definition
rootlets of glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) nerves
Term
what are the attachments of the retro-olivary sulcus in line with
Definition
attachment of rootlets of accessory nerve (CN XI)
Term
what is a characteristic of the nerves in the medullopontine sulcus
Definition
nerves that attach medial to lateral
Term
what nerves are in the medullopontine sulcus
Definition
abducencs (CN VI), facial nerve (CN VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Term
what nerve attaches to the pons, at what part
Definition
the trigeminal nerve (CN V) attaches to the anterior surface
Term
what are the parts of the midbrain
Definition
cerebral crura (cerebral peduncles)
Term
what are the cerebral crura formed by
Definition
two columns of descending fibers one on each side
Term
what nerve attaches to the midbrain, on which part
Definition
oculomotor nerve (CN III) to the medial border of the cerebral crus
Term
where is the 4th ventricle located
Definition
between cerebellum (posterior) and pons and upper medulla (anterior)
Term
what is the posterior surface of the medulla similar to
Definition
posterior of cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord
Term
what forms the floor of the 4th ventricle
Definition
posterior surface of upper medulla and posterior surface od pons from floor of 4th ventricle
Term
what is another name for the 4th ventricle
Definition
rhomboid fossa
Term
what are on the posterior surface of the midbrain
Definition
4 elevations
Term
what are the elevations of the midbrain
Definition
two superior colliculi, 2 inferior colliculi
Term
what are the superior colliculi involved in
Definition
visual system
Term
what are the inferior colliculi involved in
Definition
auditory system
Term
where does the trochlear nerve (CN IV) emerge from
Definition
immediatly below inferior colliculi
Term
what is the only cranial nerve attached to the posterior surface of the brain stem
Definition
trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Term
what does the longitudinal fissue seperate
Definition
right and left cerebral hemispheres
Term
what is the corpus callosum
Definition
bundle of fibers at the bottom of the longitudinal fissue that connects right and left hemispheres
Term
why are the hemispheres of the brain considered to be incomplete
Definition
the corpus callosum
Term
what are the 5 lobes of the hemisphere
Definition
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insular
Term
what are the sulci
Definition
central sulcus, lateral sulcus. on lateral surface of a cerebral hemisphere
Term
what does the central sulcus seperate
Definition
frontal and parietal lobes
Term
what does the lateral sulcus seperate
Definition
temporal from frontal and parietal
Term
what is located deep to the sulcus
Definition
insular lobe
Term
what are the two arteries that supply the brain
Definition
vertebral, internal carotid
Term
what forms the basilar artery , where at
Definition
the joining of the right and left vertebral artery, the medullopontine sulcus
Term
what does the basilar artery run along
Definition
midline of anterior surface of pons
Term
where does the basilar artery end
Definition
upper end of pons by dividing into right and left posterior cervical arteries
Term
what do vertebral and basal arteries supply
Definition
spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior parts of cerebral hemispheres
Term
where does the internal carotid artery begin
Definition
bifurcation of common carotid at the upper border of thryoid cartilage
Term
what are the parts of the internal carotid artery
Definition
cervical, petrous, cavernous, cerebral
Term
what are the borders of the cervical part of the internal carotid artery
Definition
origin to base of skull
Term
what are the borders of the petrous part of the internal carotid artery
Definition
within carotid canal in petrous part of the temporal bone
Term
what are the borders of the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery
Definition
within cavernous sinus
Term
where is the cavernous sinus, where is it located
Definition
dural venous sinus in the middle cranial fossa, one on each side of the stella tunica
Term
what are the borders of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery
Definition
after it exits cavernous sinus to its termination where it divides into anterior and middle cerebral arteries
Term
what are the branches of the internal carotid artery
Definition
opthalmic, posterior communicating, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral
Term
where does the opthamic artery located
Definition
enters orbit via optic canal with the optic nerve
Term
what does the posterior communicating artery connect
Definition
internal carotid and posterior cerebral arteries
Term
what are the branches of the anterior cerebral artery
Definition
right and left anterior cerebral
Term
what does the anterior communicating artery connect
Definition
right and left anterior cerebral
Term
what forms the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis)
Definition
large cerebral arteries and their interconnections on ventral surface of brain
Term
what are the parts of the cerebral arteriel circle (of Willis)
Definition
anterir communicating a., anterior cerebral a., internal carotid a, posterior communicating a, posterior cerebral a,
Term
what is the function of the cerebral arterial circle (of willis)
Definition
potential vascular shunt, assisting in development of collateral circulation if one proximal vessels is occluded
Term
what are the layers of the dura mater, what are their locations
Definition
periosteal/endosteal (outer), meningeal (inner)
Term
what does the periosteal cover
Definition
inner surface of skull bones
Term
what does the miningeal cover
Definition
faces brain
Term
where are the dura mater layers not closley united
Definition
where they seperate to form venous sinuses
Term
what are the parts of the dura mater
Definition
dural septa, tentorium cerebelli, flax cerebelli, diaphgram sellae
Term
what forms the dural septa
Definition
meningeal layer of the dura mater
Term
what are the flax cerebri
Definition
sickle shaped fold that lies in midline between right and left cerebral hemispheres
Term
what are the tenrorium cerebelli
Definition
crescent shaped fold on roof over posterior cranial fossa
Term
what does the flax cerebelli seperate
Definition
cerebellum from occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres
Term
what fills the tentorial notch opening
Definition
mostly midbrain
Term
what are flax cerebelli, where is it located
Definition
small sickle shaped fold in posterior cranial fossa that prohects between right and left cerebellar hemispheres
Term
what is the diaphragma sellae, what does it form
Definition
small circular fld forming roof od stell turcica
Term
what does the diaphgrama sellae have an opening for
Definition
pituitary stalk
Term
where is the dural venous sinus located
Definition
between inner and outer layers of dura mater
Term
what does the dural venous sinus recieve
Definition
blood from brain and CSF
Term
how does the blood from the brain get into the dural venous sinus
Definition
superificial and deep cerebral veins
Term
where is the CSF in the brain located
Definition
subarachnoid space
Term
how does CSF get to the dural venous sinus
Definition
arachnoid granulations
Term
where does blood from the dural venous sinus drain to
Definition
internal jugular veins
Term
what are the dural venous sinuses
Definition
superior saggital, inferior saggital, straight, transverse, sigmoid, occipital, cavernosus, superior petrosal, inferior peterosal, sphenoparietal
Term
what does the superior saggital sinus run on the border of
Definition
flax cerebri
Term
where does the superior saggital sinus bein
Definition
foramen cecum
Term
where does the saggital sinus end
Definition
posterior in confluence of sinuses over internal occipital protuberence
Term
what does the inferior saggital sinus run along
Definition
lower free border of flax cerebri
Term
how does the inferior saggital sinus end
Definition
joins great cerebral vein to form straight sinus
Term
what does the straight sinus run along
Definition
flax cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
Term
where does the straight sinus end
Definition
posterior in confluence of sinuses
Term
how does the transverse sinus begin
Definition
in confluence of sinuses
Term
what does the transverse sinus run along
Definition
posterior border of tentorium cerebelli
Term
when the transverse sinus reaches the temporal bone what happens to it
Definition
it turns down to become continous with sigmoid sinus
Term
what does the occipital sinus run along
Definition
posterior border of flax cerebelli
Term
how does the occipital sinus end, where
Definition
superior in confluence of sinuses and inferior communicates with internal vertebral venous plexus within vertebral canal
Term
where is the cevernosus sinus located
Definition
middle cranial fossa one on each side of the sella turcica
Term
what does the cevernous sinus drain
Definition
orbit, parts of cerebral hemisphere, pituitary gland, sphenoparietal sinus
Term
what are located within the cavernous sinus
Definition
internal carotid artery and abducens nerve, CN III, IV, V1 and V2 divisions of the trigeminal nerve
Term
where and what drains the cavernous sinus
Definition
posterior by superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
Term
what does the superior petrosal sinus run along
Definition
superior border of petrous part of temporal bone
Term
what does the superior petrosal sinus connect
Definition
cavernous sinus with terminal part of transverse sinus
Term
what does the inferior petrosal sinus run along
Definition
inferior border of petrous part of temporal bone between petrous part and occipital bone
Term
what does the inferior petrosal sinus connect
Definition
cavernous sinus with internal juggular vein
Term
what does the sphenoparietal sinus run along
Definition
posterior border of lesser wing of sphenoid
Term
what does the sphenoparietal sinus drain into
Definition
cavernous sinus
Term
where can hemorrhages occur, what is the cause
Definition
they can occur at a variety of sites and each has their own cause
Term
what is the peak age for incidence of primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage
Definition
60
Term
what occurs in a primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage
Definition
rupture of small intraparenchymal vessel
Term
what is usually the cause of primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage
Definition
hypertension
Term
where can a primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage be located
Definition
basal ganglia, thalamus, pons, cerebellum
Term
what is the most frequent cause of significant subarachnoid hemorrhage
Definition
rupture of a sasccular aneurysm
Term
where do most saccular aneurysms occur
Definition
in the anterior circulation
Term
what increases the risk of bleeding in saccular aneurysms
Definition
they can occur in multiples
Term
what is usually the outcome of a saccular aneurysm
Definition
20-50% die in first rupture
Term
what is a symptom of a saccular aneyrysm
Definition
sudden, severe headache
Term
what is an epidural hematoma
Definition
torn vessel in the dura, middle meningeal artery
Term
why would a epidural hematoma usually occur
Definition
skull fracture
Term
what causes the problems in a epidural hematoma
Definition
blood under arterial pressure seperates dura from inner surface of skull, smooth inner contour compresses the brain
Term
what occurs in a subdural hematoma
Definition
tearing or dridging veins caused by rapid movement of the brain and it bleeds into the aubdural space
Term
where is a subdural hematoma commonly located
Definition
over lateral aspect of cerebral hemispheres
Term
when do symptoms of a subdural hematoma show up
Definition
withing 48 hours of injury
Term
what are the symptoms of a subdural hematoma
Definition
headache, confusion, progressive neurological deterioration
Term
what is a chronic subdural hematoma
Definition
subdural hematomas frequently re-bleed
Term
how are symptomatic subdural hematomas treated
Definition
removing the organizing blood and tissue
Term
what does the dura mater function as
Definition
periosteum of internal surface of the skull
Term
what is an arachnoid granulation
Definition
herniation of arachnoid through dura into venous channels.
Term
what is the function of the arachnoid granulations
Definition
allows CSF to leave arachnoid and go into venous blood
Term
how is brain arachnoid different from spinal cord
Definition
follows contour of dura mater, trabecular
Term
what is the function of trabeculae
Definition
distribute force over brain surface, avoid focal pressure
Term
what is a birdging vein
Definition
superificial vein from brain surface that bridges arachnoid, pierces dura.
Term
what is a concern with birdging veins
Definition
penetration of the dura mater leads to a spot of volurnability, moving it too much could tear the vein
Term
what is the function of the dural septa
Definition
allow brain to rotate with the head
Term
what forms the dural septa
Definition
falx cerebri and tentorum cerebelli come to a T
Term
what forms the posterior brain circulation
Definition
basilar a
Term
what forms the anterior brain circulation
Definition
internal carotix a
Term
what connects anterior and posterior brain circulation
Definition
posterior communicating a, circle or Willis
Term
what are the terminal branches of the internal carotid
Definition
anterior cerebral, middle a
Term
what is the purpose of the free edge of the tentorium cerebelli
Definition
leave space for the brain stem
Term
how does the inferior cavernous sinus end
Definition
direct route into jugular foramen
Term
how does the superior cavernous sinus end
Definition
connects to the transverse sinus
Term
what is a saccular aneurysm
Definition
bleed into subarachnoid
Term
what causes a saccular aneurysm
Definition
defect in muscular wall of artery, intima is pushed through artery wall making an aneurism sack which can burst
Term
what is an aneurism sac composed of
Definition
thickened intima, no elastic lamina
Term
what medical condition is a subdural hematoma associated with
Definition
trauma
Term
who is especially volurnable if they get a subdural hematoma
Definition
someone with brain atrophy and infantsq
Term
why is there increase concern for someone with brain atrophy when they have a subdermal hematoma
Definition
shrinking causes bridging veins to get stretched, movement could break the veins
Term
why is there increase concern for infants when they have a subdermal hematoma
Definition
veins are delicate and could break
Term
how does a subdural hematoma usually stop
Definition
by itself, organizes like a clot over time by fibroblasts making dural membranes made of granulation fissure
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