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Anatomy Block 3
KYCOM Block 3
1546
Anatomy
Graduate
10/19/2012

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Cards

Term
how many layers is the scalp
Definition
5
Term
which layers of the scalp are bound together
Definition
the first three
Term
what type of glands does the skin of the scalp have
Definition
sebaceous
Term
what are the layers of the scalp
Definition
skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose areolar connective tissue, pericranium
Term
describe the connective tissue of the scalp
Definition
fibrous, fatty with septa that connect skin to aponeurosis
Term
what is the function of the aopneurosis of the scalp
Definition
connects bellies of the occipirofrontals
Term
where is the loose areolar connective tissue of the scalp located
Definition
in the subaponeurotic space
Term
what is the pericarnium
Definition
the outer covering of the scull bones
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the occipital belly
Definition
nuchal line of the occipital bone to the epicranial apoenurosis
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the frontal belly
Definition
originates from the skin and superificial fascia of the eyebrow area and inserts into the epicranial aponeurosis
Term
what is the action of the occipitofrontals
Definition
move the scalp on the skull and raise the eyebrows
Term
what innervates the occipitofrontals
Definition
facial nerve
Term
how is the occipitogfrontals divided
Definition
into two bellies: occipital and frontal
Term
where are the sensory nerves of the scalp located
Definition
in the superificial fascia
Term
what are the sensory nerves of the scalp
Definition
supratrochlear, supraorbital, zygomaticotemporal, auriculotemporal, lesser occipital, greater occipital
Term
what is the supratrochlear nerve a branch od
Definition
the ophthalmic division of the trigemina nerve
Term
what is the supraorbital nerve a branch of
Definition
the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
Term
what is the zygomaticotemporal nerve a branch of
Definition
maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
Term
what is the auriculotemporal nerve a branch of
Definition
mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
Term
what is the lesser occipital nerve a branch of
Definition
cervical plexus C2
Term
what is the greater occipital nerve a branch od
Definition
dorsal ramus of C2
Term
what are the arteries of the scalp
Definition
supratrochlear, supraorbital, superificial temporal, posterior auricular, occipital
Term
what are the supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries a branch of
Definition
ophthalmic artery
Term
what general area are the supratrochlear and supraorbital arteries located in
Definition
the forehead
Term
what is the superificial temporal artery a branch of
Definition
terminal branch of the external carotid artery
Term
where is the superificial temporal artery located
Definition
in front of the ear
Term
what is the posterior auricular artery a branch of
Definition
external caroted artery
Term
where is the posterior auricular artery located
Definition
ascends behind the ear
Term
what is the occipital artery a branch of
Definition
external carotid
Term
what does the occipital artery supply
Definition
the skin on the back of the scull
Term
what veins form the facial vein
Definition
supratrochlear and supraorbital
Term
where do the supratrochlear and supraorbital join to form the facial vein
Definition
medial margin of the orbit of the eye
Term
what forms the external juggular vein
Definition
suprtificial temporal vein and posterior division of the retromandibular vein
Term
where does the occipital vein drain into
Definition
suboccipital plexus
Term
what does the suboccipital plexus drain into
Definition
vertebral veins or the internal juggular
Term
what are the diploic veins, what do they connect to, where does this untametly flow to
Definition
veins that connect to the veins of the scalp (which are freely anastmosing). the diploic veins and scalp veins then connect to the dural sinuses
Term
where does lymph from the anterior scalp and forehead drain to
Definition
submandibular lymph nodes
Term
where does lymph from the lateral scalp above the ear drain to
Definition
superificial parotid nodes
Term
where does lymph from above and behind the ear drain to
Definition
mastoid nodes
Term
where does lymph in the back of the scalp drain to
Definition
occipital nodes
Term
describe the deep fascia of the face
Definition
there is none!!
Term
what causes wrinkles
Definition
repeated folding of the skin perpendicular to the long axis of the underlying muscles and a loss of electicity due to aging
Term
how can scars on the face be minimized
Definition
follow wrinkle lines
Term
what nerve supplies the skin of the face
Definition
trigeminal nerve
Term
what area of the skin of the face does the great auricular nerve supply
Definition
small area over the angle of the mandible and parotid gland
Term
what does the trigeminal nerve supply sensory information to
Definition
mouth, teeth, nasal cavities, paranasal air sinuses
Term
what are the divisions of the trigeminal nerve
Definition
ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
Term
what does the opthalmic division supply
Definition
skin of the forehead, upper eyelid, conjunctiva, side of nose down to and including the tip
Term
what are the branches of the opthalmic division
Definition
larcimal, supraorbital, supratrochlear, infratrochlear, external nasal
Term
what does the maxillary division supply
Definition
skin on posterior part of the side of nose, lower eye lid, cheek, upper kip, lateral side of orbital opening
Term
what are the cutaneous branches of the maxillary division
Definition
infraorbital, zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal
Term
what does the mandibular division supply
Definition
skin of the lower lip, lower part of face, temporal region, part of ear
Term
what are the cutanous branches of the mandibular division
Definition
mental, buccal, auriculotemporal nerve
Term
what arteries supply the face
Definition
facial and superficial temporal arteries, small arteries that accompany sensory nerves
Term
describe the path of the facial artery
Definition
upward and over the submandibular salivary gland, around the inferior border of the mandible at the anterior border of the masseter muscle
Term
where can you feel the pulse of the facial artery
Definition
where it crosses the mandible
Term
what muscles cover the facial artery
Definition
platysma and risorious muslces
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the platysma and risorious muscles
Definition
angle of the mouth to the medial angle of the eye
Term
how does the facial artery end, where
Definition
it anastamose with branches of the opthalmic artery at the medial angle of the eye
Term
what are the branches of the facial artery
Definition
submental, inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal
Term
what arteries supply the skin of the forehead
Definition
supraorbital, supratrochlear, opthalmic
Term
how is the facial vein connected to the superior opthalmic vein
Definition
directly theough the supraorbital vein
Term
how is the facial vein connected to the vacernous sinus
Definition
superior opthalmic vein
Term
what is the clinical importants of the connection of the facial vein to the vacernous sinus
Definition
provides a path for infection to spread from the face to the cavernous sinus
Term
how is the facial vein joined to the pterygoid venous plexus
Definition
deep facial vein
Term
describe the descention of the facial vein, is relation to the artery, salivary glands
Definition
it descends benind the facial artery to the lower margin of the mandible crosses superificial to the submandibular salavary gland and is joined by the anterior division of the retromandibular vein
Term
where does the facial vein ultametly drain into
Definition
the internal juggular vein
Term
where does lymph from the forehead and anterior face drain into
Definition
submandibular lymph nodes and a few buccal lymph nodes along the way
Term
where does the lateral face including the lateral eye lids lymph drain to
Definition
parotid lymph nodes
Term
where does the lymph from the central lower lip and skin of the chin drain to
Definition
submental lymph nodes
Term
what are muscles of facial expression embedded in
Definition
superificial fascia
Term
in general, what is the usual origin and insertion of the muscules of facial expression
Definition
origin skull bone insertion skin
Term
what surrounds facial orbits
Definition
sphincters or dilators
Term
what innervates facial muscles
Definition
facial nerve
Term
what is the sphinctor of the eye lid called
Definition
orbicularis occuli
Term
what are the dilators of the eye lid called
Definition
levator palpebrae superioris and occipitogrontalis
Term
what are the sphinctor muscules of the nose called
Definition
compressor naris
Term
what is the dilator of the nose called
Definition
dilator naris
Term
what is the sphinctor muscle of the mouth called
Definition
orbicular oris
Term
describe the dilator muscles of the mouth
Definition
there is a series of muscles that radiate out from the lips
Term
what is the sphinctor of the lips
Definition
orbicularis oris
Term
describe the location of the orbicularis oris
Definition
around the mouth and within the lips
Term
what is the origin of the orbicularis oris
Definition
some from the underlying bones some from the deep surface of the skin
Term
what innervates the orbicularis oris
Definition
buccak and mandibular branches of the facial nerve
Term
what is the action of the orbicularis oris
Definition
compress the lips together
Term
what is the action of the dilator muscles of the lips
Definition
seperate lips
Term
what is the origin of the dilator muscles of the lips
Definition
bones and fascia around the mouth and converge as they insert into the lips
Term
what are the names of the dilator muscles of the lips
Definition
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, levator labii superioris, zygomaticus major and minor, levator anguli oris, risorious, depressor anguli oris, depressor labii inferioris, mentalis
Term
what innerfates the depressor muscles of the lips
Definition
buccal and mandibular branches
Term
where does the buccinator originate
Definition
outer surface of the aveolar margins of the mandible and maxilla opposite the molars and the pterygomandibular ligament
Term
what pierces the buccinator muscle
Definition
parotid duct
Term
what do the fibers of the buccinator muscle do at the angle of the mouth
Definition
the fibers decussate or cross and blend forming part of the orbicularis oris
Term
what innervates the buccinator muscle
Definition
buccal branch
Term
what is the action of the buccinator muscle
Definition
compress cheeps and lips against teeth
Term
what are the terminal branches of the facial nerve
Definition
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
Term
where does the facial nerve split into its terminal branches
Definition
parotid gland
Term
what does the temporal branch of the facial nerve supply
Definition
anterior and superior auricular muscles, frontal belly, orbiularis oculi, corrugator supercilii
Term
what does the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve supply
Definition
orbicularis oculi
Term
what does the buccal branch of the facial nerve supply
Definition
buccinator, muscle sof the upper lip and nostril
Term
what does the mandibular branch of the facial nerve supply
Definition
muscles of the lower lip
Term
what does the cervical branch of the facial nerve supply
Definition
platysma
Term
what are the two categories of cell signaling
Definition
intracellular signals and intercellular signals
Term
what are intracellular signals
Definition
regulatory signals that arise from conditions within a cell
Term
what are intercellular signals
Definition
response to extracellular regulator signals that are generated to coordinate metabolic activities and other activities essential for the development and survival of organs
Term
what is kalvaria: composition, location, function
Definition
skull bone with a compact layer, spongy layer, then compact again that creates a durable case for the brain beneath the pericranium
Term
what is a dural sinus
Definition
vein that drains the brain
Term
where are dural sinuses located
Definition
beneath the skull bone
Term
what are emmisary veins
Definition
branches of the dural sinus that go through skull bone to the scalp
Term
what is the only muscle in the scalp
Definition
occipitalfrontalis
Term
what is another name for CN 7
Definition
facial nerve
Term
what nerve innervates all facial muscles
Definition
CN7 or facial nerve
Term
why do to bruises in the face tend to 'drift'
Definition
because there is no deep facial in the face allowing fluid and blood to drift
Term
what nerve innervates all the skin of the face, what number is it
Definition
trigeminal nerve, CN 5
Term
are superificial temporal and transverse facial arteries connected to the facial artery
Definition
NO, but sometimes when the transverse facial goes over the facial artery it has a little branch to it
Term
what two deep areas of veins are connected to the facial vein and by what branch, what do all these ultametly drain into
Definition
the pterygoid venous plexus is connected to the facial by the deep facial vein. the cavernous sinus is connected by the superior opthalmic vein. they all drain into the internal juggular
Term
what is the anterior boundry of the anterior triangle of the neck
Definition
midline of the neck
Term
what is the posterior boundry of the antrior triangle
Definition
anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
Term
what is the superior boundry of the anteior triangle
Definition
inferior border of the body of the mandible
Term
wha muscle groups are in the anterior triangle
Definition
infrahyoid, suprahyoid, anterior vertebral
Term
what are the infrahyoid muscles
Definition
sternohyoid, sternothydoid, thyrohyoid, omohyoid
Term
describe the location of the sternohyoid relative to the omohyoid
Definition
superificial and medial to the superior belly of it
Term
what is the origin of the sternohyoid
Definition
posterior surface of the manbrium of the sternum
Term
what is the insertion of the sternohyoid
Definition
body of the hyoid
Term
what innervates the sternohyoid
Definition
asna cervicalis
Term
what is the action of the sternohyoid
Definition
depress hyoid bone
Term
where is the sternothyroid located relative to the sternohyoid
Definition
deep
Term
what is the origin of the sternothyroid
Definition
posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum
Term
what is the insertion of the sternothryoid
Definition
oblique line of the thryoid cardilage
Term
what innervates the sternothyroid
Definition
ansa cervicalis
Term
what is the action of the sternothryoid
Definition
depresses larynx
Term
where is the thyrohyoid located in relation to the sternothyroid
Definition
upward continuation of it
Term
what is the origin of the thyrohyoid
Definition
oblique line of the thryoid cardilage
Term
what is the insertion of the thryohyoid
Definition
runs superior over the thyroid membrane, inserts into greater horn and body of hyoid
Term
what innervates the thyrohyoid
Definition
C1 fibers via hypoglossal nerve
Term
what is the action of the thyrohyoid
Definition
depress hyoid bond or elevate larynx
Term
what is the ansa cervicalis
Definition
nerve loop with fibers from ventral rami of C1-C3, has a upper and lower root
Term
what is the lower root of the ansa cervicalis made of
Definition
ventral rami of C2-C3
Term
what is the path of the lower root of the ansa cervicalis
Definition
passes superficial to the internal juggular vein, joins upper root to form ansa
Term
what is the upper root of the ansa cervicalis made of
Definition
appears to originate from the hypoglossal nerve but really has fibers from C1 that joined it for a bit
Term
what does the ansa cervicalis supply
Definition
sternohypod, sternothyroid, omohyoid
Term
instead of joining the ansa cervicalis, some fibers continue with CN XII, what do they supply
Definition
thyrohyoid, geniohyoid
Term
what are the suprahyoid muscles
Definition
digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
Term
what are the parts of the digastric
Definition
posterior and anterior bellies connected by a intermediate tendon
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the posterior belly of the digastric
Definition
digastric notch on the mastoid medial to the mastoid process to the intermediate tendon
Term
what does the intermediate tendon of the digastric attach to
Definition
pierces stylohyoid and runs in fibrous sling connected to body and greater horn of hyoid then becomes continous with anterior belly
Term
what does the anterior belly of the digastric attach to
Definition
intermediate tendon to the digastric fossa of the mandible
Term
what nerve supplies the posterior belly of the digastric
Definition
facial
Term
what nerve supplies the anterior belly of the digastric
Definition
nerve to mylohyoid (branch of the inferior alveolar nerve from V3)
Term
what is the action of the digastric
Definition
depress mandible and elevate hyoid
Term
what is the origin of the stylohyoid
Definition
styloid process
Term
what is the insertion of the stylohyoid
Definition
hyoid bone at junction of body and greater horn
Term
where is the stylohyoid located in relation to the digastric
Definition
it runs along the superior border of the posterior belly
Term
what pierces the stylohyoid, where
Definition
near its insertion by the intermediate tendon of the digastric
Term
what nerve supplies the stylohyoid
Definition
facial
Term
what is the action of the stylohyoid
Definition
elevates the hyoid bone and draws it backwards
Term
where is the mylohyoid located in relation to the digastric
Definition
superior to the anterior belly
Term
what forms the floor of the oral cavity
Definition
the two mylohyoid muscles
Term
what is the origin of the mylohyoid
Definition
mylohyoid line of the mandible
Term
what is the insertion of the myelohyoid
Definition
most posterior fibers attach to the body of the hyoid, the rest of the fibers terminate in the midline raphe extending from mandible to hyoid
Term
what nerve supplies that mylohyoid
Definition
nerve to mylohyoid
Term
what is the action of the mylohyoid
Definition
elevates floor of mouth during swallowing, elevates hoid bone, depresses mandible
Term
where is the geniohyoid located in relation to the mylohyoid
Definition
above it
Term
what is the origin of the geniohyoid
Definition
mental spine
Term
what is the insertion of the geniohyoid
Definition
anteroir surface of the body of the hyoid
Term
what innervates the geniohyoid
Definition
C1 fibers via hypoglossal nerve
Term
what is the action of the mylohyoid
Definition
elevate hyoid bone, draw it forward, depress mandible
Term
what are the anterior vertebral muscles
Definition
longus capitis, longus colli, rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis
Term
what is the origin of longus capitis
Definition
transverse process of C3-C6
Term
what is the insertion of longus capitis
Definition
inferior surface of basilar part of occipital bone
Term
what innervates longus capitis
Definition
branches from the ventral rami of C1-C3
Term
what is the action of longus capitis
Definition
flexion of head and neck
Term
what are the parts of longus colli
Definition
inferior oblique, superior oblique, vertical
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the inferior oblique of the longus colli
Definition
bodies of first 2-3 thoracic vertebra to transverse process of C5-C6
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the superior oblique of the longus colli
Definition
extends from the transverse processes of C3-C5 to anterior tubercle of the atlas
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the vertical part of the longus colli
Definition
bodies of upper 3 thoracic and lower 3 cervical vertebra to bodies of C2-C4
Term
what nerve supplies the longus colli
Definition
branches of ventral remi of C2-C6
Term
what is the action of the longus colli
Definition
flexion of neck
Term
where is the rectus capitis anterior located in relation to the longus capitis
Definition
posterior to the upper part
Term
what is the origin of the rectus capitis anterior
Definition
anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas and root of its transverse process
Term
what is the insertion of the rectus capitis anterior
Definition
inferior surface of the basilar part of the occipital bone, immediatly anterior to the occipital condyle
Term
what innervates the rectus capitis anterior
Definition
branches from liip between ventral rami of c1-C2
Term
what is the action of the rectus capitis anterior
Definition
flexion of head
Term
what is the origin of the rectus capitis lateralis
Definition
upper surface of the transverse process of the atlas
Term
what is the insertion of the rectus capitis lateralis
Definition
inferior surface of the jugular process of the occipital bone
Term
what innervates the rectus capitis lateralis
Definition
branches from loop between ventral rami of C1-C2
Term
what is the action of the rectus capitis lateralis
Definition
lateral flexion of the head to the same side of the contracting muscle
Term
what are the subdivisions of the anterior triangle
Definition
submandibular (digastric) triangle, carotid triangle, muscular triangle, submental triangle
Term
what is the anterior boundry of the submandibular triangle
Definition
anterior belly of the digastric
Term
what is the posterior boundry of the submandibular triangle
Definition
posterior belly of the digastric and stylohyoid
Term
what is the superior boundry of the submandibular triangle
Definition
inferior border of the body of the mandible
Term
what forms the floor of the submandibular triangle
Definition
mylohyoid and hyglossus
Term
what are the contents of the submandibular triangle
Definition
submandibular gland, facial vessels, submandibular lymph nodes, hypoglossal nerve, mylohyoid nerve and vessels
Term
what is the anterior and superior boundry of the carotid triangle
Definition
posterior belly of the digastric
Term
what is the anterior and inferior boundry of the carotid triangle
Definition
superior belly of the omohyoid
Term
what is the posterior boundry of the carotid triangle
Definition
anterior border of the sternonucleidomastoid
Term
what are the arteries in the carotid triangle
Definition
common carotid, initial segment of external and internal carotid, some branches of the external carotid
Term
what are the veins in the carotid triangle
Definition
internal juggular, some of its tributaries
Term
what are the nerves in the carotid triangle
Definition
vagus, accessory, hypoglossal, ansa cervicalis, internal and external laryngeal
Term
what lymph nodes are in the carotid triangle
Definition
deep cervical
Term
what is the anterior boundry of the muscular triangle
Definition
anterior midline of the neck
Term
what is the posterior and superior boundry of the muscular triangle
Definition
superior belly of the omohyoid
Term
what is the posterior and inferior boundry of the muscular triangle
Definition
anterior border of the sternonucleidomastoid
Term
what are the contents of the muscular triangle
Definition
sternohyoid and sternothryoid muscles, viscera of the neck (thyroid and parathryoid glands, larynx, trachea)
Term
what is the lateral boundry of the submental triangle
Definition
anterior bellies of the digastric muscles
Term
what is the inferior boundry of the submental triangle
Definition
body of hyoid
Term
what forms the floow of the submental triangle
Definition
mylohyoid muscles
Term
what are the contents of the submental triangle
Definition
submental lymph nodes, small veins that join to form anterior juggular veins
Term
what is the skin of the back of the scalp and neck innervated by
Definition
dorsal armi of C2-C5
Term
what cervical nerves normally have no cutanous branches
Definition
dorsal rami of C1 and C6-C8
Term
what innervates the skin of the anterior and lateral aspecs of the neck
Definition
ventral rami of C2-C4 by the cutanous branches of the cervical plexus
Term
where doe the nerves that innervate the skin of the anterior and lateral aspecs of the neck emmerge from
Definition
under posterior border of the sternocleidomadtoid muscle
Term
what are the divisions of the cutanous branches of the cervical plexus
Definition
lesser occipital nerve (C2 or C2 and C3) and greater auricular nerve (C2, C3)
Term
what does the lesser occipital nerve supply
Definition
skin over lateral part of occipital region and upper part of medial surface of the auricle
Term
what does the lesser occipital nerve follow
Definition
posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
Term
where is the greater auricular nerve located in relation to the muscles and vessels by it
Definition
superificial to sternocleidomastoid and parallel to external jugular vein
Term
what does the great auricular nerve supply
Definition
skin over angle of mandible and parotid gland and both surfaces of lower part of the auricle
Term
what spinal nerves is the transverse cervical nerve made of
Definition
C2 and C3
Term
what does the transverse cervical nerve supply
Definition
skin anterior and lateral aspects of the neck
Term
where is the transverse cervical nerve in relation to the sternonucleidomastoid
Definition
superificial and anterior
Term
what spinal nerves make up the aupraclavicular nerves
Definition
C3 and C4
Term
what are the divisions of the supraclavicular nerves
Definition
medial, intermediate, lateral
Term
in general, where are the supraclavicular nerves located
Definition
descend across side of lower neck
Term
what do the supraclavicular nerves supply
Definition
skin at base of neck and skin that covers upper parts of pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
Term
what is the platysma embedded in
Definition
superificial fascia of the neck
Term
what is the origin of the platysma
Definition
deep fascia that covers upper parts of pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
Term
what is the inesrtion of the platysma
Definition
fibers pass superificial to clavicle and run superior and medial over side of neck, some insert into lower border of body of mandible, others enter face and blend with muscles of lower lip and angle of mouth
Term
what nerves supplies the platysma
Definition
cervical branch of facial nerve
Term
what are the actions of the platysma
Definition
tense skin of neck, assists in depressing mandible, draws down lower lip and angle of mouth
Term
what joins to make the external juggular vein, where
Definition
posterior to the mandible, the posterior auricular vein and posterior branch of retromandibular
Term
what does the posterior auricular vein drain
Definition
scalp posterior and superior to auricle
Term
what forms the retromandibular vein, where at
Definition
formed within parotig gland by union of superificial tamporal and maxillary veins
Term
what does the retromandibular vein divide into
Definition
anterior and posterior branches
Term
what does the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein join
Definition
facial vein
Term
what does the posterior branch of the retromandibular vein join, what does this form
Definition
posterior auricular vein forming the external juggular
Term
describe the path of the external juggular vein in relation to the other vessels and muscles around it
Definition
decends obliquly superificial to sternocleidomastoid to the mid clavicle, pierces investing layer of deep cervical fascia, drains into the subclavian vein
Term
what are the tributaries of the external juggular vein
Definition
transverse cervical, suprascapular, anterior juggular
Term
where does the anterior juggular vein bein, by what joining
Definition
submental region when several small veins join
Term
describe the location of the anterior juggular bein
Definition
close to anterior midline just superior to jugular (suprasternal) notch of sternum to sternocleidomastoid, drains into external juggular
Term
what is the juggular venous arch
Definition
vein that is usually present joining right and left anterior juggular veins across the midline of the body
Term
what is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid
Definition
anterior surface of the manubrium of sternum (sternal head) and superior surface of medial third of the clavicle (clavicular head0
Term
what is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid
Definition
two heads of origin join and insert into the mastoid process and lateral part of superiornuchal line
Term
what innervates the sternocleidomastoid
Definition
accessory nerve (motor) and branches from ventral rami of C2-C3 and spinal nerves
Term
what divides the anterolateral part of the neck into anterior and posterior triangles
Definition
sternocleidomastoid
Term
what is the action of the sternocleidomastoid
Definition
unilateral contraction and bilateral contraction
Term
what does the sternocleidomastoid do in unilateral contraction
Definition
lateral flexion of the head and neck to the same side of contracting muscle, rotation of the head and neck to opposite side of the contracting muscle
Term
what does the sternocleidomastoid do in bilateral contraction
Definition
draw head forward, flexion of head and nack against resistance (rising from the supine position), if head is fixed it acts as accessory muscle of inspiration
Term
what is the function of the deep cervical fascia
Definition
support muscles, vessels, and viscera of neck
Term
what are the layers of the deep cervical fascia
Definition
investing layer, pertracheal layer, prevertebral layer, carotid sheath, retropharyngeal space
Term
where is the investing layer of the cervical fascia, what does it contain
Definition
encircles the neck splitting to enclose sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Term
what forms the roof of the anterior and posterior triangles
Definition
investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
Term
where is the pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia located
Definition
anterior part of neck
Term
what are the parts of the pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia
Definition
muscular and visceral
Term
what does the visceral part of the pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia contain
Definition
thyroid, trachea, esophagus, larynx, pharynx
Term
what does the muscular part of the pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia contain
Definition
infrahyoid muscles
Term
what is the buccopharyngeal fascia
Definition
pretracheal layer of the cervical fascia that is located behind the esophagus
Term
where is the prevertebral layer of the deep cervical fascia located
Definition
posterior part of neck
Term
what does the prevertebral layer of the deep cervical fascia surround
Definition
cervical vertebra, anterior and posterior vertrbral muscles
Term
what is the carotid sheath
Definition
part of the deep cervical fascia that forms a fascial tube extending from base of skull to root of neck
Term
what does the carotid sheath contain
Definition
carotid arteries, internal juggular vein, vagus nerve
Term
where is the retropharyngeal space located
Definition
between buccopharyngeal fascia (anterior) and prevertebral fascia (posterior)
Term
what is the retropharyngeal space filled with
Definition
loose connective tissue
Term
what closes the retropharyngeal space, on what side
Definition
carotid sheath closes it laterally
Term
what is the span of the retropharyngral space
Definition
base of skull to mediastinum
Term
what is the function of the retropharyngeal space, what accomodates this
Definition
the loose connective tissue allows movements of pharynx and esophagus during swalloqing
Term
what is the medical concern about the retropharyngeal space
Definition
infection that is in it could spread all the way down to the mediastinum
Term
what is the anterior boundry of the posterior triangle of the neck
Definition
posterior border of the strenocleidomastoid
Term
what is the posterior boundry of the posterior triangle of the neck
Definition
anterior border of the trapezius
Term
what is the inferior boundry of the posterior triangle of the neck
Definition
middle third of the clavicle
Term
what is covers the posterior triangle of the neck
Definition
skin, superificial fascia, platysma, investing layer of deep cervical fascia
Term
what forms the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck
Definition
splenius capitis, levator scapulae, scalenus posterior, and scalenus medius all covered by deep cervical fascia, a bit of the scalenus anterior
Term
what are the divisions of the posterior trinalge of the neck
Definition
occipital triangle and supraclavicular triangle
Term
what divides the posterior triangle into this two divisions
Definition
inferior belly of omohyoid
Term
what is another name for the supraclavicular triangle
Definition
omoclavicular or subclavian
Term
what is the origin of the scalenus anterior
Definition
transverse process of c3-C6
Term
what is the insertion of the scalenus anterior
Definition
superior surface of 1st rib and scalene tubercle
Term
where is the scalene tubrecle located
Definition
bony prominence on medial border of 1st rib
Term
what is anterior to the scalenus anterior
Definition
subclavian vein, phranic nerve, superificial cervical and suprascapular srteries, terminal part of the thoracic duct (on the left)
Term
what are the cervical and suprascapular arteries branches of
Definition
thyrocervical trunk
Term
what is posterior to the scalenus anterior, what are they bound by
Definition
brachial plexus, subclavian artery bound by scalenus anterior, sclanrus medius and 1st rib
Term
what is the largest and longest scalenus muscle
Definition
scalenus medius
Term
what is the origin of the scalenus medius
Definition
transverse process of C2-C7
Term
what is the insertion of the scalenus medius
Definition
superior surface of 1st rib, between costal tubercle and groove for subclavian artery
Term
what is the smallest scalene muscle
Definition
sclaneus posterior
Term
what is the origin of scalenus posterior
Definition
transverse process of C4-C6
Term
what is the insertion of scalenus posterior
Definition
outer surface of rib 2
Term
what innervates the scalene muscles
Definition
direct muscular branches from the ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves
Term
what are the actionsof the scalene muscles
Definition
lateral flexion of neck, accessory muscles of inspiration (elevate rib 1 and 2 in forced inspiration)
Term
how is the omohyoid divided, by what
Definition
into inferior and superior bellies connected by intermediate tendon
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle
Definition
superior border of scapula medial to the suprascapular notch to the intermediate tendon
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle
Definition
begins at intermediate tendon to the body of hyoid
Term
what makes the omohyoid an angular shape
Definition
loop of deep cervical fascia that surrounds intermediate tendon and attaches inferior to the clavicle and rib 1
Term
what innervates the omohyoid
Definition
ansa cervicalis
Term
what is the action of the omohyoid
Definition
depress hyoid bone
Term
what are the arteries in the posterior triangle
Definition
subclavian, superificial cervical, suprascapular, dorsal scapular, occipital
Term
what are the brins in the posterior triangle
Definition
external juggular and its tributaries, subclavian sometimes
Term
what are the nerves in the posterior triangle
Definition
brachial plexus and branches of it, accessory nerve, branches of the cervical plexus
Term
what lymph nodes are in the posterior triangle, what are they next to
Definition
some cervical nodes long accessory nerve and superificial cervical vessels
Term
what is the sphenoid bone like
Definition
a foramina
Term
what are the parts of the cranium
Definition
neurocranium and viserocranium
Term
what is the large hole in the bottom of the skull called
Definition
foramen magnum
Term
in what bone is the foramen magnum
Definition
occipital
Term
what are the parts of the mandible
Definition
mandibular teeth, mental foramen, mandibular synthesis, coronoid process, condyloid process (head, neck), ramus, angle, aveolar process, body, angle
Term
what are the bones of the cranium
Definition
ethmoid, frontal, inferior conchae, larcimal, mandible, maxilla, nasal, parietal, sphenoid, temporal, vomer, zygomatic
Term
what are the crainometric points of the cranium
Definition
pletrion, lambda, bregma, vertex, asterion, glabella, inion, nasion
Term
what is the pterion
Definition
junction of the greater wing of the sphenoid, squamous temporal, frontal, and parietal bones. overlies anterior division of the middle margineal artery. weak point
Term
what is the lambda
Definition
point on clavaria at junction of lamboid and saggital sutures
Term
what is bergma
Definition
point of clavaria at junction of coronal and saggital sutures
Term
what is vertex of the skull
Definition
superior point of neurocranium in middle with cranium orientated in anatomical plant
Term
what is asterion
Definition
star shaped, located at junction of three sutures: parietomastoid, occipitomastoid, lambdoid
Term
what is glabella
Definition
smooth prominance, most marked in males, on frontal bones superior to the root of nose, most anterior projecting part of forehead
Term
what is inion
Definition
most prominent point of external occipital protuberance
Term
what is nasion
Definition
point of cranium where rontonasal and internasal sutures meet
Term
what is the parietal foramen next to
Definition
saggital suture
Term
what bones form the hard palate
Definition
palatine process of maxilla, horizontal plate of palatine bone
Term
what are the three cranial fossae
Definition
anterior, middle, posterior
Term
what forms the anterior cranial fossa
Definition
foramen cecum, cribiform foramina on cribiform plate, anterir and posterior ethmoidal foramina
Term
what are the contents of the foramen cecum
Definition
nasal emissary vein
Term
what are the contents of the cribiform foramina
Definition
axons of olfactory cells in olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerves
Term
what are the contents of anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
Definition
vessels and nerves with the same names
Term
what are the contents of the middle cranial fossa
Definition
optic canals, superior orbital fissue, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosu,. foramen lacerum, groove of greater pertrosal nerve
Term
what are the contents of the optic canals
Definition
optic nerves CNII and opthalmic arteries
Term
what are the contents of the superior orbital fissures
Definition
opthalmic veins, opthalmic nerve, CNIII, IV, VI
Term
what are the contents of the foramen rotundum
Definition
maxillary nerve
Term
what are the contents of the foramen spinosum
Definition
middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of maxillary nerve
Term
what are the contents of the foramen lacerum
Definition
deep petrosal nerve and some meningeal arterial branches and small veins
Term
what are the contents of the groove of greater petrosal nerve
Definition
greater petrosal nerve and petrosal branch of middle menengieal artery
Term
what are the contents of the posterior cranial fossa
Definition
foramen magnum, juggular foramen, hypoglassal canal, condylar canal, mastoid foramen
Term
what are the contents of the foramen magnum
Definition
medulla and meninges, vertebral arteries CNX!, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries
Term
what are the contents of the jugular foramen
Definition
CN IX, X, XI. superior bulb of internal juggular vein, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses, meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries
Term
what are the contents of the hypoglasseal canal
Definition
hypoglasseal nerve (CN XII)
Term
what are the contents of the condylar canal
Definition
emissary vein that passes from sigmoid sinus to vertebral veins in neck
Term
what are the contents of the mastoid foramen
Definition
mastoid emissary vein from sigmoid sinus and meningeal branch of occipital artery
Term
what bones make up the zygomatic arch
Definition
zygomatic process of temporal bone, temporal process of zygomatic bone
Term
where does the right common carotid artery originate
Definition
brachiocephalic trunk posterior to subclavian joint
Term
where does the left common carotid artery originate
Definition
aortic arch in superior mediastinum
Term
what surrounds the carotid artery
Definition
carotid sheath
Term
where does the carotid artery divide
Definition
upper border of the thyroid cartilage
Term
what does the carotid artery divide into
Definition
external and internal carotid arttery
Term
what is in the carotid sheath (also give their orientation to the carotid)
Definition
carotid artery, juggular vein (lateral), vagus nerve (between vessels), internal juggular vein (posterior)
Term
what is the carotid sinus, where is it located
Definition
the terminal part of the carotid artery and begining of the internal carotid artery, a local dilation
Term
what does the carotid sinus contain
Definition
nerve endings, many from the glossopharyngeal nerve, that are baroreceptors
Term
what are baroreceptors
Definition
nerve endings that respond to changes in blood pressure
Term
what is the carotid body, where is it located
Definition
highly vascular epithelial structure at the carotid bifurcation
Term
what does the carotid body contain
Definition
nerve endings, mostly glossopharyngeal, that are chemoreceptors
Term
what are chemoreceptors
Definition
nerve endings that respond to chemical changes in blood (O2, CO2, pH)
Term
what triangle of the neck does the external carotid ascend through
Definition
carotid triangle
Term
after passing through the carotid triangle, where does the external carotid go? describe its location in relation to the muscles. how does it then end?
Definition
deep to posterior belly of the digastric and stylohyoid and terminates in the parotid gland, posterior to the neck of the mandible dividing into superificial temporal and maxillary
Term
what are the anterior branches of the external carotid
Definition
superior thyroid, lingual, facial arteries
Term
what are the posterior branches of the external carotid
Definition
occipital, posterior auricular
Term
what are the medial branches of the external carotid
Definition
ascending pharyngeal
Term
what are the terminal branches of the external carotid
Definition
superficial temporal and maxillary
Term
what does the superior thyroud supply blood to
Definition
upper lobe of thyroid gland
Term
what branches off the superior thyroid artery
Definition
superior laryngeal artery
Term
what pierces the thyrohyoid membrane
Definition
superior laryngeal artery and internal laryngeal nerve
Term
what bone marks the spot of origin of the lingual artery from the external carotid
Definition
greater horn of the hyoid
Term
what crosses the initial segment of the lingual artery
Definition
hypoglossus nerve
Term
what is the relation of the lingual artery to the hypoglossus muscle
Definition
deep to it
Term
what does the lingual artery supply
Definition
tounge
Term
where does the facial artery originate in relation to the lingual
Definition
immediatly above or in a common trunk with it on the external carotid
Term
describe the path of the facial artery from its point of origin to the face (in relation to muscles and bones)
Definition
deep to posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid, then arches over them and the submandibular gland, curves around inferior border of mandible, enters face
Term
right before the facial artery enters the face, it gives off a bunch of branches. what do they supply?
Definition
pharynx, soft palate, palatine tonsil, submandibular gland, neighboring muscles
Term
what muscle does the occipital artery originate near
Definition
from the external carotid near the posterior belly of the digastric
Term
describe the path of the occipital artery through the muscles on its way to its terminal branches
Definition
superior and deep to the posterior belly of the digastric and mastoid process
Term
what do the terminal branches of the occipital artery accompany
Definition
branches of greater occpital nerve
Term
what do the branches of the occipital artery supply
Definition
posterior scalp, auricle, middle ear, mastoid air cells, cranial dura mater, neighboring muscles
Term
what muscles does the posterior auricular artery originate near
Definition
from the external carotid near the posterior belly of the digastric
Term
what notch, or collection of bones, does the posterior auricular artery pass through
Definition
between cartilage of externa acoustic meatus and mastoid process
Term
what does the posterior auricular artery supply
Definition
auricle, middle ear, scalp above and behind the ear, parotid gland, neighboring muscles
Term
what is the smallest branch of the external carotid
Definition
ascending pharyngeal artery
Term
on what wall does the ascending pharyngeal artery ascend, what is its relation to the internal carotid artery
Definition
pharyngeal wall to cranial base, medial
Term
what does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply
Definition
pharynx, soft palate, palatine tonsil, middle ear, cranial dura mater
Term
where does the superificial temporal artery ascend in relation to the ear, what accompanies it
Definition
anterior with the auriculotemporal nerve, superificial temporal vein,
Term
where does the superificial temporal nerve pass on the zygomatic process
Definition
lateral to the root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Term
what does the superificial temporal artery supply
Definition
frontal, temporal, parietal regions of the scalp, parotid gland, external ear, face, temporomandibular joint
Term
what is the largest terminal branch of the external carotid
Definition
maxillary artery
Term
describe the path of the maxillary artery from its branch point to termination
Definition
anterior and deep to the neck of the mandible, through the infratemporal fossa, terminates in the pterygopalatine fossa
Term
what does the maxillary artery supply
Definition
external and middle ear, cranial dura mater, upper and lower taath and gingiva, muscles of mastication, face, hard and soft palate, palatine tonsil, nasal cavity
Term
what collects most of the venous blood from the head and neck
Definition
internal juggular vein
Term
where does the internal juggular vein begin
Definition
jugular foramen as a continuation of hte sigmoid sinus
Term
where does the internal jugular end
Definition
posterior to the sternoclavicular joint, where it joins subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic vein
Term
what nodes follow the juggular vein
Definition
deep cervical
Term
what is significant about the upper and lower ends of the internal juggular vein
Definition
they are dilated, the superior and inferior bulbs
Term
what are the tributaries of the internal juggular vein
Definition
inferior petrosal sinus and sigmoid sinus, lingual vein, pharyngeal veins, facial vein, superior and middle thyroud vein, occipital vein
Term
what leave the cranial cavity via jugular foramen and drain into the superior bulb of the internal juggular vein
Definition
inferior petrosal sinus and sigmoid sinus
Term
what is the right subclavian artery posterior to
Definition
stenroclavicular joint
Term
what is the left subclavian artery a branch of
Definition
aortic arch
Term
what is the subclavian divided into parts by
Definition
scalenus anterior
Term
where is the first part of the subclavian
Definition
from orogin to medial border of scalenus anterior
Term
where is the second part of the subclavian
Definition
posterior to the scalenus anterior
Term
where is the third part of the subclavian
Definition
from the lateral border of the scalenus anterior to the border of rib 1, where it becomes continous with axillary artery
Term
what are the branches of the first part of the subclavian artery
Definition
vertebral artery thyrocervical trunk, internal thoracic artery
Term
what are the branches of the second part of the subclavian artery
Definition
costocervical trunk (may originate from the first part)
Term
what are the branches of the 3rd part of the subclavian
Definition
gives rise to dorsal scapular artery or may have no branches
Term
where does the vertebral artery originate
Definition
1st part of the aubclavian artery
Term
what are the parts of the vertebral artery
Definition
1. prevertebral 2. cervical 3. atlantic 4. intercranial
Term
where does the first part of the vertebral artery end
Definition
transverse forament of C6
Term
what muscles does the first part of the vertebral artery run between
Definition
longus colli and scalenus anterior
Term
what is posterior to the first part of the vertebral artery
Definition
cervical sympathetic ganglion
Term
where does the second part of the vertebral artery begin and end
Definition
C6-C1
Term
what does the second part of the vertebral artery run anterior to
Definition
ventral rami of corresponding spinal nerves
Term
what artery is in the middle of the suboccipital triangle
Definition
atlantic part of the vertebral artery
Term
describe the path of the atlantic part of the vertebral artery
Definition
runs medially, posterior to lateral mass of the atlantis and enter vertebral canal passing under posterior atlant-ooccipital membrane, it lies within groove on superior surface of posterior arch of atlas
Term
what is the major arterial supply to the brain stem
Definition
intercranial part of the vertebral artery
Term
describe the path of the intercranial part of hte vertebral artery
Definition
pierces dura mater and arachnoid and ascends into cranial cavity within subarachnoid space via foramen magnum
Term
what part of the vertebral artery gives off its major branches
Definition
intercranial
Term
what branches does the cervical part of the vertebral artery give off
Definition
small muscular and spinal
Term
where does the thyrocervical trunk originate
Definition
from the first part of the subclavian artery just medial to the scalenus anterior muscle and opposite the origin of the internal thoracic artery
Term
how does the thyrocervical trunk end
Definition
divides into inferior thyroid, superificial cervicial and suprascapular arteries
Term
what does the inferior thyroid artery supply
Definition
larynx, trachea, pharynx, esophagus, thyroid, parathyroid
Term
describe the path of the thyrocervical trunk to the thyroid gland
Definition
ascends to level of cricoid cartilage and arches medially, posterior to carotid sheath to reach lower part of lobe of thyroid gland
Term
what is the iferior thyroid artery next to
Definition
recurrent laryngeal nerve
Term
where does the ascending cervical artery originate from, at what location
Definition
from the inferior thyroid artery and arches medially
Term
describe the path of the ascending cervical artery
Definition
ascends on scalenus anterior and supplies adjacent muscles, gives 1-2 spinal branches
Term
what does the transverse cervical artery run anterior to
Definition
scalenus anterior, phrenic nerve, brachial plexus
Term
what does the transverse cervical artery supply
Definition
muscles of upper back
Term
if the dorsal scapular originates from the artery off the thyrocervical trunk that is the artery called
Definition
transverse cervical
Term
if dorsal scapular originates from the subclavian artery, what is the branch of the thyrocervical trunk called
Definition
superificial cervical
Term
what does the suprascapular artery branch off of
Definition
thyrocervical trunk
Term
what is the relationship in location between the suprascapular artery and the transverse cervical artery
Definition
suprascapular is parappel and inferior to it
Term
what does the suprascapular artery supply
Definition
muscles on posterior aspect of scapula
Term
where does the costocervical trunk originate
Definition
2nd part of the subclavian artery
Term
what does the costocervical trunk pass over before it divides
Definition
posteriorly over cervical pleura
Term
where does the costocervical trunk divide
Definition
1st rib
Term
what does the costocervical trunk divide into
Definition
supreme intercostal artery, deep cervical artery
Term
describe the path of the supreme intercostal artery
Definition
descends in front of neck of 1st and 2nd ribs and gives off posterior intercostal arteries of upper 2 intercostal spaces
Term
describe the path of the deep cervical artery
Definition
passes posterior between transverse process of C7 and neck of rib 1, ascends between semispinalis capitis and semispinalis cervicis muscles
Term
how does the deep cervical artery end
Definition
anastomoses with branch of occipital artery
Term
what does the deep cervical artery supply
Definition
deep muscles of the back of neck
Term
where does the dorsal scapular originate
Definition
from transverse cervical or subclavian artery (usually part 3)
Term
describe the path of the dorsal scapular artery
Definition
passes through brachial plexus, passes deep to levator scapulae to superior angle of the scapula, descends along medial border of scapula, deep to rhomboid muscles
Term
what does the dorsal scapular artery run next to near its end
Definition
dorsal scapular nerve
Term
what does the dorsal scapular artery supply
Definition
neighboring muscles
Term
how does the dorsal scapular muscle end
Definition
anastomoses with suprascapular artery and subscapular artery
Term
what is the subscapular artery a branch of
Definition
axillary artery
Term
where does the subclavian vein begin
Definition
lateral border for rib 1
Term
what is the aubclavian artery a continuation of
Definition
axillary vein
Term
describe the path of the subclavian artery
Definition
over rib 1, anterior and slightly inferior to subclavian artery
Term
how does the subclavian vein end, where
Definition
posterior to sternoclavicular joint joins internal juggular vein forming bracheocaphalic vein
Term
what is the tributiary of the subclavian vein
Definition
external juggular vein
Term
what type of fibers does the vagus nerve contain
Definition
sensory and motor
Term
what type of nerve is the vagus nerve
Definition
a mixed nerve
Term
what is the vagus nerve between in the carotid sheath superiorly
Definition
internal juggular vein and internal carotid artery
Term
what is the vagus nerve between in the carotid sheath inferiorly
Definition
internal juggular vein and common carotid artery
Term
what are the sensory ganglia of the vagus nerve
Definition
superior and inferior ganglion
Term
where is the superior ganglion
Definition
on the vagus nerve within the juggular foramen
Term
where is the inferior ganglion
Definition
on the vagus nerve just inferior to the jugular foramen
Term
where does the vagus nerve branch
Definition
within the juggular foramen
Term
what does the cagus nerve branch into in the juggular foramen
Definition
meningel and auricular branch
Term
what does the memingeal nerve supply
Definition
dura mater of posterior cranial fossa
Term
what does the auricular nerve supply
Definition
auricle, external scoustic meatus, tympanic membrane
Term
what does the auricular nerve run within
Definition
temporal bone
Term
what are the branches of the vagus nerve in the neck
Definition
pharyngeal, superior laryngeal, cardiac, righ recurrent laryngeal
Term
what does the pharyngeal nerve supply
Definition
motor innrvation to tmost muscles of the pharynx and soft palate
Term
what forms the pharyngeal plexus
Definition
pharyngeal nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and superior cervical ganglion
Term
what does the superior laryngeal divide into
Definition
internal and external laryngeal nerves
Term
what type of innervation is the internal laryngeal nerve
Definition
sensory
Term
what type of innervation is the external laryngeal nerve
Definition
motor
Term
what does the internal laryngeal nerve pierce, what goes with it
Definition
the thyrohyoid membrane with the superior laryngeal vessels
Term
what does the internal laryngeal nerve supply
Definition
mucosa o laryngopharynx,larynx, posterior tounge
Term
what does the external laryngeal nerve supply
Definition
circothyroid muscle, part of inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
Term
where do the cardiac branches of the laryngeal nerve end
Definition
cardial plexus in the thorax
Term
describe the path or relations to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Definition
curves around inferior aspect of right subclavian artery close to its origin, ascends to larynx in groove between trachea and eshopagus on right side
Term
what type of fibers does the accessory nerve have
Definition
motor
Term
what nerve number is the accessory nerve
Definition
CN11
Term
histoircally, what is said to form the accessory nerve
Definition
cranial and spinal roots joining
Term
in reality waht forms the accessory nerve
Definition
spinal root
Term
why is the cranial root considered, by some, to be part of the cranial nerve
Definition
it runs with it but really is part of the vagus nerve
Term
where does the accessory nerve originate from
Definition
C1-5
Term
where does the accessory nerve ascend, what is it posterior to
Definition
in the vertebral canal, posterior to the denticulate ligament
Term
describe the path of the accessory nerves going in and out of the skull
Definition
originates C1-5 (out), ascends in vertebral canal, enters posterior cranial fossa through foramen magnum (in), exits posterior cranial fossa through juggular foramen (out)
Term
after the vagus nerve finally exits the skill, what its its path
Definition
descends lateral to the internal juggular vein, enters deep surface of sternonucleomastoid and supplies it, emerges over midpoint of posterior border of sternonucleomastoid, crosses posterior triangle of neck of levator scapulae, disspiears under anterior border of trapezius and supplies it
Term
what type of fibers does the hypoglosseal nerve have
Definition
motor
Term
what does the hypoglosseal nerve supply
Definition
tounge muscles
Term
where does the hypoglosseal nerve originate
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
where does the hypoglosseal nerve exit the skull
Definition
hypoglosseal canal
Term
after exiting the skull, what does the hypoglosseal nerve descend between, when does this relationship end
Definition
internal carotid artery and internal juggular vein until the angle of mandible
Term
after reaching the angle of the mandible what does the hypoglosseal nerve do
Definition
curves around occipiral artery and turns forward
Term
after the hypoglosseal curves around occipiral artery and turns forward, where does it go
Definition
runs anterior to the tounge, superificial to the external carotid, deep to posterior belly of the digastric, stylohoid, mylohyoid muscles
Term
at what location is the hypoglosseal nerve joined by cervical nerves, which ones
Definition
opposite the atlas it is joined by ventral remi of C1-2
Term
what do the ventral rami of C1-2 that join the hypoglosseal nerve supply
Definition
motor innervation to infrahyoir muscles and geniohyoid, and sensory information to dura mater of posterior cranial fossa
Term
what are the branches of the hypoglosseal nerve
Definition
meningeal branch, upper root of ansa cervicalis, nerves to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid, terminal branches
Term
where does the meningeal branch of the hypoglosseal nerve branch at
Definition
hypoglosseal canal
Term
what does the meningeal branch of the hypoglosseal nerve supply
Definition
dura mater of posterior cranial fossa
Term
what fibers does the meningeal branch of the hypoglosseal nerve contain
Definition
sensory fibers from C1-2
Term
what fibers does the upper root of the ansa cervicalis contain
Definition
C1 motor
Term
what fibers do the nerves to the thyrohyoid and geniohyoid contain
Definition
c1 motor
Term
what do the derminal branches of the hypoglosseal nerve supply
Definition
intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tounge except the palatoglossus
Term
what fibers do the terminal branches of the hypoglosseal nerves contain
Definition
true hypoglosseal
Term
what is the cervical sympathetic trunk between
Definition
posterior to carotid sheath and anterior to pervertebral muscles
Term
what white communicating rami does the cervical sympathetic trunk recieve
Definition
none
Term
where do the preganglionic fibers for the cervical sympathetic trunk originate from
Definition
upper 4 thoracic segments
Term
what are the ganglia of the cervical sympathetic trunk
Definition
superior, middle, inferior cervical ganglia, sometimes a 4th vertebral ganglia
Term
if existant, what is the vertebral cervical ganglia located by
Definition
anterior aspect of vertebral artery close to its origin
Term
what kind of fibers to all cervical ganglia contain
Definition
postganglionic
Term
what is the largest cervical ganglion
Definition
superior cervical
Term
what are the branches of the superior cervical ganglia
Definition
internal carotid nerve, external carotid nerve, gray communicating rami to C1-4, pharyngeal branches, superior cervical cardiac nerve
Term
what is the upward continuation of the superior cervical ganglia
Definition
internal carotid nerve
Term
what does the internal carotid nerve divide into
Definition
branches that form plexus around internal carotid artery and its branches
Term
what does the external carotid nerve join
Definition
external carotid artery forming a plexus around it and its branches
Term
what does the pharyngeal branches of the superior cervical ganglia join
Definition
pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves to form pharyngeal plexus
Term
where does the superior cervical cardiac nerve end
Definition
cardiac plexus
Term
what is the smallest cervical ganglion
Definition
middle
Term
where does the middle cervical ganglion connonly lie
Definition
at level of cricoid cartilage, close to arch of inferior thyroid artery
Term
what are the branches of the middle cervical ganglion
Definition
gray communicating rami for spinal nerves C5-6, middle cervical cardiac nerve, thyroid branches
Term
where does the middler cervical cardiac nerve end
Definition
cardiac plexus
Term
what do the thyroid branches of the middle cervical ganglia follow, where do they end
Definition
the inferior thyroid artery to the thyroid gland
Term
what does the inferior cervical ganglion commonly fuse with
Definition
first thoracic ganglion to form cervicothoracici (stellate) ganglion (sometimes seperate though)
Term
what is the inferior cervical ganglion between
Definition
transverse process of C7 and neck of rib 1
Term
what are the branches of the inferior cervical ganglion
Definition
gray communicating rami of C7-8, branches that accompany vertebral and aubclavian arteries, inferior cervical cardiac nerve, ansa subclavia
Term
where does the inferior cervical cardiac nerve end
Definition
cardiac plexus
Term
what does the ansa subclavia connect
Definition
middle and inferior cervical ganglia
Term
what does the ansa subclavia loop arround
Definition
subclavian artery
Term
what is the cervical plexus formed by
Definition
ventral rami of C1-3
Term
where is the cervical plexus formed, how
Definition
C1-4 ventral rami are connected by nerve loops anterior to origin of levator scapular and scalenus medius and deep to sternonucleomastoid
Term
what are the branches of the cervical plexus
Definition
cutanous branches, ansa cervicalis, phrenic nerve, muscular branches
Term
what are the cutanous branches of the cervical plexus
Definition
lesser occopital, great auricular, transverse cervical, suprascapular
Term
what spinal nerves form the phrenic nerve
Definition
C3-5
Term
describe the path of the phrenic nerve
Definition
descends anterior to scalenus anterior muscle, crossed by superificial cervical and suprascapular arteries, at root of neck passes anterior to 1st part of subclavian, descends through superior and middle mediastinum to reach diaphragm
Term
what are the muscular branches of the cervical plexus
Definition
supply anterior vertebral muscles, scalenus medius, levator scapulae, trapezius, sternonucleomastoid
Term
what does the endocrine gland secrete
Definition
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin
Term
what does calcitonin do
Definition
lowers blood calcium
Term
what is the thyroid gland surrounded by
Definition
connective tissue sheath
Term
what is the thyroid gland derived from
Definition
pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia, endoderm of floor of pharynx in region where tounge develops
Term
what does the paratracheal layer of the deep cervical fascia attach to
Definition
attaches gland to trachea and larynx
Term
where is the location of origin of the thyroid gland
Definition
dorsal surface of the tounge
Term
how is the location of origin of the thyroid gland seen in an adult
Definition
foramen cecum
Term
what is the thyroglossal duct
Definition
connects the thyroid gland to the tounge, dissipears during development
Term
what are thyroglossal cysts
Definition
cysts caused by persistence of a segment of thyroglossal duct
Term
where are thyroglossal cysts located
Definition
in anterior midline of neck, close to hyoid bone
Term
what are the parts of the thyroid gland
Definition
two lobes (right and left), isthmus, pyramidal lobe
Term
what does the apex of the thyroid gland reach to
Definition
oblique line of thyroid cartilage
Term
what does the base of the thyroid gland reach to
Definition
4th or 5th tracheal cartilages
Term
what does the isthmus of the thyroid gland extend across to
Definition
2nd or 3rd tracheal cartilages
Term
how is the pyrmidal part of the thyroid gland orientated
Definition
projects up from the isthmus
Term
what is the pyrimidal part of the thyroid a remnent of
Definition
distal part of thyroglossal duct that does not dissipear
Term
what is anteriolateral to the thyroid gland lobes
Definition
sternothyroid, sternohyoid, anterior border of sternonucleomastoid
Term
what is posterolateral to the thyroid gland lobes
Definition
carotid sheath and its contents
Term
what is medial to the thyroid gland lobes
Definition
larynx, pharynx, esophagus, external laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve
Term
what is on the poster border of the thyroid gland lobes
Definition
parathyroid glands
Term
what is anterior to the isthmus of the thyroid gland
Definition
sternothyroid, sternohyoid, anterior juggular vein
Term
what is posterior to the isthmus of the thyroid gland
Definition
2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilages
Term
what arteries supply the thyroid gland
Definition
superior thyroid artery, inferior thyroid artery, thryoid ima
Term
what is the lowest artery of the thyroid gland
Definition
thyroid ima artery
Term
do people usually have a thyroid ima artery
Definition
no
Term
where does the thyroid ima artery originae from
Definition
bracheocephalic trunk or aortic arch
Term
what does the thyroid ima ascend on
Definition
anterior surface of trachea to ischmus
Term
what are the veins of the thyroid gland
Definition
superior and middle thyroid, inferior thyroid
Term
what is the inferior thyroid vein between
Definition
trachea and manubrium of sternum
Term
what does the inferior thyroid vein drain into
Definition
brachiocephlic veins, sometimes right and left form a common trunk and drain into left brachiocephalc
Term
what are the parathyroid glands located between
Definition
posterior aspect of lobes of thyroid and fascial sheath
Term
what are the superior parathyroid glands lined up with
Definition
lower border of cricoid cartilage
Term
what are the inferior parathyroid glands lined up with
Definition
near inferior pole of lobes of thryoid gland, sometimes below the level of the thyroid gland, even in superior mediastium by thymus
Term
which parathyroid set is more variable in position
Definition
inferior
Term
what does the parathyroid glands secrete
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
what does parathyroid hormone do
Definition
incease blood calcium
Term
what arteries supply the parathyroid
Definition
superior and inferior thyroid
Term
what veins supply the parathyroid
Definition
parathyroid veins that drain into the thyroid venous plexus
Term
what are the parts of the brain
Definition
brainstem, cerebellum, ciencephalon, tenecephalon
Term
what are the parts of the brainstem
Definition
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Term
what are the parts of the diencephalon
Definition
thalamus, hypothalamus
Term
what is the tenecephalon
Definition
cerebral hemespheres
Term
what are the parts of the medulla
Definition
anterior median fissue, pyramids, olive, pre-olivary sulcus, retro-olivary sulcusmedullopontine sulcus
Term
what is the anterior median fissure continous with
Definition
continous inferior with anterior median fissue of spinal cord
Term
what are the pyramids, where are they located
Definition
2 longitudinal columns on each side of the anterior median fissue
Term
what is the olive, where is it
Definition
oval elevation lateral to upper part of pyramid
Term
where is the pre-olivary sulcus
Definition
between pyramid and olive
Term
what attaches to the pre-olivary sulcus
Definition
rootlets of the hypoglosseal nerve (CN XIII)
Term
where is the retro-olivary sulcus located
Definition
posterior to the olive
Term
what attaches to the retro-olivary sulcus
Definition
rootlets of glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) nerves
Term
what are the attachments of the retro-olivary sulcus in line with
Definition
attachment of rootlets of accessory nerve (CN XI)
Term
what is a characteristic of the nerves in the medullopontine sulcus
Definition
nerves that attach medial to lateral
Term
what nerves are in the medullopontine sulcus
Definition
abducencs (CN VI), facial nerve (CN VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Term
what nerve attaches to the pons, at what part
Definition
the trigeminal nerve (CN V) attaches to the anterior surface
Term
what are the parts of the midbrain
Definition
cerebral crura (cerebral peduncles)
Term
what are the cerebral crura formed by
Definition
two columns of descending fibers one on each side
Term
what nerve attaches to the midbrain, on which part
Definition
oculomotor nerve (CN III) to the medial border of the cerebral crus
Term
where is the 4th ventricle located
Definition
between cerebellum (posterior) and pons and upper medulla (anterior)
Term
what is the posterior surface of the medulla similar to
Definition
posterior of cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord
Term
what forms the floor of the 4th ventricle
Definition
posterior surface of upper medulla and posterior surface od pons from floor of 4th ventricle
Term
what is another name for the 4th ventricle
Definition
rhomboid fossa
Term
what are on the posterior surface of the midbrain
Definition
4 elevations
Term
what are the elevations of the midbrain
Definition
two superior colliculi, 2 inferior colliculi
Term
what are the superior colliculi involved in
Definition
visual system
Term
what are the inferior colliculi involved in
Definition
auditory system
Term
where does the trochlear nerve (CN IV) emerge from
Definition
immediatly below inferior colliculi
Term
what is the only cranial nerve attached to the posterior surface of the brain stem
Definition
trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Term
what does the longitudinal fissue seperate
Definition
right and left cerebral hemispheres
Term
what is the corpus callosum
Definition
bundle of fibers at the bottom of the longitudinal fissue that connects right and left hemispheres
Term
why are the hemispheres of the brain considered to be incomplete
Definition
the corpus callosum
Term
what are the 5 lobes of the hemisphere
Definition
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insular
Term
what are the sulci
Definition
central sulcus, lateral sulcus. on lateral surface of a cerebral hemisphere
Term
what does the central sulcus seperate
Definition
frontal and parietal lobes
Term
what does the lateral sulcus seperate
Definition
temporal from frontal and parietal
Term
what is located deep to the sulcus
Definition
insular lobe
Term
what are the two arteries that supply the brain
Definition
vertebral, internal carotid
Term
what forms the basilar artery , where at
Definition
the joining of the right and left vertebral artery, the medullopontine sulcus
Term
what does the basilar artery run along
Definition
midline of anterior surface of pons
Term
where does the basilar artery end
Definition
upper end of pons by dividing into right and left posterior cervical arteries
Term
what do vertebral and basal arteries supply
Definition
spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, and posterior parts of cerebral hemispheres
Term
where does the internal carotid artery begin
Definition
bifurcation of common carotid at the upper border of thryoid cartilage
Term
what are the parts of the internal carotid artery
Definition
cervical, petrous, cavernous, cerebral
Term
what are the borders of the cervical part of the internal carotid artery
Definition
origin to base of skull
Term
what are the borders of the petrous part of the internal carotid artery
Definition
within carotid canal in petrous part of the temporal bone
Term
what are the borders of the cavernous part of the internal carotid artery
Definition
within cavernous sinus
Term
where is the cavernous sinus, where is it located
Definition
dural venous sinus in the middle cranial fossa, one on each side of the stella tunica
Term
what are the borders of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery
Definition
after it exits cavernous sinus to its termination where it divides into anterior and middle cerebral arteries
Term
what are the branches of the internal carotid artery
Definition
opthalmic, posterior communicating, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral
Term
where does the opthamic artery located
Definition
enters orbit via optic canal with the optic nerve
Term
what does the posterior communicating artery connect
Definition
internal carotid and posterior cerebral arteries
Term
what are the branches of the anterior cerebral artery
Definition
right and left anterior cerebral
Term
what does the anterior communicating artery connect
Definition
right and left anterior cerebral
Term
what forms the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis)
Definition
large cerebral arteries and their interconnections on ventral surface of brain
Term
what are the parts of the cerebral arteriel circle (of Willis)
Definition
anterir communicating a., anterior cerebral a., internal carotid a, posterior communicating a, posterior cerebral a,
Term
what is the function of the cerebral arterial circle (of willis)
Definition
potential vascular shunt, assisting in development of collateral circulation if one proximal vessels is occluded
Term
what are the layers of the dura mater, what are their locations
Definition
periosteal/endosteal (outer), meningeal (inner)
Term
what does the periosteal cover
Definition
inner surface of skull bones
Term
what does the miningeal cover
Definition
faces brain
Term
where are the dura mater layers not closley united
Definition
where they seperate to form venous sinuses
Term
what are the parts of the dura mater
Definition
dural septa, tentorium cerebelli, flax cerebelli, diaphgram sellae
Term
what forms the dural septa
Definition
meningeal layer of the dura mater
Term
what are the flax cerebri
Definition
sickle shaped fold that lies in midline between right and left cerebral hemispheres
Term
what are the tenrorium cerebelli
Definition
crescent shaped fold on roof over posterior cranial fossa
Term
what does the flax cerebelli seperate
Definition
cerebellum from occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres
Term
what fills the tentorial notch opening
Definition
mostly midbrain
Term
what are flax cerebelli, where is it located
Definition
small sickle shaped fold in posterior cranial fossa that prohects between right and left cerebellar hemispheres
Term
what is the diaphragma sellae, what does it form
Definition
small circular fld forming roof od stell turcica
Term
what does the diaphgrama sellae have an opening for
Definition
pituitary stalk
Term
where is the dural venous sinus located
Definition
between inner and outer layers of dura mater
Term
what does the dural venous sinus recieve
Definition
blood from brain and CSF
Term
how does the blood from the brain get into the dural venous sinus
Definition
superificial and deep cerebral veins
Term
where is the CSF in the brain located
Definition
subarachnoid space
Term
how does CSF get to the dural venous sinus
Definition
arachnoid granulations
Term
where does blood from the dural venous sinus drain to
Definition
internal jugular veins
Term
what are the dural venous sinuses
Definition
superior saggital, inferior saggital, straight, transverse, sigmoid, occipital, cavernosus, superior petrosal, inferior peterosal, sphenoparietal
Term
what does the superior saggital sinus run on the border of
Definition
flax cerebri
Term
where does the superior saggital sinus bein
Definition
foramen cecum
Term
where does the saggital sinus end
Definition
posterior in confluence of sinuses over internal occipital protuberence
Term
what does the inferior saggital sinus run along
Definition
lower free border of flax cerebri
Term
how does the inferior saggital sinus end
Definition
joins great cerebral vein to form straight sinus
Term
what does the straight sinus run along
Definition
flax cerebri and tentorium cerebelli
Term
where does the straight sinus end
Definition
posterior in confluence of sinuses
Term
how does the transverse sinus begin
Definition
in confluence of sinuses
Term
what does the transverse sinus run along
Definition
posterior border of tentorium cerebelli
Term
when the transverse sinus reaches the temporal bone what happens to it
Definition
it turns down to become continous with sigmoid sinus
Term
what does the occipital sinus run along
Definition
posterior border of flax cerebelli
Term
how does the occipital sinus end, where
Definition
superior in confluence of sinuses and inferior communicates with internal vertebral venous plexus within vertebral canal
Term
where is the cevernosus sinus located
Definition
middle cranial fossa one on each side of the sella turcica
Term
what does the cevernous sinus drain
Definition
orbit, parts of cerebral hemisphere, pituitary gland, sphenoparietal sinus
Term
what are located within the cavernous sinus
Definition
internal carotid artery and abducens nerve, CN III, IV, V1 and V2 divisions of the trigeminal nerve
Term
where and what drains the cavernous sinus
Definition
posterior by superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
Term
what does the superior petrosal sinus run along
Definition
superior border of petrous part of temporal bone
Term
what does the superior petrosal sinus connect
Definition
cavernous sinus with terminal part of transverse sinus
Term
what does the inferior petrosal sinus run along
Definition
inferior border of petrous part of temporal bone between petrous part and occipital bone
Term
what does the inferior petrosal sinus connect
Definition
cavernous sinus with internal juggular vein
Term
what does the sphenoparietal sinus run along
Definition
posterior border of lesser wing of sphenoid
Term
what does the sphenoparietal sinus drain into
Definition
cavernous sinus
Term
where can hemorrhages occur, what is the cause
Definition
they can occur at a variety of sites and each has their own cause
Term
what is the peak age for incidence of primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage
Definition
60
Term
what occurs in a primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage
Definition
rupture of small intraparenchymal vessel
Term
what is usually the cause of primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage
Definition
hypertension
Term
where can a primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage be located
Definition
basal ganglia, thalamus, pons, cerebellum
Term
what is the most frequent cause of significant subarachnoid hemorrhage
Definition
rupture of a sasccular aneurysm
Term
where do most saccular aneurysms occur
Definition
in the anterior circulation
Term
what increases the risk of bleeding in saccular aneurysms
Definition
they can occur in multiples
Term
what is usually the outcome of a saccular aneurysm
Definition
20-50% die in first rupture
Term
what is a symptom of a saccular aneyrysm
Definition
sudden, severe headache
Term
what is an epidural hematoma
Definition
torn vessel in the dura, middle meningeal artery
Term
why would a epidural hematoma usually occur
Definition
skull fracture
Term
what causes the problems in a epidural hematoma
Definition
blood under arterial pressure seperates dura from inner surface of skull, smooth inner contour compresses the brain
Term
what occurs in a subdural hematoma
Definition
tearing or dridging veins caused by rapid movement of the brain and it bleeds into the aubdural space
Term
where is a subdural hematoma commonly located
Definition
over lateral aspect of cerebral hemispheres
Term
when do symptoms of a subdural hematoma show up
Definition
withing 48 hours of injury
Term
what are the symptoms of a subdural hematoma
Definition
headache, confusion, progressive neurological deterioration
Term
what is a chronic subdural hematoma
Definition
subdural hematomas frequently re-bleed
Term
how are symptomatic subdural hematomas treated
Definition
removing the organizing blood and tissue
Term
what does the dura mater function as
Definition
periosteum of internal surface of the skull
Term
what is an arachnoid granulation
Definition
herniation of arachnoid through dura into venous channels.
Term
what is the function of the arachnoid granulations
Definition
allows CSF to leave arachnoid and go into venous blood
Term
how is brain arachnoid different from spinal cord
Definition
follows contour of dura mater, trabecular
Term
what is the function of trabeculae
Definition
distribute force over brain surface, avoid focal pressure
Term
what is a birdging vein
Definition
superificial vein from brain surface that bridges arachnoid, pierces dura.
Term
what is a concern with birdging veins
Definition
penetration of the dura mater leads to a spot of volurnability, moving it too much could tear the vein
Term
what is the function of the dural septa
Definition
allow brain to rotate with the head
Term
what forms the dural septa
Definition
falx cerebri and tentorum cerebelli come to a T
Term
what forms the posterior brain circulation
Definition
basilar a
Term
what forms the anterior brain circulation
Definition
internal carotix a
Term
what connects anterior and posterior brain circulation
Definition
posterior communicating a, circle or Willis
Term
what are the terminal branches of the internal carotid
Definition
anterior cerebral, middle a
Term
what is the purpose of the free edge of the tentorium cerebelli
Definition
leave space for the brain stem
Term
how does the inferior cavernous sinus end
Definition
direct route into jugular foramen
Term
how does the superior cavernous sinus end
Definition
connects to the transverse sinus
Term
what is a saccular aneurysm
Definition
bleed into subarachnoid
Term
what causes a saccular aneurysm
Definition
defect in muscular wall of artery, intima is pushed through artery wall making an aneurism sack which can burst
Term
what is an aneurism sac composed of
Definition
thickened intima, no elastic lamina
Term
what medical condition is a subdural hematoma associated with
Definition
trauma
Term
who is especially volurnable if they get a subdural hematoma
Definition
someone with brain atrophy and infantsq
Term
why is there increase concern for someone with brain atrophy when they have a subdermal hematoma
Definition
shrinking causes bridging veins to get stretched, movement could break the veins
Term
why is there increase concern for infants when they have a subdermal hematoma
Definition
veins are delicate and could break
Term
how does a subdural hematoma usually stop
Definition
by itself, organizes like a clot over time by fibroblasts making dural membranes made of granulation fissure
Term
what is CN I
Definition
olfactory
Term
what is CN II
Definition
optic
Term
what is CN III
Definition
oculomotor
Term
what is CN IV
Definition
trochlear
Term
what is CN V
Definition
trigeminal
Term
what is CN VI
Definition
adbucens
Term
what is CN VII
Definition
facial
Term
what is CN VIII
Definition
vestibulocochlear
Term
what is CN IX
Definition
glossopharyngeal
Term
what is CN X
Definition
vagus
Term
what is CN XI
Definition
Accessory
Term
what is CN XII
Definition
hypoglosseal
Term
what CN are completely sensory
Definition
olfactory I, optic II, vestibulocochlear VIII
Term
what CN are completely motor
Definition
oculomotor III, trochlear IV, abducens VI, accessory XI, hypoglossal XII
Term
what CN are mixed nerves
Definition
trigeminal V, facial VII, glossopharyngeal IX, vagus X
Term
what CN have a parasympathetic component
Definition
oculomotor III, facial VII, glossopharyngeal IX, vagus X
Term
what CN have taste fibers
Definition
facial VII, glossopharyngeal IX, vagus X
Term
what are the fibers of CN1, what is the function, what opening does it go through
Definition
sensory, olfaction (small), cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
Term
what are the fibers of CN II, what is the function, what opening does it go through
Definition
sensory, vision, optic canal
Term
what are the fibers of CN III, what opening does it go throug
Definition
motor and parasympathetic, superior orbital fissure
Term
what is the motor function of CN III
Definition
suerior, inferior, medial rectus muscles, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae superioris
Term
what is the parasympathetic function of CN III
Definition
constrict pupil and accomodate eye
Term
what are the fibers of CN IV, what is the function, what opening does it go through
Definition
motor, superior oblique muscle that turns eye down and lateral, superior orbital fissure
Term
what are the fibers of CN V
Definition
sensory and motor
Term
what is the sensory function of CN V
Definition
innervates most of the head
Term
what is the motor functionof CN V
Definition
muscles of mastication and some other muscles
Term
what is the opening for the opthalmic division of CN V
Definition
superior orbital fissure
Term
what is the opening for the maxillary division of CN V
Definition
foramen rotuntum
Term
what is the opening for the mandibular division of CN V
Definition
foramen ovale
Term
what is V1
Definition
opthalmic division of the trigeminal
Term
what is V2
Definition
maxillary division of the trigeminal
Term
what is V3
Definition
mandibular division of the trigeminal
Term
what is the function of V1
Definition
provide sensory to cornea, skin of forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose, mucous membrane of paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity
Term
what is the function of V2
Definition
sensory info to skin face over the maxilla and upper lip, teeth of upper jaw, mucous membrane of the nose, maxillary air sinus
Term
what is the sensory function of V3
Definition
sensory information to the skin of the cheek, skin over mandible, side of head. teeth of lower jaw, tempromandibular joint, mucous membrane of the mouth and aterior two thirds of the tounge
Term
what is the motor function of V3
Definition
muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral petrygoids), anterior belly of the digastric, mylohyoid, tendor tympani, tensor veli palatini
Term
what are the fibers of CN VI, what is the function, what opening does it go through
Definition
motor, lateral rectus muscle, superior orbital fissure
Term
what nerve has the longest path through the cranial cavity, what worry does this cause
Definition
abducens, frequently damaged by increased intercranial pressure or fractures to the base of skull
Term
what are the fibers of CN VII, what opening does it go through
Definition
motor, sensory, parasympathetic, taste. internal auditory meatus, facial canal, stylomastoid foramen
Term
what is the motor function of the facial nerve
Definition
muscles to facial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of the digastric
Term
what is the taste function of the facial nerve
Definition
taste from the anterior two thirds of the tounge
Term
what is the parasympathetic function of the facial nerve
Definition
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, larcimal gland, glands of the nose and palate
Term
what are the fibers of CN VIII, what is the function, what opening does it go through
Definition
sensory, vestibular nerve: position and movement of head. chochlear nerve: hearing. interal autidory meatus
Term
what are the fibers of CN IX, what opening does it go through
Definition
motor, general sensory, taste. jugular foramen
Term
what is the motor function of CN IX
Definition
stylopharyngeus muscle
Term
what is the general sensation and taste function of CN IX
Definition
posterior third of the tounge
Term
what is the general sensation function of CN IX
Definition
pharynx
Term
what is the parasympathetic function of CN IX
Definition
parotid gland
Term
what are the fibers of CN X, what opening does it go through
Definition
motor, parasympathetic, sensory, taste. jugular foramen
Term
what is the motor function of CN X
Definition
innervates constrictor muscles of the pharynx and intrinsic muscles of the larynx
Term
what is the parasympathetic function of CN X
Definition
neck, thorax, most of abdomen to the splenic colic flexure
Term
what is the taste functional area of CN X
Definition
valleculae and epiglottis
Term
what is the afferent fibers function of CN X
Definition
supplied to all the structures it contacts
Term
what are the fibers of CN XI, what is the function, what opening does it go through
Definition
motor, sternonucleomastoid and trapezius, jugular foramen
Term
what is the cranial root part of
Definition
vagus nerve, not accessory
Term
what are the fibers of CN XII, what is the function, what opening does it go through
Definition
motor, intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tounge except the palatoglossus muscle. hypoglossal canal
Term
wat occurs in the olfactory bulb
Definition
olfactory nerves synapse
Term
where does the optic nerve originate
Definition
ganglion cells in the retina
Term
describe the crainial root of the accessory nerve
Definition
there is none
Term
what muscle is NOT innervated by the hypoglosseal even though it innervates the rest of the area KNOW ME
Definition
palatoglossus
Term
what are the openings in the posterior cranial fossa
Definition
foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, jugular foramen
Term
what are the openings in the middle cranial fossa
Definition
optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum
Term
what are the openings in the anteroir cranial fossa
Definition
foramen cecum, cribiform plate
Term
what are the openings in the exterior skull
Definition
aveolar canals, carotid canal, incisive foramen, infraorbital foramen, petrotympanic fissure, jugular foramen, mandibular foramen, mental foramen, papatine foramina, greater palatine foramen, lesser palatine foramen, parietal foramen, petrygomaxillary fissure, stylomastoid foramen, supraorbital foramen
Term
what openins are there in the occipital bone
Definition
foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, jugular foramen
Term
what openings are there in the temporal bone
Definition
jugular foramen, internal auditory meatus, carotid canal plexus, petrotympanic fissure, stylomastoid foramen,
Term
what openings are there in the sphenoid bone
Definition
optic canal, superior orbital fissure, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, petrygomaxillary fissure
Term
what openings are there in the frontal bone
Definition
foramen cecum, supraorbital foramen
Term
what openinigs are there in the ethmoid bone
Definition
foramen cecum, cribiform plate,
Term
what openings are there in the maxilla
Definition
aveolar canals, incisive foramen, infraorbital foramen, palatine foramina, petrygomaxillary fissure
Term
what openings are there in the mandible
Definition
mental foramen, mandibular foramen
Term
what openings are there in the palatine
Definition
palatine foramina, lesser palatine foramen
Term
what openings are there in the parietal bone
Definition
parietal foramen
Term
what comes through the foramen magnum
Definition
spinal cord, CN XI, vertebral a
Term
what comes through the hypoglossal canal
Definition
CN XII
Term
what comes through the jugular foramen
Definition
CN IX, CN X, internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal sinus
Term
what comes through the internal auditory meatus
Definition
CN VII, CN VIII
Term
what comes through the optic canal
Definition
CN II, opthalmic a
Term
what comes through the superior orbital fissure
Definition
CN III, IV, V1, VI, opthalmuc vv.
Term
what comes through the foramen torundum
Definition
V2
Term
what comes through the foramen ovale
Definition
V3, accessory meningeal a
Term
what comes through the foramen spinosum
Definition
middle meningeal a and v, recurrent branch of V3 to dura mater
Term
what comes through the foramen cecum
Definition
emissary vein
Term
what comes through the cribiform plate
Definition
CN 1 olfactory nerves
Term
what comes through the aveolar canals
Definition
posterior superior aveolar a, v, n
Term
what comes through the carotid canal plexus
Definition
internal carotid palatine a and v, nasopalatine n
Term
what comes through the infraorbital foramen
Definition
infraorbital a, v, n
Term
what comes through the petrotympanic fissure
Definition
chorda tympani, anterior tympanic a
Term
what comes through the mandibular foramen
Definition
inferior aveolar a, v, n
Term
what comes through the mental foramen
Definition
mental a, v, n
Term
what comes through the palatine foramina
Definition
decending papatine a, v. greater palatine nerve
Term
what comes through the lesser palatine foramen
Definition
lesser palatine a, v, nn
Term
what comes through the parietal foramen
Definition
emissary v
Term
what comes through the petrygomaxillary fissure
Definition
maxillary a, v
Term
what comes through the stylomastoid foramen
Definition
CN VII
Term
what comes through the supraorbital foramen
Definition
supraorbital a, v, n
Term
what does the orbit contain
Definition
eyeball, extraocular muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, lacrimal gland
Term
how is the orbit shaped
Definition
pyrmidal
Term
what direction is the base and apex of the orbit located
Definition
base is in front apex is in back
Term
what is the roof of the orbit
Definition
orbital plate of the frontal bone
Term
what is the lateral wall of the orbit
Definition
zygomatic bone and greater wing of sphenoid
Term
what is the floor of the orbit
Definition
orbital plate of maxilla
Term
what does the floor of the orbit seperate
Definition
orbital cavity from maxillary sinus
Term
what is the medial wall of the orbit
Definition
frontal process of maxilla, larcimal bone, orbital plate of the ethmoid, body of sphenoid
Term
what is another name for the oribtal plate of the ethmoid
Definition
lamina propriocia
Term
what is the larcimal bone
Definition
small bone at the corner of the eye
Term
what is the function of the eye lid
Definition
protect from injury and excessive light
Term
which eye lid is larger, what is its other feature
Definition
upper, more mobile
Term
what are the corners of the eye called
Definition
medial and lateral angle
Term
what is the opening between the eyelids called
Definition
palpebral fissure
Term
where is the opening to the conjunctival sac located
Definition
palpebral fissure
Term
what is the deep surface of the eyelid covered by
Definition
mucous membrane called conjunctiva
Term
how are eyelashes arranged
Definition
in double or triple rows
Term
where are eyelashes located
Definition
mucocutaneous junction
Term
where are the sebacous glands of the eyelid located, what is their function
Definition
open into eyelash follicles to lubricate them
Term
what is a tarsal gland
Definition
modified sebacous gland
Term
where do tarsal glands open into
Definition
margin of eyelid behind the eyelashes
Term
what do tarsal glands secrete, what is the function
Definition
oily substance that prevents overflow of tears (during normal situations)
Term
what does the tendon of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle connect
Definition
levator palpebrae superiorus to obcularis oculi muscle
Term
where does the conjunctiva reflect, onto what
Definition
superior and inferior fornices onto the eyeball
Term
what is the epithelium of the conjunctiva continous with
Definition
the cornea
Term
what is the cornea located over
Definition
iris
Term
what does the conjunctiva form, where does it open
Definition
potential space that opens into the palpebral fissure
Term
what occurs at the bulbular conjunctiva covering the sclera
Definition
where the conjunctiva converge with eye
Term
what are the eyelids supported by
Definition
orbital septum
Term
what gives the eyelid its structure
Definition
orbital septum
Term
what does the orbital septum attach to
Definition
periosteum at the orbital margins
Term
what are the tarsal glands embedded in
Definition
tarsal plates
Term
what does the larcimal gland consist of
Definition
large orbital part and small palpebral part that are continous
Term
where is the larcimal gland located
Definition
above eyeball in the upper lateral and anterior aspect of the orbit
Term
what does the larcimal gland open into
Definition
lateral part of the superior fornix of the conjunctiva
Term
where do parasympathetic fibers come from that are going to the larcimal gland
Definition
larcimal nucleus of the facial nerve to the petrygopalatine ganglion via the greater petrosal nerve and nerve of the pterygoig canal, they leave the canal and join branches of V3, postganglionic fibers reach the gland via the larcimal nerve
Term
where do sympathetic fibers that innervate the larcimal gland come from
Definition
internal carotid plexus, join deep petrosal nerve, nerve of the pterygoing canal, zygomatic nerve, and larcimal nerve
Term
what are the branches of V3
Definition
zygomatic nerve and zygomaticotemporal nerve
Term
what does parasympathetic innervation do to the larcimal gland
Definition
increase tears
Term
what does sympathetic stimulation do to the larcimal gland
Definition
decrease tears
Term
where do tears cross then accumulate
Definition
cross cornea and accumulate in lacus lacrimalis
Term
after tears enter the larcimal lacrimalis where do they go
Definition
larcimal canliculi
Term
after tears enter the larcimal canliculi where do they go
Definition
pass medially and open into larcimal sac
Term
where is the larcimal sac located
Definition
in larcimal groove behind medial palpebral ligament
Term
what is the larcimal sac part of
Definition
upper blind end of the nasolarcimal duct
Term
where does the nasolarcimal duct begin
Definition
lower end of the larcimal sac
Term
where does the nasolarcimal duct decend to
Definition
downward in a bondy canal and opens in the inferior meatus of the nose
Term
where does the optic nerve enter the orbit
Definition
optic canal
Term
what accompanies the opric nerve in the orbit
Definition
opthalmic a
Term
what is the optic nerve surrounded by
Definition
meningeal sheaths of pia mater, arachnoid, and dura mater
Term
what does the optic nerve pierce, where
Definition
sclera and point medial to posterior pole of eyeball
Term
what occurs at the point where the optic nerve fuses with the sclera
Definition
meninges fuse
Term
what happens when there is a rise in pressure in the eyeball
Definition
CSF is contained in the subsrachnoid space around the optic nerve so pressure in the cranial cavity is transmitted to the back of the eye ball
Term
what passes through the superior orbital fissure, what does it supply
Definition
opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, supplies orbit
Term
what does the opthalmic division of the trigeminal divide into
Definition
frontal, larcimal, and nasociliary
Term
what does the frontal nerve divide into
Definition
supratrochlear and supraorbital
Term
what does the frontal nerve supply
Definition
skin of forehead and mucous membrane of frontal sinus
Term
where does the larcimal nerve pass
Definition
forward along upper border of lateral rectus muscle
Term
what is the larcimal nerve joined by
Definition
branch of the zygomaticotemporal nerve
Term
what does the zygomaticotemporal nerve do after joining the larcimal nerve
Definition
leaves to enter the larcimal gland
Term
what fibers does the zygomaticotemporal bring to the larcimal gland
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
what does the larcimal nerve supply
Definition
skin of lateral part of upper eye lid
Term
where does the oculomotor nerve enter the orbit
Definition
through lower part of the superior orbital fissure
Term
what are the divisions of the oculomotor nerve
Definition
superior and inferior
Term
what does the superior branch of the oculomotor nerve supply
Definition
superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris muscles
Term
what does the inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve supply
Definition
inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique muscles
Term
where does the nerve to the inferior oblique come from
Definition
oculomotor nerve
Term
what does the branch of the nerve to the inferior oblique supply, how does it get there, what type of fibers
Definition
ciliary ganglion which carries parasympathetic fibers to the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle
Term
where does the trochlear nerve enter the orbit
Definition
upper part of the superior orbital fissure
Term
where does the abducens nerve enter the orbit
Definition
lower part of the superior orbital fissure
Term
describe the path of the nasociliary nerve to the orbit
Definition
crosses above optic nerve, runs forward along upper margin of medial rectus muscle, divides into anterior ethmoid and infratrochlear nerves
Term
what are the branches of the nasociliary nerve
Definition
communicating branch of ciliary ganglion, long ciliary nerves, anterior ethmoidal, infratrochlear
Term
what fibers does the communicating branch of the ciliary ganglion contain
Definition
sensory
Term
what fibers do the long ciliary nerves contain
Definition
sympathetic
Term
what do the long ciliary muscles innervate
Definition
dilator pupillae muscle
Term
what do the long ciliary muscles pierce
Definition
sclera of eyeball
Term
what does the posterior ethmoidal nerve supply
Definition
ethmoidal and sphenoidal air sinuses
Term
what does the infratrochlear nerve pass
Definition
forward below the pulley of the superior oblique muscle
Term
what does the infratrochlear nerve supply
Definition
medial part of upper eye lid and adjacent part of nose
Term
describe the path of the anterior ethmoidal nerve
Definition
passes through the anterior ethmoidal foramen and enters the anterior cranial fossa, enters the nasal cavity
Term
what does the anterior ethmoidal nerve supply
Definition
mucosa of nasal cavity, nose down to tip
Term
what is a branch of the anterior anterior ethmoidal nerve
Definition
external nasal branch
Term
what does the external nasal branch of the anterior ethmoidal nerve supply
Definition
nose to tip
Term
what is the opthalmic artery a branch of
Definition
internal carotid
Term
where does the opthalmic artery enter the orbit
Definition
optic canal
Term
where does the opthalmic artery enter the eye
Definition
at the center of the optic disc
Term
what do the muscular branches of the opthalmic artery supply
Definition
extraocular muscles
Term
what do the cilliary arteries divide into
Definition
anterior and posterior groups
Term
where do the cilliary arteries anterior enter the eyeball
Definition
near the corneoscleral junction
Term
what do the posterior cilliary arteries anter the eyeball
Definition
near the optic nerve
Term
whaat does the larcimal artery supply
Definition
larcimal gland
Term
what does the superior opthalmic vein communicate with
Definition
facial vein
Term
what does the inferior opthalmic vein communicate with
Definition
inferior orbital fissure with the petrygoing venous plexus
Term
what do the opthalmic veins drain into
Definition
cavernous sinus
Term
what fibers does the ciliary ganglion have
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
how big is the ciliary ganglion
Definition
size of pin head
Term
where is the ciliary ganglion located
Definition
posterior part of orbit
Term
what does the ciliary ganglion recieve
Definition
parasympathetic fibers from the oculomotor nerve via the nerve to the inferior oblique
Term
where do postganglionic fibers from the ciliary ganglion go
Definition
short ciliary nerves which enter back of eyeball
Term
what do the short ciliary nerves innervate
Definition
sphinctor pupillae and ciliary muscle
Term
what is the best place for vision in the eye
Definition
macula densa
Term
what does contraction do to the pupil
Definition
open it
Term
what is the ciliary muscle stimulated by, what does it cause it to do
Definition
parasympathetic, contract, see up close
Term
what does elevate mean in reference to the eye
Definition
look up
Term
what does depress mean in reference to the eye
Definition
look down
Term
what are the extraocular muscles
Definition
superior oblique, medial rectus, inferior rectus, levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, lateral rectus, superior tarsus, inferior oblique
Term
what anchors most of the extraocular muscles
Definition
common tendenous ring
Term
what are the movements of the extraocular muscles
Definition
extorsion, intorsion, medial, lateral, adduction, abduction
Term
what is extorsion
Definition
looking to the outer corner (up or down)
Term
what is intorsion
Definition
looking to the inner corner (up or down0
Term
what is abduction
Definition
looking away from the nose
Term
what is adduction
Definition
looking towards the nose
Term
what muscles would cause one to look up and to their right
Definition
inferior oblique and superior rectus
Term
what muscles would cause one to look up with both eyes
Definition
superior rectus and inferior oblique
Term
what muscles would cause one to look up and to their left
Definition
superior rectus inferior oblique
Term
what muscles would cause one to look to their right
Definition
lateral and medial rectus
Term
what muscles would cause one to look to their left
Definition
lateral and medial rectus
Term
what muscles would cause one to look down and to the right
Definition
superior oblique, inferior rectus,
Term
what muscles would cause one to look down
Definition
superior oblique, inferior rectus
Term
what muscles would cause one to look down and to the left
Definition
superior oblique, inferior rectus,
Term
what is theposterior and superior boundry of the temporal fossa
Definition
temporal lines
Term
what is the anterior boundry of the temporal fossa
Definition
frontal and zygomatic bones
Term
what is the lateral boundry of the temporal fossa
Definition
zygomatic arch
Term
what is the boundry of the temporal fossa
Definition
infratemporal crest of the spenoid
Term
what is forms the floor of the infratemporal fossa
Definition
frontal, temporal, sphenoid
Term
what are the contents of the temporal fossa
Definition
temporalis muscle and fascia, deep temporal nerves and vessels, superificial temporal vessels, auticouotemporal nerve
Term
what is the anterior boundry of the infratemporal fosssa
Definition
posterior aspect of the maxilla
Term
what is the medial boundry of the infratemporal fosssa
Definition
lateral petrygoig plate
Term
what is the lateral boundry of the infratemporal fosssa
Definition
ramus of the mandible
Term
what is the superior boundry of the infratemporal fosssa
Definition
inferior surface of the greater wing of sphenoid
Term
what is the posterior boundry of the infratemporal fosssa
Definition
tympanic plate and mastoid and styloid process of the temporal bone
Term
what is the inferior boundry of the infratemporal fosssa
Definition
site of attachment of the medial petrygoid to the mandible near its angle
Term
what type of joint is the temporomandibular joint
Definition
synovial, modified hinge
Term
what are the articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint
Definition
mandibular condyle, mandibular fossa and atricular tubercle of the temporal bone
Term
what is the articular disc made of
Definition
fibrocartilage
Term
what does the articular disc do
Definition
divedes joint compartments of the temporomandibular joint into superior and inferior
Term
what is the function of the superior joint compartment of the temporomandibular joint
Definition
gliding movements of protrusion and retrusion
Term
what is the function of the inferior joint compartment of the temporomandibular joint
Definition
hinge movements of depression and elevation
Term
what does the articular disc attach, on what side
Definition
peripherally attached to joint capsule, anteromedially attaches tendon of lateral patrygoig
Term
what does the articular capsule connect to, on what side
Definition
superior to the articular tubercle and margins of th emandibular fossa, inferior to the neck of mandible
Term
what lines the joint capsule, in what location
Definition
synovial membrane above and below the articular disc, but does not cover it
Term
what are the temporomandibular joint ligaments
Definition
temporomandibular ligament (lateral ligament), stylomandibular ligament, sphenomandibular ligament
Term
what are the muscles of mastication
Definition
temporalis, masseter, medial petrygoid, lateral pateygoid
Term
what are the muscles of mastication innervated by
Definition
V3
Term
what is the origin of the temporalis
Definition
inferior temporal line, temporal fossa, temporalis fascia
Term
what is the insertion of the temporalis
Definition
coronoid process and anterior surface of the ramus of the mandible
Term
what is the innervation of the temporalis
Definition
anterior to posterior deep temporal nerves
Term
what are the actions of the temporalis
Definition
elevation of mandible, retrusion of mandible, right and left lateral movements
Term
what is the origin of the masseter
Definition
inferior border and medial surface of the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch
Term
what is the insertion of the masseter
Definition
angle and lateral surface of the mandible
Term
what is the innervation of the masseter
Definition
masseteric nerve
Term
what are the actions of the masseter
Definition
elevation of mandible, retrusion of mandible, right and left lateral movements, protrusion of the mandible
Term
what is the origin of the superior head of the lateral petrygoid
Definition
infratemporal surface of the greater wing
Term
what is the origin of the inferior head of the lateral petrygoid
Definition
lateral surface of the lateral petrygoid plate
Term
what is the insertion of the lateral pateygoid
Definition
mostly the petrygoid fovea on the anterior surface of th eneck of the mandible. some from the superior head on the joint capsule and articular disc of temporomandibular joint
Term
what is the innervation of the lateral pateygoid
Definition
lateral pateygoid nerves
Term
what are the actions of the lateral petrygoid
Definition
protrusion of the mandible, depression of the mandible, right and left lateral chewing and grinding
Term
what is the origin of the medial petrygoid deep head
Definition
medial surface of the lateral pateygoid plate
Term
what is the origin of the medial pateygoid superificial head
Definition
tuberosity of the maxilla
Term
what is the insertion of the medial paetrygoid
Definition
medial surface of the angle of the mandible
Term
what are the actions of the lateral petrygoid
Definition
elevate mandible, protrude mandible, right and left lateral chewing and grinding
Term
what communicates with the infratemporal fossa
Definition
temporal fossa, orbit, middle cranial fossa, petrygopalatine fossa
Term
how does the temporal fossa communicate with the infratemporal fossa
Definition
space between zygomatic arch and cranial wall
Term
how does the orbit communicate with the infratemporal fossa
Definition
inferior orbital fissure
Term
how does the middle cranial fossa communicate with the infratemporal fossa
Definition
through foramen ovale and foramen spinosum
Term
how does the pterygopalatine fossa communicate with the infratemporal fossa
Definition
via pterygomaxillary fissure
Term
what are the contents of the infratemporal cossa
Definition
medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, mandibular division of v (V3), otic ganglion, chorda typani, maxillary artery and its branches, maxillary vein and pterygoid venous plexus
Term
what does the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve consist of
Definition
sensory and some motor
Term
describe the path of the mandibular division of the trigemnial nerve
Definition
exits middle cranial fossa via foramen ovale, enters infratemporal fossa, divides into anterior and posterior
Term
where do branches come off of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
Definition
main trunk, anterior and posterior divisions
Term
what are the branches of the main trunk of V3
Definition
nerve to medial pterygoid, meningeal branch
Term
what does the nerve to the medial petrygoid supply
Definition
medial pterygoid and gives small branch to tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini
Term
what is another name for the meningeal branch of V3
Definition
nervus spinosus, recurrant branch of V3 to dura mater
Term
where does the meningeal branch of V3 enter the middle crainial fossa
Definition
foramen spinosum
Term
what does the meningeal branch of V3 innervate
Definition
dura mater of middle crainial fossa
Term
what are the anterior branches of V3
Definition
nerve to masseter, nerve to lateral petrygoid, deep temporal nerve, buccal nerve
Term
what does the nerve to the masseter of V3 innervate
Definition
masseter, some sensory to anterior aspect of TMJ
Term
what does the nerve to the lateral patrygoid innervate
Definition
pterygoid
Term
what do the deep temporal nerves branch into
Definition
anterior and posterior branches, sometimes a middle
Term
what does the buccal nerve innervate, what fibers
Definition
sensory to the skin and mucosa of the cheek
Term
what are the posterior branches of V3
Definition
autoculotemporal nerve, inferior aveolar, nerve to mylohyoid, lingual nerve
Term
describe the location of the auriculotemporal nerve
Definition
two roots encircle the middle meningeal artery and reuinte posterior to the artery
Term
what does the auriculotemporal nerve supply
Definition
sensory innervation to auricle, external audutory meatus, tympanic membrane, tempromandibular joint, scalp
Term
what fibers does the inferior aveolar have
Definition
sensory and motor
Term
what does the inferior aveolar nerve first enter
Definition
mandible
Term
what does the inferior aveolar nerve supply when it enters the mandible
Definition
mandibular teeth
Term
where does the inferior aveolar nerve go after the mandible
Definition
exits at mental foramen, provides sensory to skin and mucosa of lower lip and chin
Term
what is the final branch of the inferior aveolar nerve, where is it
Definition
before it enters the mandibular foramen, it gives off the nerve to mylohyoid
Term
what fibers does the nerve to the mylohoyid contain
Definition
motor
Term
what does the nerve to mylohyoid innervate
Definition
mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric
Term
what does the lingual nerve supply
Definition
sensory infor to anterior 2/3 of tounge and mucosa floor of mouth
Term
what joins the lingual nerve, where
Definition
high in the infratemporal fossa by chorda tympani
Term
what type of ganglion is the otic ganglion
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
where is the oric ganglion located
Definition
inferior to foramen ovale and medial to V3
Term
what nerves come out of oric ganglion
Definition
tympanic branch, lesser petrosal, part of auriculotemporal
Term
what does the tympanic branch form
Definition
tympanic plexus
Term
what does the tympanic plexus supply
Definition
mucosa of tympanic cavity
Term
what type of fibers leave the tympanic plexus, as what nerve
Definition
preganglionic parasympathetic, lesser petrosal
Term
where does the lesser petrosal nerve synapse
Definition
otic ganglion
Term
what do the postganglionic fibers of the oric ganglion formm
Definition
parrt of auriculotemporal nerve
Term
where does the chorda tympani originate
Definition
cn VII in facial canal just above stylomastoid foramen
Term
describe the path of the chorda tympani after its origin
Definition
enters tympanic cavity and courses across medial side of tympanic membrane, exits temporal bone via petrotympanic fissure, enters infratemporal fossa to join lingual nervve
Term
what fibers does the chorda tympani contain
Definition
sensory or taste, preganglionic fibers, postganglionic fibers
Term
what does the chorda tympani innervate
Definition
anterior 2/3 of tounge
Term
where do the preganglionic fibers of the chorda tympani synapse
Definition
submandibular ganglion
Term
what do the post ganglionic fibers of the chorda tympani innervate
Definition
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Term
what are the parts of the maxillary artery
Definition
1. mandibular
2. petrygoid
3. petrygopalatine
Term
where is the mandibular part of maxillary artery located
Definition
between neck of mandible and sphenomandibular ligament
Term
what accompanies the mandibular part of maxillary artery
Definition
autoculotemporal nerve, maxillary vein
Term
what are the branches of the maxillary artery
Definition
deep auricular, anterior tympanic, middle meningeal, accessory meningeal, inferior aveolar
Term
what does the deep auricular artery supply
Definition
external auditory meatus and outer tympanic membrane
Term
what is the path of the anterior tympanic artery
Definition
passes through petrotympanic fissure with chorda tympani to sypply mucosa of the tympanic cavity
Term
what is the path of the middle meningeal artery
Definition
passes between roots of auriculotemporal nerve, through foramen spinosum, to middle cranial foss
Term
what does the middle meningela artery supply
Definition
dura mater and skull
Term
what is the path of the accessory meningeal artery
Definition
passes through foramen ovale
Term
what does the accessory meningeal artery supply
Definition
trigeminal ganglion and adjacent dura mater
Term
what is the inferior aveolar artery accompanied by, where
Definition
inferior aveolar nerve in mandibular canal
Term
describe the path of the inferior aveolar artery
Definition
mandibular calal, exits via mental foramen with mental nerve, gives off artery to mylohyoid
Term
where does the inferior aveolar artery give off its branch
Definition
right before entering the mandibular foramen
Term
where is the pterygoid part of the maxillary artery
Definition
passes anterior and superior in the infratemporal fossa
Term
what are the branches of the petrygoid part of maxillary artery
Definition
masseteric artery, anterior and posterior deep temporal arteries, petrygoid arteries, buccal artery
Term
what do the branches of the petrygoid part of the maxillary artery supply
Definition
branches of V3
Term
what does the massetetic artery supply
Definition
masseter
Term
what does the anterior and posterior deep temporal arteries supply
Definition
temporals muscle
Term
what do the petrygoid arteries supply
Definition
medial and lateral patrygoids
Term
what does the buccal artery supply
Definition
buccinator, skin of cheek, mucosa of oral cavity
Term
where is the petrygoid venous plexus
Definition
network of veins between temporalis and petrygoid muscles
Term
what veins drain into the petrygoid venous plexus
Definition
most of the branches of the mexillary artery
Term
what does the petrygoid venous plexus communicate with
Definition
cavernous sinus, inferior opthalmic vein, facial vein via deep facial vein
Term
how does the petrygoid venous plexus communicate with the cavernus sinus
Definition
small veins passing through foramen ovale, foramen lacreum, and sometimes sphenoidal emissary foramen
Term
what is beneath the petryon
Definition
middle meningeal artery
Term
what forms the floor of the temporal fossa
Definition
petryon
Term
where is the stylomandibular ligament located
Definition
angle of mandible to styloid process
Term
where is the sphenomandibular ligament located
Definition
lingula to spine of sphenoid
Term
where is the infratemporal fossa in relation to the temporal
Definition
below
Term
where is the pterigomaxillary fissure
Definition
edge of mandible
Term
what are the parts of the TMJ, which is more anterior
Definition
fibrous capsule and lateral ligament (anterior)
Term
what does the TMJ connect
Definition
temporal bone to mandible
Term
what is the deep temporal nerve a branch of
Definition
V3
Term
what is the masseteric nerve a branch of
Definition
V3
Term
what are the parasympathetic ganglia of the head
Definition
ciliary, otic, submandibular, petrogopalatine
Term
does everyone have an accessory meningeal nerve
Definition
no
Term
where is the pterygopalatine fossa in relation to the infratemporal fossa
Definition
medial
Term
what is the anterior border of the pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
posterior surface of the maxilla
Term
what is the posterior border of the pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
pterygoid process
Term
what is the superior border of the pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
greater wing of sphenoid
Term
what is the medial border of the pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
perpendicular plate of palatine bone
Term
in regards to the openings, what forms the lateral wall of the pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
pterygomaxillary fissure
Term
in regards to the openings, what forms the medial wall of the pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
sphenopalatine foramen
Term
in regards to the openings, what forms the anteroir wall of the pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
inferior orbital fissure
Term
in regards to the openings, what forms the posterior wall of the pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
pterygoid canal
Term
in regards to the openings, what forms the ceiling of the pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
foramen rotundum
Term
in regards to the openings, what forms the floor of the pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
just a passage to the greater and lesser palatine canals
Term
what passes through the pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
V2 with a ganglion hanging from it
Term
what type of ganglion is the pterygopalatine ganglion
Definition
parasympathetic
Term
where is the pterygopalatine galgnion located
Definition
pterygopalatine fossa
Term
what goes through the pterygopalatine ganglion
Definition
sensory from V2, preganglionic parasympathetic from greater petrosal, postganglionic sympathetic from deep petrosal
Term
what is the greater petrosal nerve a branch od
Definition
VII
Term
what type of fibers does the greater petrosal nerve contain
Definition
preganglionic parasympathetic
Term
what does the greater petrosal nerve join, what does this form
Definition
deep petrosal, nerve of pterygoid canal
Term
what type of fibers does the deep petrodal nerve have
Definition
postganglionic sympathetic
Term
where do the fibers of the deep petrosal nerve come from
Definition
superior cervical ganglion
Term
where does the nerve of the pterygoid canal terminate
Definition
pterygopalatine ganglion
Term
where do the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the nerve of the pterygoid synapse
Definition
pterygopalatine ganglion
Term
where do the post ganglionic fibers of the nerve of the pterygoid synapse
Definition
the organ, not in the pterygopalatine ganglion
Term
what are the branches from the pterygopalatine ganglion
Definition
greater palatine, lesser palatine, nasopalatine, posterolateral branches, pharyngeal nerve, maxillary (V2) nerve
Term
what does the maxillary nerve go through to get to the foramen rotundum
Definition
middle cranial fossa
Term
what type of fibers does the maxillary nerve have
Definition
sensory
Term
where does the maxillary nerve travel in the pterygopalatine fossa
Definition
in the upper part
Term
where does the maxillary nerve enter the orbit
Definition
through the inferior orbital fissure
Term
once the maxillary nerve goes through the inferior orbital fissure, what its its name
Definition
infraorbital nerve
Term
what are the branches of the maxillary nerve
Definition
intercranial, ganglionic, zygomatic, zygomaticotemporal, posterior superior aveolar, middle superior alveolar, anterior superior alveolar
Term
what does the intercranal branch of V2 innervate, where
Definition
indura mater in the middle crainial fossa
Term
what do the ganglionic branches of V2 connect
Definition
V@ with the pterygopalatine ganglion
Term
what type of fibers does the ganglionic branch of V2 contain
Definition
sensory and some postganglionic parasympathetic
Term
what does the zygomatic nerve divide into
Definition
zygomatotemporal and zygomaticofacial
Term
what does the zygomatic nerve supply
Definition
skin of temporal region and cheek
Term
what type of fibers does the zygomaticotemporal nerve contrain
Definition
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Term
where do the parasympathetic fibers of the zygomaticotemporal nerve go
Definition
larcimal gland
Term
what does the posterior superior alveolar nerve supply
Definition
maxillary molar teeth and mucosa od maxillary sinus
Term
what does the middle superior aveolar nerve supply
Definition
premolars and mucosa of the maxillary sinus
Term
what does the anterior superior aveolar nerve supply
Definition
maxillary incusors and canine teeth and mucosa of maxillary sinus
Term
what do branches of the third part of the maxillary artery follow
Definition
V2 and pterygopalatine ganglion
Term
describe the path of the third part of the maxillary artery
Definition
leaves at infratemporal fossa and enters pterygopalatine fossa through pterygomaxillary fissure
Term
what is the third part of the maxillary artery called
Definition
pterygopalatine part
Term
what are the branches of the pterygopalatine part of the maxillary artery
Definition
posterior superior alveolar, infraorbital, descending palatine, pharyngeal, artery of the pterygoid canal, sphenopalatine,
Term
what does the posterior superior alveolar artery supply
Definition
maxillary molar and premolar teeth, mucosa of the maxillary sinus
Term
what does the infraorbital artery accompany
Definition
infraorbital nerve
Term
what are the branches of the infraorbital artery
Definition
superior alveolar, terminal branches
Term
wha does the anterior superior alveolar artery supply
Definition
maxillary incusor, canine teeth, mucosa of maxillary sinus
Term
what do the terminal branches of the infraorbital artery supply
Definition
structures on the face
Term
what does the descending palatine artery divide into
Definition
greater and lesser palatine arteries
Term
what do the branches of the descending palatine artery supply
Definition
hard and soft palate
Term
describe the path of the pharyngeal artery
Definition
passes through palatovaginal canal with the pterygopalatine ganglioon branch
Term
what does the pharyngeal artery supply
Definition
mucosa of the nasopharynx and sphenoid sinus
Term
what does the artery of the pterygoid canal supply
Definition
walls and contents of the pterygoid canal and mucosa of the nasopharynx, auditory tube, tympanic cavity
Term
where does the sphenopalatine artery enter the nasal cavity
Definition
sphenopalatine foramen
Term
what are the branches of the sphenopalatine artery
Definition
pesterolateral nasal, posterior septal branches
Term
what does the posterolateral nasal branch supply
Definition
posterior part of the lateral wall of nasal cavity
Term
what do the posterior septal branches of the sphenopalatine artery supply
Definition
mucosa of the posterior part of the nasal septum
Term
where is the root of the nose
Definition
the upper end
Term
where is the apex of the nose
Definition
the free tip
Term
where is the dorsum located
Definition
from root to apex of the nose in the midline
Term
what are the two inferior aperatures of the nose called
Definition
nares / nostrils
Term
what limits the nostrils on each side
Definition
ala of the nose
Term
what is the supporting framework of the nose composed of
Definition
bone and hayline cartilage
Term
where is bone located in the nose
Definition
upper part
Term
what are the bones of the nose
Definition
nasal bones and frontal processes of the maxilla
Term
where is cartilage located in the nost
Definition
lower part
Term
what are the cartilages of the nose
Definition
septum and two major alar
Term
how are the cartilages of the bone connected to the body
Definition
they are connected to eachother and to bones by fibrous tissue
Term
what does the septal cartilage form
Definition
anterior part of nasal septum
Term
what are the parts of the septum
Definition
two lateral processes, triangular in shape
Term
where is the septal cartilage located in relation to the nasal bone
Definition
below inferior border
Term
what shape are the major alar cartilages
Definition
U
Term
what do the major alar cartilages form
Definition
lateral and medial borders of nostrils (lateral and medial cura)
Term
what are the walls of the nasal cavity made of
Definition
bone, cartilage, mucous layer
Term
what are the parts of the nasal cavity
Definition
floor, roof, two lateral walls, midline partition
Term
what is the midline partition of the nasal cavity called, what does it form
Definition
nasal septum, right and left nasal cavity
Term
what does the nasal cavity communicate with posteriorly
Definition
pharynx (nasopharynx)
Term
what are the posterior nasal aperatures called
Definition
choanae
Term
where is the vestibule of the nost located
Definition
immediatly above the nares
Term
what is the vestibule of the nose lined with
Definition
skin and stiff hairs
Term
what are the functions of the nasal cavity
Definition
olfaction, conditioning of inspired air, reception of recretions from paranasal air sinuses and nasolarcimal duct
Term
how does the nasal cavity condition air
Definition
filters, humidifies, warms
Term
what is superior to the nasal cavity
Definition
anterior crainial fossa
Term
what seperates the nasal cavity from the anterior cranial fossa
Definition
cribiform plate
Term
what is lateral to the upper nasal cavity
Definition
ethmoidal air cells and orbit
Term
what is lateral to the lower nasal cavity
Definition
maxillary air sinus
Term
what is inferior to the nasal cavity
Definition
oral cavity
Term
what seperates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
Definition
hard palate
Term
what is posterior to the nasal cavity
Definition
nasopharynx
Term
what forms the floor of the nasal cavity
Definition
hard palate, palatine process of maxilla, horizontal plates of palatine bones
Term
what forms the roof of the nasal cavity (anterior to posterior)
Definition
nasal bone, nasal spine of frontal bone, cribiform plate of ethmoid, inferior and anterior aspects of body of sphenoid
Term
what forms the nasal septum
Definition
perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer, a little from the sphenoid, maxilla, palatine
Term
what bone does the superior nasal concha come from
Definition
ethmoid
Term
what bone does the middle concha come from
Definition
ethmoid
Term
what bone does the inferior chocha come from
Definition
its own seperate bone
Term
what is between the conchae
Definition
meatuses
Term
what are the nasal meatuses
Definition
superior middle and inferior
Term
what is the sphenoethmoidal recess
Definition
part of nasal cavity behind superior nasal concha
Term
what is in the superior meatus, where are they located
Definition
posterior ethmoidal air cells on lateral wall
Term
what is in the middle meatus
Definition
ethmoidal bulla, semilunar hiatus, ostium of maxillary sinus, infundibulum
Term
where is the ethmoid bulla located
Definition
elevation in lateral wall of middle meatus
Term
what creates the ethmoidal bulla
Definition
openings of middle ethmoidal air cells
Term
where is the semilunar hiatus located
Definition
anterior and inferior to the ethmoidal bulla
Term
where is the ostium of the maxillary sinus located
Definition
lower semilunar hiatus
Term
what does the infundibulum recieve
Definition
openings of anterior ethmoidal air cells, sometimes frontal sinus. sometimes there is a superior blind end and frontal sinus opens into anterior middle nasal meatus
Term
what is in the inferior nasal meatus, where
Definition
opening of nasolarcimal duct, anterior part of lateral wall
Term
what is in the sphenoethmoidal recess
Definition
opening to sphenoidal sinus
Term
where is the nasal mucosa located
Definition
entire nasal cavity except vestibule
Term
how is the nasal mucosa bound
Definition
periosteum and perichondrium of suppoering structures
Term
what is the nasal mucosa continouos with
Definition
mucosal lining of nasopharynx, paranasal air sinuses, nasolacrimal fuct
Term
what are the types of nasal mucosa
Definition
olfactory, respiratory
Term
where is the olfactory mucosa located
Definition
highest part of the roof and adjacent part of septum and lateral wall
Term
what does olfactory mucosa contain
Definition
olfactory receptor cells
Term
what kind of cells does respiratory mucosa have
Definition
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Term
where does the sensory supply for the nose come from
Definition
branches of the opthalmic and maxillary nerves
Term
what sensory nerves supply the nose
Definition
anterior ethmoidal, nasal branch of infraorbital, nasal branch of anterior superior aveolar, posterolateral nasal branches, nasopalatine
Term
what is the anterior ethmoidal nerve a branch of
Definition
nasociliary nerve from opthalmic
Term
describe the path of the anterior ethmoidal nerve to the nose
Definition
passes from orbit to anterior ethmoidal foramen, to anterior crainial fossa, to cribiform plate, crista galli slit to nasal cavity, divides into internal and external
Term
what does the internal anterior ethmoidal nerve innervate
Definition
mucosa of anterior part of septum and lateral wall
Term
what does the external anterior ethmoidal nerve innervate
Definition
skin of lower part of nose
Term
what does the nasal branch the infraorbital nerve supply
Definition
skin of vestibule
Term
what does the nasal branch of the anterior superior alveolar nerve supply
Definition
mucosa of anterior part of inferior meatus
Term
what do the posterolateral nasal branches supply
Definition
mucosa of posterior lateral wall
Term
where do the petrolateral nasal branches come from
Definition
petrygopalatine ganglion or greater palatine nerve
Term
what does the nasopalatine nerve supply
Definition
mucosa of the posterior part of the nasal septum
Term
what are the bipolar neruons of the mucosa called
Definition
olfactory receptor cells
Term
where are olfactory receptor cells located
Definition
olfactory mucosa
Term
what forms the dendrite of the olfactory receptor cells
Definition
peripherial processes, nonmotile cilia
Term
what forms the axons of olfactory receptor cells, where are they located, where do they end
Definition
central processes, pas through cribiform plate end in olfactory bulb
Term
what are the major arteries that supply the nose
Definition
sphenopalatine, atherior ethmoidal
Term
where does the sphenopalatine artery come from
Definition
terminal branch of maxillary a
Term
what does the sphenopalatine artery supply
Definition
posterior parts of lateral wall and septum
Term
what does the anterior ethmoidal artery supply
Definition
anterior part of lateral wall of septum
Term
where does the anterior ethmoidal artery come from
Definition
opthalmic
Term
what are the minor sources of blood for the nasal cavity
Definition
posterior ethmoidal, superior labial, greater palatine
Term
where does the superior labial artery come from
Definition
facial a
Term
where is the kiesselbach's area
Definition
anterior septal cartilage
Term
what occurs at kiesselbach's area
Definition
septal branches of sphenopalatine, greater palatine, anterior ethmoidal, and superior labial arteries anastomose with eachother
Term
what is epistaxis, where does is commonly occur
Definition
nosebleed. kiesselbach's triangle
Term
describe the veins of the nose
Definition
rich submucosa
Term
where do the veins of the nose drain
Definition
pterygoid venous plexus via sphenopalatine vein, facial vein, supterior opthelmic vein via anterior and posterior ethmoidal v
Term
where are the paranasal sinuses located
Definition
frontal, maxilla, ethmoid, sphenoid bones
Term
what are paranasal sinuses lined with
Definition
mucous membrane continous with nasal cavity
Term
how do paranasal sinuses develop
Definition
a invaginations of the nasal mucosa. mucosa invades bones surrounding nasal cavity with sencondary bone resorption around invading mucosal sacs, at birth they are rudimentary but they groud during childhood and a lot in adolescence and reach max size as an adult
Term
what are the fuctions of the paranasal sinuses
Definition
resonating chambers for voice, lighten skull bones
Term
what is the largest paranasal air sinus
Definition
maxillary
Term
where is the apex of the maxillary sinus located
Definition
laterallu, toward zygomatic bone
Term
where is the base of the maxillary sinus located
Definition
medially, toward nasal cavity
Term
what is superior to the maxillary sinus
Definition
orbit and its contents, infraorbital canal runs along superior wall making a bony ridge
Term
what is medial to the maxillary sinus
Definition
nasal cavity, maxillary ostium located high in medial wall
Term
why does the maxillary sinus have poor drainage when erect
Definition
because the opening is high on the medial wall
Term
what is inferior to the maxillary sinus
Definition
aveolar processes, mostly molar roots rather than incisor
Term
what does the maxillary sinus communicate with
Definition
middle nasal meatus, opening in the lower part of the semilunr hiatus
Term
what nerve supplies the maxillary sinus
Definition
superior alveolar nerves from V2
Term
what supplies blood to the maxillary air sinus
Definition
superior alveolar arteries branches of the maxillary and infraorbital
Term
what is the frontal sinus posterior to
Definition
superciliary arches
Term
what shape are the frontal sinuses usually
Definition
non-symmeterical
Term
where does the frontal sinus extend to
Definition
superior into frontal squama and posterior into orbital plates (roof of orbit)
Term
where does the frontal sinus open
Definition
middle nasal meatus
Term
what nerve supplies the frontal sinus
Definition
supraorbital, branch of the frontal from V1
Term
what supplies blood to the frontal sinus
Definition
supraorbital branch of the the opthamic
Term
where are the ethmoidal air cells located
Definition
ethmoidal labyrinths
Term
how may ethmoidal air cells do we have
Definition
3-18
Term
where do the ethmoidal air cells open
Definition
anterior into infundibulum of middlle nasal meatus, anterior into ethmoidal bulla of middle nasal meatus, posterior into superior nasal meatus
Term
what nerve supplies the ethmoidal air cells
Definition
anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves branches of nasociliary from V1
Term
what supplies blood to the ethmoidal air cells
Definition
anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries (branches of the opthalmic)
Term
what is the sphenoidal sinus posterior to
Definition
upper part of nasal cavity
Term
what is superior to the sphenoidal sinus
Definition
pituitary gland and optic chiasm
Term
what is lateral to the sphenoid sinus
Definition
cavernous sinus and internal carotid a
Term
are the sphenoid sinuses symetrical?
Definition
not usually
Term
where does the sphenoid sinus open
Definition
into sphenoethmoidal recess
Term
what nerves supply the sphenoid sinus
Definition
posterior ethmoidal nerve , pharyngeal nerve
Term
where does the pharyngeal nerve come from
Definition
pterygopalatine ganglion
Term
what type of fibers does the pharyngeal nerve have, where from
Definition
sensory from V2
Term
what supplies blood to the sphenoidal sinuses
Definition
posterior ethmoidal a, pharyngeal branch of maxillary a
Term
what is the common chamber of the digestive and respiratory system
Definition
pharynx
Term
what does the pharynx extend to and from
Definition
base of skull to inferior border of the cricoid cartilage and the lower body of C6
Term
what does the pharynx become continous with
Definition
esophagus
Term
describe the three walls of the pharynx in general
Definition
lateral and posterior are complete, anterior is incomplete
Term
what does the anterior pharynx communicate with
Definition
nasal cavity, oral cavity, larynx
Term
what are the pards of the pharynx
Definition
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Term
what is another name for the laryngopharynx
Definition
hypopharyngx
Term
what function does the nasopharynx play
Definition
resporatory
Term
what are the borders of the nasopharynx
Definition
base of skull to soft palate
Term
what does the nasopharynx communicate with, with what?
Definition
nasal cavity via choanae or posterior nasal aperatures
Term
what is in the nasopharynx
Definition
pharyngeal tonsil, pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube, salpingopharyngeal fold, torus levatorius, tubal tonsil
Term
where is the pharyngeal tonsil located
Definition
roof of nasopharynx
Term
where is the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube located
Definition
lateral wall of nasopharynx
Term
what is the torus tubarius
Definition
the medial end of cartilage of the auditory tube that elevates mucosa of nasopharynx
Term
were does the salpingopharyngeal fold extend from
Definition
downward from the posterior limb of torus tubaris
Term
where does the salpingopharyngeal fold end
Definition
pharyngeal wall
Term
what does the salpingopharyngeal fold cover
Definition
salpingopharyngeus muscle
Term
where is the torus levatorius located
Definition
inferior to pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube
Term
what causes the torus levatorius
Definition
levator veli palatini
Term
where is the tubal tonsil
Definition
around pharyngeal opening of the autidoty tube
Term
what does the oropharynx extend to and from
Definition
soft palate to superior border of epiglottis
Term
what communicates with the oropharynx, through what
Definition
oral cavity through oropharyngeal isthmus
Term
where is the palatine tonsil located
Definition
lateral between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches in tonsillar fossa
Term
what do the glossoepiglottic folds connect
Definition
anterior surface of the epiglottis to the root of the tounge
Term
how many glossoepiglottic folds are there
Definition
3 (1 medial and 2 lateral)
Term
what and where are the apitlottic valleculae
Definition
2 depressions between epiglottis and root of tounge on either side of the medial glossoepiglotic folds
Term
what is another name for the pharyngeal lymphoid ring
Definition
waldeyer's ring
Term
where is the pharyngeal lymphoid ring loacted
Definition
enterance to pharynx from nasal and oral cavities
Term
what are the parts of waldeyer's ring
Definition
pharyngeal, tubal, lingual, and palatine tonsils
Term
what does the laryngopharynx extend to and from
Definition
from superior border of epiglottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage where pharynx becomes continous with esophagus
Term
where is the laryngopharynx located by
Definition
posterior to laryngeal inlet and posterior wall of larynx
Term
where is the piriform fossa located
Definition
depression located inferolateral to laryngeal inlet and medial to lamina of thyroid cartilage
Term
what does the pririform fossa have in it, where
Definition
internal laryngeal nerve and superior laryngeal vessels, under mucosa
Term
what are the layers of the pharyngeal wall
Definition
mucosa, submucosa, muscular coat, buccopharyngeal fascia
Term
where is the pharyngobasilar fascia
Definition
`in the upper part of the larynx
Term
what is unique about the submucosa of the pharyngobasilar fascia
Definition
it is fibrous like the rest of it but is especially strong here
Term
what does the submucosa of the pharynx attach to
Definition
base of skull
Term
what surface of the pharynx does the buccopharyngeal fascia cover, what is it continous with
Definition
external surface, fascia covering external surface of buccinator and with visceral part of pretracheal layer of deep cervical fasci
Term
what is the pharyng seperated from the vertebral column and anterior vertebral muscles by
Definition
fasica and loose CT of retropharyngeal space
Term
what is the function of the retropharyngeal space
Definition
allow elevation and depression of pharynx during swallowing
Term
what are the constrictor muscles of the pharynx
Definition
superior middle and inferior
Term
what is the external muscular layer of the pharynx
Definition
constrictor muscles
Term
how are the constrictor muscles arranged
Definition
like a stack of glasses, superior is partially over middle, middle is slightly over inferior
Term
what are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx
Definition
stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingpharyngeus
Term
what is the origin of the superior constrictor
Definition
lower part of posterior border of the medial pterygoid plate, pterygoig hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe, posterior part of mylohyoid line, lateral aspect of root of tounge
Term
what is the insertion of the superior constrictor
Definition
pharyngeal raphe, pharyngeal tubercle of occipital bone on top
Term
what part of the superior constructor reaches the base of the skull, why
Definition
only in posterior midline, there is a non muscular area between superior constrictor and base of skull which pharyngeal wall is composed of largley pharyngobasilar fascia
Term
what is the origin of the middle constrictor
Definition
greater horn and lesser horn of hyoid and stylohyoid ligament
Term
what is the insertion of the middle constrictor
Definition
pharyngeal raphe
Term
in what way do the fibers of the middle constrictor rin
Definition
posterior and medial
Term
what is the origin of the inferior constrictor
Definition
oblique line of thyroid cartilage, lateral aspect of cricoid cartilage, tendinous arch between thyroid and cricoid cartilages
Term
what is the insertion of the inferior constrictor
Definition
pharyngeal raphe
Term
what is the direction of the fibers of the inferior constrictor
Definition
posterior and medial
Term
what are the lower fibers of the inferior constrictor called
Definition
cricopharyngeus muscle
Term
where does the cricopharyngeus muscle originate
Definition
cricoid cartilage
Term
what is the function of the cricopharyngeus muscle
Definition
sphinctor at enterance of esophagus preventing air from entering digestive tract
Term
what is the origin of the stylopharyngeus muscle
Definition
styloid process
Term
what is the insertion of the stylopharyngeus muscle
Definition
pharyngeal wall passing between superior and middle constrictors to posterior border of thyroig cartilage, and palatopharyngeus in pharyngeal wall
Term
what is the origin of the salpingopharyngeus
Definition
cartilage of autitory tube neat tubes pharyngeal opening
Term
what is the insertion of the salpingopharyngeus
Definition
fibers descend and bend with thos of palatopharyngeus
Term
how do structures leave and enter pharynx
Definition
gap between constrictor muscles
Term
what passes through superior constrictor and base of skull
Definition
pharyngotympanic tube, levator veli palatini, ascending palatine a
Term
what passes between superior and middle constrictors
Definition
stylopharyngeus m, glossopharyngeal n
Term
what passes through middle and inferior constrictors
Definition
inernal laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal a and v
Term
what passes inferior to the inferior constrictor
Definition
recurrent laryngeal nerve and inferior laryngeal a and v
Term
what forms the pharyngeal plexus
Definition
branches of glossopharyngeal n, vagus n, superior sympathetic ganglion
Term
what are the fiber types and from what in the pharyngeal plexus
Definition
glossopharyngeal sensory, vagal motor, sympathetic vasomotor
Term
what supplies motor innervation to the muscles of the pharynx
Definition
vagus except for stylopharyngeus muscle
Term
what innervates the stylopharyngeus m
Definition
glossopharyngeal n
Term
what do the inferior constrictors recieve innervation from
Definition
mostly vagus, some external laryngeal
Term
what is the main sorce of sensory supply to the pharyngeal mucosa
Definition
glossopharyngeal
Term
what does the maxally nerve supply in the pharynx, via what
Definition
mucosa of upper nasopharynx via pharyngeal branch of pterygopalatine ganglion), upper tonsillar fossa and palatine fossa (via lesser palatine granch of pterygopalatine ganglion
Term
what supplies the mucosa around laryngeal inlet
Definition
vagus
Term
what arteries supply the pharynx
Definition
ascending pharyngeal. ascending palatine and tonsillar, decending palatine and pharyngeal, dorsal lungual branches, superior thyroid
Term
what are the decending palatine and pharyngeal branches of
Definition
maxillary a
Term
what are the ascending palatine and tonsillar branches of
Definition
facial a
Term
what are the dorsal lingual branches of
Definition
lingual
Term
what veins drain the pharynx
Definition
plexus drains into pterygoid venous plexus and facial vein and internal jugular
Term
what are the involuntary stages of deglutition
Definition
2-4
Term
what are the voluntary stages of deglutition
Definition
1
Term
what occurs in phase 1 of deglutition
Definition
bolus is pressed between dorsum of tounge and hard palate, tounge pushes bolus posterior into oropharynx
Term
what occurs in phase 2 of deglutition
Definition
soft palate elevates sealing oropharynx from nasopharynx, stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, and suprahyoid muscles elevate pharynx and larynx and recieve bolus, laryngeal inlet is closed
Term
what prevents food from getting into nasal cavity
Definition
soft palate elevates to seal oropharynx from nasopharynx
Term
what prevents food from getting into the larynx
Definition
laryngeal inlet closes
Term
what occurs in phase 3 of deglitition
Definition
constrictor muscles contract sequentially from superior to inferior to push bolus into esophagus
Term
what occurs in phase 4 of deglutition
Definition
bolus enters esophagus and is propelled down by peristaltic action
Term
what does the oral region include
Definition
oral cavity, teeth, gingiva, tounge, palate, region of palatine tonsils
Term
what are the functions of the oral cavity
Definition
taste, lingual manipulation of food, ingestion, prep for sotmach and SI
Term
what are the parts of the oral cavity
Definition
vestibule, oral cavity proper
Term
what are the boundries of the oral vestibule
Definition
space between lips, cheeks, teeth, and gums
Term
what are the boundries of the oral cavity proper
Definition
between upper and lower dental arches (maxillary and mendibular alveolar processes and the teeth they hold)
Term
what forms the roof of the oral cavity
Definition
palate
Term
what does the oral cavity communicate with posteriorly
Definition
oropharynx
Term
what does the palate form
Definition
roof of mouth, floor of nasal cavity
Term
what are the parts of the palate
Definition
hard palate, soft palate
Term
what forms the hard palate
Definition
palatine processes of maxilla, horizontal plates of palatine bones
Term
what is the hard palate continous with
Definition
soft palate
Term
how is the hard palate mucosa secured
Definition
tightly to the undelying bone
Term
describe the mucosa of the soft palate
Definition
mobile fold
Term
what is the soft palate attached to
Definition
posterior border of the hard palate
Term
what projects from the palate, where
Definition
posterior midline is the uvula
Term
what is the soft palate composed of
Definition
mucous membrane, palatine aponeurosis, muscules
Term
what is the palatine aponeurosis attached to
Definition
posterior border of hard palate
Term
where does the palatine aponeurosis originate from
Definition
tensor veli palatini muscle
Term
what are the muscules of the soft palate
Definition
tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, platoglossis, palatopharyngeus
Term
what does the tensor veli do
Definition
tenses the palate and opens pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing and yawning
Term
what is the tensor veli palatini innervated by
Definition
CN V
Term
what does the levator veli palatini do
Definition
elevate palate in swallowing and yawning
Term
what is the levator veli palatini innervated by
Definition
CN X
Term
what does the platglossus do
Definition
elevates posterior tounge and draws soft palate onto tounge
Term
what is the palatoglossus innervated by
Definition
CN X
Term
what does the palatopharyngeus do
Definition
tenses soft palate and pulls walls of pharynx superior, anterior, and medial duriing swallowing
Term
what is the palatopharyngeus innervated by
Definition
CN X
Term
what is the primary artery for the palate
Definition
descending palatine
Term
what are the branches of the descending palatine artery
Definition
lesser palatine
Term
what is the descending palatine artery a branch of
Definition
facial n
Term
how does the descending palatine artery end
Definition
anastamose with lesser palatine a
Term
what nerve provides the branches for the nerves of the palate
Definition
V2
Term
what nerve branches supply the palate
Definition
nasopalatine, greater palatine, lesser palatine
Term
what does the nasopalatine go through
Definition
incisive foramen
Term
what does the greater palatine go through
Definition
greater palatine foramina
Term
what does the lesser palatine go through
Definition
lesser palatine foramina
Term
what are the major salivary glands
Definition
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
Term
what is the frenulum
Definition
connects tounge to floor of mouth, vertical fold
Term
what is the composition of the tounge
Definition
striated m and mucous membrane
Term
what is the tounge attached to
Definition
styloid process, soft palate, mandible, hyoid bone
Term
what divides the tounge in right and left halves
Definition
median fibrous septum
Term
what divides the tounge into anterior and posterior
Definition
sulcus terminalis
Term
where is the foramen cecum
Definition
apex of sulcus terminalis
Term
what is the anterior part of the tounge called
Definition
oral part
Term
what is the posterior part of the tounge called
Definition
pharyngeal part
Term
what are the types of tounge muscles
Definition
intrinsic, extrinsic
Term
what are the extrinsic muscles of the toune
Definition
genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus
Term
what innervates tounge muscles
Definition
CN XII except palatoglossus which is CN X
Term
in the tounge, what muscle causes protrusion
Definition
genioglossus
Term
in the tounge, what muscle causes retraction
Definition
styloglossus, hyoglossus
Term
in the tounge, what muscle causes depression
Definition
hyoglossus
Term
in the tounge, what muscle causes retraction and elevation of posterior 1/3
Definition
styloglossus and palatoglossus
Term
in the tounge, what muscle stops changes
Definition
intrinsic muscles
Term
what artery supplies the tounge
Definition
lingual
Term
what veins drain the tounge
Definition
internal jugular
Term
where does the lymph from the tip of the tounge go to
Definition
submental nodes
Term
where does the lymph from the sides of the anterior 2/3 of the tounge go to
Definition
submandibular and deep cervical
Term
where does the lymph from the posterior 1/3 of the tounge go to
Definition
deep cervical
Term
what provides sensory for the anterior 2/3 of the tounge
Definition
lingual nerve. chorda tympani
Term
what is the lingual nerve a branch of
Definition
CN V
Term
where does the chorda tympani come from
Definition
CN VII
Term
what provides sensory for the posterior 1/3 of the tounge
Definition
CN IX
Term
what came first, the thyroid cartilage or the gland
Definition
thyroid cartilage
Term
what is the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage connected to
Definition
hyoid
Term
what is between the cricoid arch and first tracheal cartilage
Definition
cricotracheal membrane
Term
what vein is visible under the tounge
Definition
deep lingual
Term
what is the platoglossus innervated by
Definition
pharyngeal branch of CN X
Term
what tests the integrity of CN 12, how can you tell
Definition
genoglossus, tounge will be tilted to the paralyzed nerve
Term
what is the hard palate made of
Definition
bone
Term
why is the hard palate mucosa so adherent
Definition
to help you chew, rugae help manipulate food and need to be held in place
Term
why does the soft palate need an extensive blood supply
Definition
because it needs rapid healing because of lots of damage from food
Term
what is the ascending palatine artery a branch of KNOW ME
Definition
facial
Term
how does the ascending palatine artery end KNOW ME
Definition
anastamose with lesser palatine
Term
what do sympathetics do to glands
Definition
turn them off
Term
what do parasympathetics do to glands
Definition
turn them on
Term
what are the two parts of the tounge
Definition
body and root
Term
what is the vermillion border
Definition
border between pink of lip and rest of skin
Term
what is the function of the frenulum
Definition
holds lip in place against tounge
Term
what are the teeth innervated by
Definition
V2: 3 superior alveolar nerves (posterior, middle, anterior)
V3: inferior aveolar
Term
why is the soft palate mobile
Definition
tries to close nasal cavity when eating
Term
what are the functions of the larynx
Definition
link pharynx to trachea, sphincter, sound production
Term
how does the larynx act as a sphincter
Definition
prevents passage of solids and liquids from the pharynx to the air passages below
Term
how does the larynx act in sound production
Definition
controls expulsion of air from the lungs to make sounds
Term
what are the unpaired cartilages of the larynx
Definition
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis
Term
what are the paired cartilages of the larynx
Definition
artenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
Term
what is the thyroid cartilages made of
Definition
plate like laminae that fuse anterior to form laryngeal prominence
Term
what is another name for the laryngeal prominence
Definition
adams apple
Term
the posterior border of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage projects inferior and superior forming
Definition
inferior and superior horns
Term
what do the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage articulate with
Definition
cricoid cartilage
Term
where is the oblique line
Definition
ridge on lateral aspect of thyroid cartilage
Term
what attaches to the oblique line
Definition
sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, inferior pharyngeal constrictors
Term
what is the shape of the cricoid cartilage described as, why
Definition
signet rint, narrow arch anterior and wide lamina posterior
Term
what does the cricoid cartilage articulate with
Definition
inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
Term
where is the cricotracheal ligament
Definition
connected to first tracheal cartilage
Term
what is the epiglottis made of
Definition
elastic cartilage
Term
what is the inferior end of the epiglottis attached by ant to
Definition
thyroepiglottic ligament to angle formed by laminae of thyroid cartilage
Term
what is the anterior surface of the epiglottis attached to, by what
Definition
body of hyoid by hyoepiglottic ligament
Term
where are the pyrmaidal cartilages of the artenoid cartilages located
Definition
on each side of the superior border of the cricoid lamina
Term
what attaches to the vocal process od the artenoid cartilages
Definition
vocal ligament
Term
what attaches to the muscular process of the artenoid cartilages
Definition
posterior and lateral cricoarytehoid muscles
Term
what are the parts of the arytenoid cartilage
Definition
two pyrmidal cartilages, vocal process, muscular process
Term
what type of joint is the cricothyroid joint
Definition
synovial
Term
where is the cricothyroid joint located
Definition
between articular facets on lateral aspect of cricoid cartilage and inferior horn of thyroig ccartilage
Term
what does the criothyroid cartilage allow to happen
Definition
thrydoig cartilage to tilt forward and backward on cricoid cartilage
Term
where is the cricoarytehoid joint located
Definition
between articular facent on superior border of cricoid lamina and base of arytehoid cartilage
Term
what movement does the cricoarytenod joint allow
Definition
rotation of arytehoid around vertical axis and gliding of arytehoid anteroposterior and medial to lateral
Term
what are the membranes and ligaments of the larynx
Definition
thyrohyoid membrane, cricotracheal ligement, hyoepiglotic the thyroepiglotic ligaments
Term
what is the function of the thyrohyoid membrane
Definition
suspend larynx from hyoid bone
Term
what is the thyrohyoid membrane connected to
Definition
body and greater horn of hyoid to upper border and superior horns of thyroid
Term
what does the cricotracheal ligament connect
Definition
inferior border of cricoid cartilage to first tracheal cartilage
Term
what dos the hypepiglotic and thyroepiglottic ligaments connect
Definition
epiglottis to hyoid bone and thyroig cartilage
Term
what is the laryngeal inlet
Definition
communication between laryngopharynx and larynx
Term
what does the plant of the laryngeal inlet pass posterior and inferior to
Definition
epiglottis and artenoid cartilages
Term
what is the anterior boundry of the laryngeal inlet
Definition
superior border of epiglottis
Term
what is the lateral boundry of the laryngeal inlet
Definition
eryepiglottic fold
Term
what does the eryepiglottic fold contain, where at
Definition
corniculate and cuneiform cartilages, in posterior part
Term
what is the posterior boundry of the laryngeal inlet
Definition
interarytenoid notch
Term
where is the laryngeal vestibule located
Definition
upper laryngeal cavity
Term
what does the laryngeal vestibule extend from
Definition
laryngeal inlet to mucosal folds (vestibular folds)
Term
what is the rimi vestibuli
Definition
space between right and left vestibular folds
Term
what is the laryngeal ventricle
Definition
space between vestibular and vocal folds on each side
Term
what does the laryngeal ventricle extend to, what is it called at its end
Definition
to vestibular fold, laryngeal saccule
Term
what does the laryngeal ventricle mucosa contain, why
Definition
many mucous glands to lubricate vocal folds
Term
what do the vocal folds contain
Definition
vocal ligaments
Term
what is the rima glottidis
Definition
space between right and left vocal folds
Term
what are the parts of the rima glottidis
Definition
intermembranous (anterior), intercartilaginous
Term
compare the size of the rima glottidis to rima vestibuli
Definition
glottidis is moe narrow
Term
what changes shape of rima glottidis
Definition
width and shape of vocal folds and arytehoid cartilages
Term
what are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx
Definition
suprahyoid, longitudinal, pharyngeal muscles, infrahyoid muscles
Term
what do the pharyngeal muscles do to the larynx
Definition
elevate
Term
what do the infrahyoid muscles do to the larynx
Definition
depress
Term
what do the extrinsic muscles do to the larynx overall
Definition
elevate and depress
Term
what do the intrinsic muscles do to the larynx
Definition
move individual laryngeal cartilages
Term
where is the cricothyroid muscle located
Definition
external surface of larynx
Term
what is the action of the cricothyroid muscles
Definition
tilt thyroud cartilage forward to increase distance between thyroid and arytehoid cartilages, tensing vocal cords
Term
what does the thyroarytehoid muscle do
Definition
draws arytenoid cartilage forward, bringing vocal ligaments closer, relaxing vocal fold
Term
what are the parts of the thyroarytenoid
Definition
vocalis m, thyroepiglottic m
Term
where is the vocalis muscle located
Definition
most medial fibers of thyroarytenoid
Term
what does the vocalis muscle do
Definition
control pitch
Term
where is the thyroepiglottic muscle located
Definition
superior extension of thyroarytehoid
Term
what does the thyroepiglottic muscle do
Definition
widens laryngeal inlet
Term
what does the posterior cricoarytehoid do
Definition
abductor of vocal fold
Term
what does the lateral crioarytehoid do
Definition
abbductor of vocal fold
Term
what does the transverse arytehoid attach to
Definition
posterior surface of arytehoid cartilages
Term
what does the transverse arytehoid do
Definition
slides arytehoid cartilages medial, adductor of vocal folds
Term
what does the oblique arytehoid do
Definition
with aryepiglottic it is a sphincter of laryngeal inet
Term
where is the oblique arytenoid in relation to transverse arytehoid
Definition
posterior
Term
what supplies the muscles of the larynx
Definition
vagus
Term
what does the superior laryngeal nerve divide into
Definition
internal and external laryngeal
Term
what is the superior laryngeal nerve a branch of
Definition
vagus
Term
what does the external laryngeal nerve innervate
Definition
cricothyroid m
Term
what branch of the vagus supplies the muscles of the larynx... except
Definition
recurrent laryngeal, except cricothyroid muscle
Term
what nerve pierces the thyrohyoid membrane
Definition
internal laryngeal
Term
what does the internal laryngeal supply
Definition
mucosa of internal larynx from inlet to vocal folds
Term
what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply
Definition
almost all muscles of larynx and its mucosa below the vocal folds
Term
what arteries supply the larynx
Definition
superior laryngeal
Term
how does the superior laryngeal artery get into the larynx
Definition
poerces thyrohyoid membrane
Term
how does the recurrent laryngeal nerve get into the larynx
Definition
Goes under inferior constrictor
Term
what does the inferior laryngeal artery accompany
Definition
recurrent laryngeal nerve
Term
what does the inferior laryngeal artery pass under
Definition
inferior constrictor m
Term
what veins drin the larynx
Definition
superior and inferior laryngeal join the superior and inferior thyroid
Term
where does the superior thyroid vein drain into
Definition
internal jugular
Term
where does the inferior thyroid vein drain into
Definition
brachiocephalic vein
Term
when food passes through the laryngopharynx during swallowing, some of it enters the _________ on accident. it is possible it could become _________
Definition
piriform recesses (fossae), lodged there
Term
what could happen if a sharp object pierces the mucosa of the piriform recess
Definition
injur the internal laryngeal nerve
Term
what are the major parts of the ear
Definition
external, middle or tympanic cavity, internal or labrynth
Term
what part of the ear contains the organs for hearing and balance
Definition
internal ear or labrynth
Term
what are the main parts of the external ear
Definition
pinna, external audutiry meatus
Term
what is the auricle or pinna shaped in the way it is
Definition
because it collects air vibrations
Term
what is the auricle made of
Definition
thin plate of elastic cartilage covered by skin
Term
where does the external auditory meatus extend to and from
Definition
auricle ro tympanic membrane
Term
what is the function of the auditory meatus
Definition
conduct sound waves from the auricle to the tympanic membrane
Term
what is the outer 1/3 of the auditory meatus made of
Definition
elastic cartilage
Term
what is the inner 2/3 of the auditory meatus made of
Definition
bone
Term
what lines the auditory meatus
Definition
skin and hairs, sebacous glands, cerminous glands
Term
what nerve supplies sensory to the lining of the auditory meatus
Definition
auriculotemporal and auricular branch of vagus
Term
where does lumph from the external ear drain
Definition
superificial parotid, mastoid, and superificial cervical nodes
Term
to properlly view the tympanic membrane what needs to be done in an adult
Definition
pull auricle up and back
Term
to properlly view the tympanic membrane what needs to be done in an child
Definition
pull auricle back and down
Term
describe the apperance of the tympanic membrane
Definition
pearly gray and concave
Term
what is the umbo
Definition
the depression in the center of the tympanic membrane
Term
what is the middle ear filled with
Definition
air
Term
what bone is the middle ear in
Definition
pterous portion of temporal bone
Term
what lines the middle ear
Definition
mucous membrane that has auditory ossicles
Term
what does the auditory tube connect
Definition
middle ear in front with nasopharynx and behind with mastoid antrum
Term
what is another name for the auditory tube
Definition
pharyngotympanic tube, eustachian tube
Term
what forms the roof of the middle ear
Definition
tegman tympani
Term
what is the tegman tympani part of
Definition
the petrous temporal bone
Term
what does the tegman tympani seperate
Definition
tympanic cavity from temporal lobe and its meninges
Term
what forms the floor of the middle ear
Definition
thin bone
Term
what does the thin bone forming the floor of the middle ear seperate
Definition
tympanic cavity from superior bub of internal jugular bein
Term
what opens into the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity
Definition
auditory tube and tube of tensor tympani
Term
describe the posterior wall of the middle ear
Definition
aditus opening, pyramind projection
Term
what is the aditus
Definition
opening to the mastoid antrum in the posterior wall of the middle ear
Term
describe the medial wall of the middle ear
Definition
promontory projection, above and behind is the fenestra vestibulii opening, below and behind is the fenestra cochleae
Term
what causes the promontory
Definition
cochlea
Term
what forms the lateral wall of the middle ear
Definition
tympanic cavity, concave lateral
Term
what are the names of the auditory ossicles
Definition
malleus, incus, stapes
Term
what is the largest auditory ossicle
Definition
malleus
Term
what attaches to the medial surface of the tympanic membrane
Definition
handle of the malleus
Term
what does the malleus articulae with
Definition
incus
Term
what does the incus articulate with
Definition
stapes
Term
where does the base of foot plate of the stapes sit
Definition
on fenestra vestivuli or oval window
Term
what muscles are associated with the ossicles
Definition
tensor tympani and stapedius
Term
what is the origin of the tensory typmani
Definition
wall of the auditory tube and its own canal
Term
what is the insertion of the tensor tympani
Definition
handle of malleus
Term
what is the innervation of the tensor tympani
Definition
V3
Term
what is the action of the tensor tympani
Definition
dampen vibrations of the tympanic membrane
Term
what is the origin of the stapedius
Definition
pyramid on the posterior wall of middle ear
Term
what is the insertion of the stapedius
Definition
neck of stapes
Term
what is the innervation of the stapedius
Definition
facial nerve
Term
what is the action of the stapedius
Definition
dampen vibrations of the stapes
Term
what does the auditory tube connect
Definition
anterior wall of the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx
Term
what is the posterior 1/3 of the auditory tube made of
Definition
bone
Term
what is the anterior 2/3 of the auditory tube made of
Definition
cartilage
Term
what does the auditory tube pass over
Definition
upper border of the superior constrictor
Term
what is the function of the auditory tube
Definition
pressures the middle ear with atmospheric pressure
Term
where is the mastoid antrum located
Definition
behind the middle ear in the ptrous portion of the temporal bone
Term
how does the mastoid antrum communicate with the middle ear
Definition
aditus
Term
what does the mastoid antrum communicate with
Definition
mastoid air cells and aditus
Term
where are the mastoid air cells located
Definition
within the mastoid process
Term
what are the mastoid air cells continous with
Definition
antrum and middle ear
Term
what are the mastoid air cells lined with
Definition
mucous membrane
Term
where does the facial nerve enter the facial canal
Definition
the bottom of the internal auditory meatus
Term
describe the path of the facial nerve to the geniculate ganglion
Definition
runs lateral above the vestibule of the inner ear until it reaches the medial wall of the middle ear
Term
where does the facil nerve bend sharple backward int he ear
Definition
promontory
Term
what does the facial nerve do when it arrives at the posterior wall of the middle ear
Definition
curves down on the medial side of the aditus of the mastoid antrum
Term
where does the facial nerve give off a branch to the stapedius muscle
Definition
puyramid
Term
what is the bend in the facial canal called
Definition
genu
Term
after branching for the stapedius, where does the facial nerve go
Definition
stylomastoid foramen
Term
what arises from the facial nerve after the stylomastoid foramen
Definition
chorda tympani
Term
describe the path of the chorda tympani
Definition
enters the middle ear close to the border of the tympanic membrane and crosses the handle of the malleus, it exits the middle ear through the petrotympanic fissure to enter the infratemporal fossa to joint the lingual nerve
Term
what fibers does the chorda tympani contain
Definition
taste and preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Term
what does the chorda tympani innervate
Definition
anterior 2/3 of the tounge (taste), and the submandibular gland (parasympathetic)
Term
where does the tympanic nerve begin
Definition
branches off the glossopharyngeal nerve just below the jugular foramen
Term
describe where the tympanic nerver enters the middle ear, then what does it do
Definition
passes through the floor and onto the promontory where it splits into branches forming the tympanic plexus
Term
what does the tympanic plexus supplu
Definition
mucosa of th emiddle ear and gives off the lesser petrosal nerve
Term
what contains the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers destined for the otic ganglion
Definition
lesser petrosal nerve
Term
where does the lesser pterosal nerve exit the middle ear
Definition
through a small caniculus in the roof
Term
where does the lesser pterosal nerve exit the skull then where does it end
Definition
through the foramen ovale and joins the otic ganglion
Term
what is the entire outer ear projection called
Definition
pinnae
Term
what is the top of the ear called
Definition
helix
Term
what is the curve on the medial portion of the ear called
Definition
antihelix
Term
what is the little projection of skin above the external auditory meatus
Definition
tragus
Term
what is the function of earwax
Definition
lubricate tympanic membrane
Term
is the autidory tuve usually open of closed
Definition
closed
Term
why does hte auditory tube usually stay closed, what happens if it doesnt
Definition
passage for mucous, infection can erode bone, many times it gets into mastoid air cells and needs to be operated on
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