Term
| what divides the thorasic and abdominal viscera |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vertebre is the umbilicus at |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structure contains the abdominal muscles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the main attachment points for the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles in general |
|
Definition
| attaches to thorasic cave, pervic girdle, and lumbar spine |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the abdomen muscles |
|
Definition
| raise pressire to aid in expulsion from the abdominal cavity or air from the thorasic cavity, hold stuff in, extension |
|
|
Term
| what kind fo reflexes help with expulsion from the abdominal cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the meaning of the extension function of the abdomen |
|
Definition
| it can distend for ingestion, pregnacy, fat desposition, or pathological conditions |
|
|
Term
| how many regions of the abdominal cavity are there |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the regions of the abdominal cavity used for |
|
Definition
| describing location of organs, pain, or pathology |
|
|
Term
| what planes divide the regions of the abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| midcalvicular, midinguinal, subcostal, transtubercular |
|
|
Term
| describe the midclavicular plane |
|
Definition
| from the midpoint of the clavical to the midinguinal points, saggital |
|
|
Term
| describe the midinguinal points |
|
Definition
| from the midclavicular plant between the anterior superior iliac spine and pubic symphysis, saggital |
|
|
Term
| describe the subcostal plane |
|
Definition
| transverse, through the inferior border of the 10th costal cartilage |
|
|
Term
| describe the transtubercular plane |
|
Definition
| through the iliac tubercles and the body of L5 |
|
|
Term
| what planes divide the 4 quadrants of the abdominal cavity |
|
Definition
| transverse transumbilical, median |
|
|
Term
| describe the transverse transumbilical plane |
|
Definition
| through the unbilicus and the L3/:4 intervetebral disc dividing the body into upper and lower halves |
|
|
Term
| describe the median plane |
|
Definition
| longitudinally, dividing the body into left and right halves |
|
|
Term
| name the 9 quadrants of the abdomen |
|
Definition
| right and left hypochondriac, right and left flank, right and left inguinal, epigastric, umbilical, pubic |
|
|
Term
| what structures are in the upper right quadrant |
|
Definition
| right liver lobe, gallbladder, pylorus, dudenum parts 1-3, pancreas head, right suprarenal gland, right kidney, right cholic flexure, superior ascending colon, right transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| what structures are in the lower right quadrant |
|
Definition
| cecum, appendix, ileum, inferior ascending colon, right ovary, right uterine rube, right ureter, right spermatic cord, uterus if enlarged, bladder if full |
|
|
Term
| what structures are in the left upper quadrant |
|
Definition
| left liver lobe, spleen, stomach, jejunum, proximal ileum, body and tail of pancreas, left kidney, left suprarenal gland, left colic flexure,left transverse colon, superior descending colon |
|
|
Term
| what is in the lower left quadrant |
|
Definition
| sigmoid colon, inferior descending colon, left ovary, left ureter, left spermatic cord, left uterine tube, uterus if enlarged, bladder if full |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterior abdominal wall made of |
|
Definition
| skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, muscles, extraperitoneal fascia, parietal peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| describe the umbilicus and the differences it has as abdominal skin |
|
Definition
| it is a scar left from umbilical cord attachment and where skin in an adult isn't loosly attached but is attached as scar tissue |
|
|
Term
| what nerves supply the cutanous nerve supply to the anterior abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| anterior remi of the loer six thorasic and first lumbar nerves (T7-L1) |
|
|
Term
| where is the dermatome of T7 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the dermatome of T10 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the dermatome of L1 |
|
Definition
| just above the inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| what does the L1 nerve split into |
|
Definition
| the illiohypogastric and illioinguinal, they may be a trunk before they branch |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the superficial fascia, describe their depth |
|
Definition
| camper's (superficial) and scarpa's (deep) |
|
|
Term
| describe the location of camper's fascia |
|
Definition
| continous with the superficial far over the body, fades out laterally and superiorly where it becomes continous with the superficial fascial of the back and thorax, fuses with fascia in the thigh below the inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| what is camper's fascia made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the location of Scarpa's fascia |
|
Definition
| in the midline it forms a tubular sheath for the penis or clitois, below the perineum it enters the wall of the scrotum or labia majora, it attaches to the public arch (colles' fascia), posteriorly it fuses with the preineal body and perineal membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is colles' arch made of |
|
Definition
| begins at the margin of the publc atch where Scarpa's fascia ends |
|
|
Term
| what are the flat muscles of the abdomen |
|
Definition
| external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominus |
|
|
Term
| where is the rectus abdominis located |
|
Definition
| within the rectus sheath on either side of the midline of the abdomen |
|
|
Term
| what forms the linea alba |
|
Definition
| the aponeuroses of the three flat muscles of the abdomen at the midline |
|
|
Term
| what is the span of the linea alba |
|
Definition
| the xyphoid process to the pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the linea alba |
|
Definition
| white line, part of the rectus sheath |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the external oblique |
|
Definition
| outer surface of the lower 8 ribs |
|
|
Term
| what is the insertion of the external oblique |
|
Definition
| iliac crest, pubic bone, linea alba, xyphoid process |
|
|
Term
| what way to the fibers of the external oblique run |
|
Definition
| anterior and inferior, hands in pockets |
|
|
Term
| what does the lower border of the external oblique make |
|
Definition
| the aponeurosis called inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| what is the inguinal ligament an apneurosis if it is a ligament and not a tendon |
|
Definition
| it really is a tendon, but is technically a ligament? whatever. |
|
|
Term
| what is the span of the inguinal ligament |
|
Definition
| anterior/ superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle |
|
|
Term
| describe the appearance and location of the lacunar ligament |
|
Definition
| a crescent shaped extension at the medial end of the inguinal ligament, posteriorly attaches to the pectineal line on the superior ramus of the pubis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deep fascia of the thigh, attaches to the inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| where is the superifical inguinal ring |
|
Definition
| opening to the external oblique aponeurosis, above the pubic tubericle |
|
|
Term
| what does the inguinal ring form |
|
Definition
| the anterior or superificial opening of the inguinal canal |
|
|
Term
| describe the general location of the internal oblique |
|
Definition
| deep to the external oblique |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the internal oblique |
|
Definition
| thoracolumbar fascia, illiac crest, lateral inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| where is the insertion of the internal oblique |
|
Definition
| lower 3-4 ribs, costal cartilages, xyphoid process, linea alba, pubic bone |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the internal oblique fibers |
|
Definition
| simillar to the internal intercostals, anterior and superior |
|
|
Term
| what does the lower border of the internal oblique go |
|
Definition
| arches over the medial inguinal ligament and canal joining the fibers of the transversus abdominis making the conjoint tendon that attaches the pubic crest to the pectinal line |
|
|
Term
| dcribe the general location of the transverse abdominus |
|
Definition
| deep to the internal oblique |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the transverse abdominus |
|
Definition
| deep lower 6 costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| what is the insertion of the transverse abdominus |
|
Definition
| xyphoid process, pubic bone, linea alba |
|
|
Term
| describe the direction of the transverse abdominus fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the transverse abdominus lowest tendinous fibers end |
|
Definition
| it forms the conjoint tendon with the internal oblique |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the transverse abdominus |
|
Definition
| to make interabdominal pressure when needed |
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the rectus abdominus |
|
Definition
| verticle, entire abdominal wall length |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seperations in the rectus abdominus |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the rectus abdominus |
|
Definition
| pubic symphysis and illiac crest |
|
|
Term
| what is the insertion of the rectus abdominis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the intersections of the abdominus |
|
Definition
| made by the linea alba and the tendinous intersections, the intersections strongly attach to the ANTEROR wall of the rectus sheath |
|
|
Term
| what is the linea semilunaris |
|
Definition
| a curved edge on the lateral border of the rectus abdominis that marks the lateral border when the muscle contracts |
|
|
Term
| what are the actions of the anterior abdominal muscles |
|
Definition
| enclose things, support, protection, lateral flexion, rotation, forced expiration, contraction with glottis closed increases pressure for evacuation |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the rectus abdominis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the oblique muscles |
|
Definition
| lateral flexion and rotation |
|
|
Term
| what structues does the rectus sheath enclose |
|
Definition
| rectus abdominis, pyrimidalis, terminal part of lower 5 intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve, superior and interior epigastric vessels |
|
|
Term
| what forms the rectus sheath |
|
Definition
| the aponeurosis of the three abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
| what forms the upper 3/4 of the rectus sheath |
|
Definition
| the aponeurosis of the internal oblique in 2 layers |
|
|
Term
| what are the two layers of the aponerurosis of the upper internal oblique |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the anterior layer of the upper internal oblique aponeurosis |
|
Definition
| joins with the external oblique aponeurosis |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the posterior layer of the upper internal oblique aponeurosis |
|
Definition
| joins the transverse abdominis aponeurosis |
|
|
Term
| what forms the lower 1/4 of the rectus sheath |
|
Definition
| all three layers of the abdominal muscles pass anterior to the rectus abdominus leaving the rectus abdominus in contact with the transveralis fascia |
|
|
Term
| what forms the posterior aponeurotic wall of the rectus sheath |
|
Definition
| trick question, there is none |
|
|
Term
| how does the anterior rectus sheath attach to the rectus abdominis |
|
Definition
| attaches to the tendinous intersections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| curved line that marks the lower end of the posterior aponeurotic wall of the rectus sheath |
|
|
Term
| where is the arcuate line located |
|
Definition
| half way between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
| where do the inferior epigastric vessels enter the rectus sheath |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the origin of the superior epigastric artery |
|
Definition
| terminal branch of the internal thorasic |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior epigastric artery supply |
|
Definition
| upper central region of the anterior abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| describe the origin of the inferior epigastric artery |
|
Definition
| branch of the external illiac |
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior epigastric artery supply |
|
Definition
| lower central part of the abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| how does the inferior and superior epigastric arteries end |
|
Definition
| they form an anastomoses together |
|
|
Term
| describe the origin of the deep circumflex illiac artery and the path |
|
Definition
| comes from the external illiac artery, runs anteriorr and superior to the illiac spine |
|
|
Term
| what does the deep circumflex illiac artery supply |
|
Definition
| lower lateral abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the upper lateral abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| lower two posterior intercostal, subcostal arteries, and lumbar arteries |
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the superificial structures of the lower anterior abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| superficial epigastric and superficial circumflex iliac |
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the upper abdominal wall interior to the costal margin |
|
Definition
| branches of the musculophrenic |
|
|
Term
| what veins drain the superior anterior abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| there is a network of superificial veins that drain into the axillary vein and inferior to the femoral vein |
|
|
Term
| what veins drain the deep abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| corresponding veins to the arteries |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior epigastric vein drain into |
|
Definition
| the internal thorasic vein |
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior epigastric vein drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the posterior intercostal and subcostal veins drain into |
|
Definition
| the azygous or hemiazygous veins |
|
|
Term
| what does the lumbar vein drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list the veins that drain the anterior abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| lumbar, posterior intercostal, subcostal, inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, superior epigastric |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of lymph in the superificial abdominal wall above the umbilicus |
|
Definition
| drains to anterior axilliary lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of lymph in the superificial abdominal wall below the umbilicus |
|
Definition
| drains to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of lymph in the deep abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| lymph follows the arteries and drains into the internal thorasic, external iliac, posterior mediastinal, and lymbar lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| what is the transversalis fascia |
|
Definition
| part of hte continous fascia (endoabdominal fascia) that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
| what is extraperitoneal fat |
|
Definition
| loose connection tissue with variable amount of fat |
|
|
Term
| where is the extraperitoneal fat located |
|
Definition
| between the transversalis fascia and the parital peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| what is the partial peritoneum |
|
Definition
| a seous membrane lining the abdominal pevic walls |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the 7-11 intercostal and subcostal nerves in the abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| pierce the posterior wall of the rectus sheath, terminate by piercing the anterior wall of the rectus sheath to supply the skin as the anterior cutaneous branches |
|
|
Term
| what do the 7-11 intercostal and subcostal nerves supply in the abdominal wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerves supply the pyramidalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the L1 nerve branches in the abdomenal wall |
|
Definition
| they do NOT enter the rectus sheath, they pierce the internal oblique and run between it and the external oblique |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the iliohypogastric nerve |
|
Definition
| pierces external oblique aponeurosis above the superficial inguinal ring to supply suparapubic skin |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the ilioinguinal nerve |
|
Definition
| emerges through the superificial iguinal ring to supply the skin of the superomedial thigh and external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the inguinal canal |
|
Definition
| oblique passage in lower abdominal wall, parallel and above the medial inguinal ligament, runs from the deep inguinal ring to the superificial inguinal ring |
|
|
Term
| what are the contents of the inguinal canal |
|
Definition
| spermatic cord or round ligament of uterus, ilioinguinal nerve |
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the deep inguinal ring |
|
Definition
| opening in the transversalis fascia about 1/2 inch above the inguinal ligament, half way between the anterior superior iliac spine and pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the inferior eigastric vessels |
|
Definition
| medial to the deep inguinal ring |
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the superificial inguinal ring |
|
Definition
| opening in the sponeurosis of the external oblique superior to the pubic tubercle |
|
|
Term
| what marks the anterior wall of the inguinal canal |
|
Definition
| aponeurosis of the external oblique |
|
|
Term
| what marks the posterior wall of the inguinal canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what marks the inferior wall of the inguinal canal |
|
Definition
| inguinal and lacunar ligaments |
|
|
Term
| what marks the superior wall of the inguinal canal |
|
Definition
| arching lowest fibers of internal oblique transversus abdominis |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the superificial inguinal ring |
|
Definition
| medial crus and lateral crus |
|
|
Term
| how is the superificial inguinal ring strengthened |
|
Definition
| the top has intercural fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is in the spermatic cord |
|
Definition
| vas deferns, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus of veins, lymph vessels, autonomic nerves, artery of vas deferens, cremasteric srtery, genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the spermatic cord |
|
Definition
| begins deepto inguinal ring, passes through inguinal canal, ends posterior to the epididymis |
|
|
Term
| what is the vas deferns made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the vas deferens |
|
Definition
| transports spermataozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the vas deferens |
|
Definition
| begins at the tail of the epididymis and runs with the spermatic cord to the deep inguinal ring where it seperates terminating in the pervis by joining the seminal vessicle |
|
|
Term
| what is it called when the vas deferens joins the seminal vessicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the testicular artery originate |
|
Definition
| from the abdominal aorta just below the renal artery, this is influenced by the embryological origin of the testes |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the testicular artery |
|
Definition
| descends on the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum, through the inguinal canal in the spermatic cord, to the testis and epididymis |
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the testicular veins |
|
Definition
| form a plexus around the testicular artery called the pampiniform plexus, as it ascends it gets smaller forming a single vein running behind the peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| where does the right testicular vein drain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the left testicular vein train |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of testicular lymph vessels |
|
Definition
| run through thr spermatic cord to the deep inguinal ring, they ascend on the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum to the lumbar lymph nodes (lateral aortic) |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of scrotum lymph vessels |
|
Definition
| drains into the superificial inguinal lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| what does the cremasteric artery supply |
|
Definition
| coverings of the spermatic cord |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the cremasteric artery |
|
Definition
| branches from the inferior epigastric artery and anastomoses with the testicular artery |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the artery of the vas deferens |
|
Definition
| originates from the superior vesical artery, acompanies the vas deferns from pelvis, anastomoses with the testicular artery |
|
|
Term
| what nerve supplies the cremaster muscle and skin of scrotum or labium majus |
|
Definition
| genital branch of genitofemoral nerve |
|
|
Term
| where do the fibers from the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve come from |
|
Definition
| ventral rami of L1 and L2 (lumbar plexus) |
|
|
Term
| where do the testies / ovaries originate before the descend |
|
Definition
| posterior abdominal wall around L1 |
|
|
Term
| what is the processus vaginalis |
|
Definition
| peritoneal diverticulum that forms before the testies / ovaries descend |
|
|
Term
| what does the processus vaginalis do |
|
Definition
| passes through the layers of the lower anterior abdominal wall aquiring tubular covering from each layer pulling the testies / ovaries with it |
|
|
Term
| name the layers the processus vaginalis goes through |
|
Definition
| transversalis fascia, transversus abdominus, internal oblique, aponeurosis of external oblique |
|
|
Term
| when the processus vaginalis passes through the transversalis fascia where is it exactly, what happens |
|
Definition
| at the deep inguinal ring it picks up the internal spermatic fascia |
|
|
Term
| when the processus vaginalis passes through the transversus abdominis where is it exactly, what happens |
|
Definition
| under the lower arching fibers it does not aquire a covering, it does not pierce the layer |
|
|
Term
| when the processus vaginalis passes through the internal oblique where is it exactly, what happens |
|
Definition
| in the lower part it picks up some muscle fibers making the cremaster muscle embedded in the cremaster fascia |
|
|
Term
| when the processus vaginalis passes through the aponeurosis of the external oblique where is it exactly, what happens |
|
Definition
| at the superficial ring it picks up the external spermatic fascia |
|
|
Term
| what is the gubernaculum made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the gubernaculum located |
|
Definition
| extends from the lower end of the developing gonad to the labioscrotal swelling |
|
|
Term
| what does the labioscrotal swelling do |
|
Definition
| give rise to the scrotom or labia majora |
|
|
Term
| what does the gubernaculum do |
|
Definition
| descends behind the peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall and posterior to the processus vaginalis pulling the testes / ovaries making them descend |
|
|
Term
| where does the gubernaculum end its descent in males |
|
Definition
| in the scrotum by the 8th month of intra-uterine life |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the lymph, vessels, duct, and nerves when the testis descend |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the processus vaginalis when the testies reach the scrotum |
|
Definition
| the proximal narrow portion of the processus vaginalis becomes obliterated |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the distal part of the processus vaginalis when the testis reach the scrotum |
|
Definition
| it remains as the tuinca vaginalis which is a closed sac |
|
|
Term
| when happens when the gubernaculum is descending and ovary |
|
Definition
| it attaches to the side of the developing uterus causing the ovary to stop descending and forms two ligaments |
|
|
Term
| what are the ligaments that form during ovarian descension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the ovarian ligament |
|
Definition
| extends from the ovary to the uterus |
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the gubernaculum |
|
Definition
| extends from the uterus to the labioscrotal swelling |
|
|
Term
| what were the ovarian ligament and round ligament originally made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the scrotom part of |
|
Definition
| the lower anterior abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| what does the scrotal septum do |
|
Definition
| divide the scrotum into left and right halves |
|
|
Term
| what does each half of the scrotum contain |
|
Definition
| testis, epididymis, lower spermatic cord |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the scrotum |
|
Definition
| skin, tunica dartos, external spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle and fascia, internal spermatic fascia, tuinca vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| describe the skin of the scrotum |
|
Definition
| thin, wrinkled, pigmented, single pouch |
|
|
Term
| what is the scrotal raphe |
|
Definition
| slightly raised ridge in the midline that indicates the area of fusion of the two labioscrotal swellings |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the labioscrotal swellings in females |
|
Definition
| they do not fuse and form the labia majora |
|
|
Term
| what is the tunica dartos |
|
Definition
| superficial fascia where fat has been replaced by the dartos muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the dartos muscle made of, what does it do |
|
Definition
| it is smooth muscle that is responsible for the wrinking of the scrotal skin |
|
|
Term
| what kind of nerve innervation of the dartos muscle get |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the tunica dartos |
|
Definition
| extends inward to form the scrotal septum which divides the scrotum |
|
|
Term
| how does te tunica vaginalis relate to the processus vaginalis |
|
Definition
| it is the lower expanded portion |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the tunica vaginalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis cover |
|
Definition
| testis except posterior border and the epididymis |
|
|
Term
| what does the parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis cover |
|
Definition
| the inner aspect of the internal spermatic fascia |
|
|
Term
| what is in the cavity between the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis |
|
Definition
| fluid that moistens the layers |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the testis |
|
Definition
| spermatogenesis and hormone production |
|
|
Term
| what hormones does the testis make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what conditions are needed for spermatogenesis to occur |
|
Definition
| the testes must be lower temp than the abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
| how can the testes lower their temperature |
|
Definition
| ther can ascend of descend using the reflex of the cremaster and dartos muscles, the pampiniform plexus and branches of the testicular arteries use a counter current heat exchange mechanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what covers the tunica albugenia |
|
Definition
| the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| physically describe the tunica albuginea |
|
Definition
| tough fibrous connective tissue on each testis, at the posterior border it is thicker and penetrates the surface of the organ |
|
|
Term
| what are the semiferous tubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the origin and insertion of the semiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| connects to the inner tunica |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a network of channels that the semiferous tubules open into |
|
|
Term
| what connects the rete testis to the epididymis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the epididymis located |
|
Definition
| posterior and superior to the testis |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the epididymis |
|
Definition
| storage and maturation of sperm |
|
|
Term
| describe the shape and composition of the epididymis |
|
Definition
| coiled tube embedded in connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the epididymis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the tail of the epididymis |
|
Definition
| lower end, continoous with the ductus deferns |
|
|
Term
| where is the sinus of the epididymis |
|
Definition
| a recess between the testis and the epididymis that opens laterally |
|
|
Term
| what is the epididymis sinus lined with |
|
Definition
| visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| what is an igunial hernia |
|
Definition
| protrusion of the parietal peritoneum, a loop of small intestine goes through the igunial canal |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common abdominal hernia, and in who |
|
Definition
| direct igunial hernia, males |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of inguinal hernias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a indirect inguinal hernia |
|
Definition
| hernial sac leaves the abdominal cavity lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels through the deep inguinal ring causing processus vaginalis prodrusion through part or all of the canal |
|
|
Term
| in whom is a indirect inguinal hernia more common |
|
Definition
| children and young adults |
|
|
Term
| what is a direct inguinal hernia |
|
Definition
| hernial sac leaves the abdominal cavity medial to the inferior epigastric through an area of weakness in the inguinal canal wall that does not transverse the entire canal only close to the superificial ring |
|
|
Term
| what is the hesselbach's triangle |
|
Definition
| an area that is usually weak in the inguinal canal posterior wall |
|
|
Term
| what binds the hesselbach's triangle |
|
Definition
| inferior epigastric, rectus abdominis, inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| in whom is a direct inguinal hernia most common |
|
Definition
| older men with weak abdomina muscles, an aquired hernia |
|
|
Term
| where does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm |
|
Definition
| T10 slightly to the left of the midline |
|
|
Term
| where is the esophagus in relation to the trachea and liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in which of the 9 regions is the stomach located |
|
Definition
| left hypochondriac, epigastric, umbilical |
|
|
Term
| what are the orifaces of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the cardial oriface |
|
Definition
| between the stomach and esophagus |
|
|
Term
| where is the pyloric oriface |
|
Definition
| between the stomach and the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| describe the physical curvature of the stomach |
|
Definition
| the left is more curved than the right |
|
|
Term
| where does the small intestine begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the small intestine end |
|
Definition
| at the ileocecal junction |
|
|
Term
| what is the ileocecal junction, what quadrent is it in |
|
Definition
| where the small and large intestines join, in the right lower quadrant |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the duodenum located and in what regions |
|
Definition
| deep to the peritoneal sac in the epigastric and umbilical |
|
|
Term
| describe the shape of the duodenum, what does it surround |
|
Definition
| it is C shaped and surrounds the head of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| where does the duodenum begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the duodenum end |
|
Definition
| duodenojejunal flexure (junction) |
|
|
Term
| what is the duodenojejunal flexure |
|
Definition
| the joining point of the duodenum and the jejunum |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| superior (1), descending (2), horizontal or transverse (3), ascending (4) |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between the jejunum and illeul and the duodenum |
|
Definition
| the jejunum and ileum are more mobile |
|
|
Term
| where does the jejunum begin |
|
Definition
| the duodenojejunal flexure |
|
|
Term
| what is the ileocecal junction |
|
Definition
| where the ileum ends and joins the large intestines |
|
|
Term
| what divides the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| there is no sharp boundray, just a gradual transition |
|
|
Term
| describe the proportions and locations of the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| jejunum is the proximal upper left 2/5 40%, the ileum is the distal lower right 2/5 60% |
|
|
Term
| where is the jejunum located |
|
Definition
| the upper part of the infracolic compartment |
|
|
Term
| where is the ileum located |
|
Definition
| the lower part of the infracolic compartment and some of the pelvis |
|
|
Term
| where is the large intestine located in reference to the small intestine |
|
Definition
| it arches around and encloses the jejunum and ileum |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the large intestine |
|
Definition
| cecym, vermaiform apendix, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal |
|
|
Term
| where is the cecum located |
|
Definition
| in the right inguinal region inferior to the ileocecal junction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the appenxid located |
|
Definition
| originates from the posteromedial aspect of the cecum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the ascending colon begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the hepatic or colic flexure |
|
Definition
| where the ascending colon bends to become the transverse on the right side of the body |
|
|
Term
| describe the shape of the transverse colon |
|
Definition
| a U from right to left in the body and lies some on the small intestines |
|
|
Term
| where does the transverse colon begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the transverse colon end |
|
Definition
| left colic or splenic flexure |
|
|
Term
| where does the decending colon begin |
|
Definition
| left colic or splenic flexure |
|
|
Term
| where does the descending colon end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the sigmoid colon begin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the sigmoid colon end |
|
Definition
| in the pelvis around S3 where it becomes continous with the rectum |
|
|
Term
| where does the rectum begin |
|
Definition
| around S3 where the sigmoid colon ends |
|
|
Term
| where does the rectum end |
|
Definition
| when it pierces the pelvic floor becoming continous with the anal canal |
|
|
Term
| how long is the anal canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the anal canal begin |
|
Definition
| pelvic floor or diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| where does the anal canal end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreas function as |
|
Definition
| an exocrine and endocrine gland |
|
|
Term
| where is the pancreas located |
|
Definition
| deep to the peritoneal sac, across the posterior abdominal wall from the duodenum on the right to the spleen on the left |
|
|
Term
| what regions is the pancrease in |
|
Definition
| the epigastric and left hypochondriac |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the largest lymhoid organ in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the spleen locationa and in what region and under what ribs |
|
Definition
| posterior to the stomach, in the left hypochondriac under ribs 9-11 |
|
|
Term
| where are the kidneys located |
|
Definition
| upper posterior abdominal wall on each side of the vertebral column, sitting in part of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| where does the ureter begin and end |
|
Definition
| the kidney to the urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
| what muscle is associated with the ureter, where is it located |
|
Definition
| the psoas major, the pelvic cavity enterance |
|
|
Term
| where are the suprarenal (adrenal) glands |
|
Definition
| on the upper pole of each kidney deep in the abdoman |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the adrenal glands and their relative locations |
|
Definition
| cortex (outer), medulla (inner) |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the adrenal glands |
|
Definition
| endocrine glands that secrete hormones |
|
|
Term
| during embryology, where do the adrenal glands come from |
|
Definition
| they have different origins in different people, usually the neural crest |
|
|
Term
| describe the differences between the peritoneum and the pleura and pericardium |
|
Definition
| surrounds many organs, more complex arangement |
|
|
Term
| which direction did the organs fill into the peritoneum during development |
|
Definition
| mainly from the posterior abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the peritoneum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneal cavity |
|
Definition
| potential space between parietal and visceral layers, has some serous fluid |
|
|
Term
| describe te paritoneal cavity in females |
|
Definition
| communicates with the outside via the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneum in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of a intraperitoneal organ |
|
Definition
| almost totally covered with visceral peritoneum, think organs that are suspended or hanging |
|
|
Term
| what are the intraperitoneal organs |
|
Definition
| stomach, jejunum, ileum, transverse colon, spleen |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of a retroperitoneal organ |
|
Definition
| located posterior to the peritoneal sac between the sac and abdominal wall, only the anterior surface is coered with peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| what organs are retroperitoneal |
|
Definition
| most of the duodenum and pancreas, ascending and descending colon, kidneys, supraparenal glands, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| what are the categories of peritoneal folds |
|
Definition
| ligament, omentum, mesentary |
|
|
Term
| what is a peritoneal ligament |
|
Definition
| a two layered peritoneal fold that connects an organ to the abdominal wall or another organ |
|
|
Term
| what types of peritoneal ligaments are there |
|
Definition
| falciform, coronary, splenorenal, gastrosplenic, omentum, mesentary, umbilical folds |
|
|
Term
| what is the falciform ligament |
|
Definition
| peritoneal fold that connects liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. runs from umbilicus to diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what is the coronary ligament |
|
Definition
| peritoneal fold that connects the liver to the diaphragm, suspends it from the diaphgram |
|
|
Term
| what is the splenoreal ligament |
|
Definition
| peritoneal fold that connects the spleen to left lidney |
|
|
Term
| what is the gastrosplenic ligament |
|
Definition
| peritoneal fold that connects the spleen to the stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peritoneal fold that passes from the sotmach and proximal part of the duodenumm to another organ |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of omentums |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the lesser omentum |
|
Definition
| two layered peritoneal fold that connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the 1st part of the duodenum to the visceral surface of the liver, has a free edge |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the lesser omentum |
|
Definition
| hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament |
|
|
Term
| what does the hepatoduodenal ligament contain |
|
Definition
| it is thicker because it has ducts, blood, lymph vessels, and nerves traveling to and from the liver, it is a free edge in the peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| what is the greater omentum |
|
Definition
| hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach in front of coils of the jejunum and ileum |
|
|
Term
| what does the greater omentum contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the greater omentum |
|
Definition
| two anterior and two posterior, no space between so 4 layers because they fused |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the layers in the greater omentum |
|
Definition
| descend from the greater curvature of the stomach, fold back on themselves, and ascend, they seperate into the two layers again and go around the transverse colon to the pancreas forming the transverse mesocolon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a two layered peritoneal fold that connects intestines to the posterior abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of a mesentery |
|
Definition
| allows blood vessels, lymph, and nerves to reach organs from the posterior abdominal wall, provide mobility and make intestine parts intraperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| what is the mesentery of the small intestine |
|
Definition
| connects coils of the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall, has lots of branching with vessels and lymph in it to supply intestines |
|
|
Term
| what is the mesentery of the transverse colon (mescolon) |
|
Definition
| connects transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| what is the mesentery of the sigmoid colon (mesocolon) |
|
Definition
| connects sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal and pelvic walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mesentaries have one, attaches it to the posterior abdominal wall, formed early in development |
|
|
Term
| what is different about mesentaries in early development vs adult |
|
Definition
| early all parts of the digestive tract are intraperitoneal and have a mesentery, with development movements some parts adhere to the posterior abdominal wall and losse their mesentary becoming fixed (secondary retroperitoneal organ) |
|
|
Term
| what is a secondary retroperitoneal organ |
|
Definition
| parts that used to have a mesentary but with developmental movements have attached to the posterior abdominal wall and lost their mesentary |
|
|
Term
| what organs are secondary tetroperitoneal organs |
|
Definition
| most of the duodenum, most of the pancrease, ascending and descending colon |
|
|
Term
| what is the omentum burse where is it located |
|
Definition
| a perrtoneal pouch posterior to the lesser omentum and stomach |
|
|
Term
| what is another name of the omentum bursa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts to the omentum bursa |
|
Definition
| superior recess, inferior recess, left margin, right margin, epiploic foramen |
|
|
Term
| what is the superior recess of the omentum burse, where is it located |
|
Definition
| upward extension, between the liver and diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what is the inferior recess of the omentum burse, where is it located |
|
Definition
| downward extension of the omental burse, between the 2 anterior and 2 posterior layers of the greater omentum, usually short due to the adherance of these layers |
|
|
Term
| what is included in the left margin of the ometal bursa |
|
Definition
| spleen, gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments |
|
|
Term
| what is included in the right margin of the ometal bursa |
|
Definition
| omental (epiploic) formamen |
|
|
Term
| what is the omental foramen |
|
Definition
| opening of the omental burse, connects lesser to greater sac, the only opening in the lesser sac |
|
|
Term
| what is another name from the omental foramen |
|
Definition
| epiploic foramen, foramen of winslow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the remaining of the peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
| what are the boundries of the omental foramen |
|
Definition
anterior: lesser omentum hepatodudoneal ligament,
posterior: inferior vena cava, superior caudate lobe of liver, inferior: 1st part of duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what are the main structures of the hepatoduodenal ligament |
|
Definition
| portal vein, hepatic artery proper, bile duct, lymph, autonomic nerves |
|
|
Term
| where is the umbilical folds located |
|
Definition
| in the lower anterior abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| what are the different umbilical folds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the median umbilical fold |
|
Definition
| covering the median umbilical ligament from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus |
|
|
Term
| what is the median umbilical fold a remnant of |
|
Definition
| the allantos of the embryo, when its lumen obliterates it is called urachus, in the adult it is the median umbilical ligament |
|
|
Term
| where is the medial umbilical fold located |
|
Definition
| one on each side covering the medial umbilical ligaments ascending from the pelvis to the umbilicus |
|
|
Term
| what is the medial umbilical fold a remnant of |
|
Definition
| the distal, obliterated parts of the umbilical artery |
|
|
Term
| where is the lateral umbilical fold located |
|
Definition
| one on ach side covering the inferior epigastric vessels |
|
|
Term
| where is the supravesical fossa located |
|
Definition
| between the median and medical umbilica folds on top of the bladder |
|
|
Term
| how is the supravesical fossa formed |
|
Definition
| as the peritoneum passes from the anterior abdominal wall onto the urinary bladder |
|
|
Term
| why does the supravesical fossa change shape |
|
Definition
| it rises and falls with the filling and emptying of the bladder |
|
|
Term
| where is the medial inguinal fossa located |
|
Definition
| between medial and lateral umbilical folds |
|
|
Term
| what is located in the medial inguinal fossa, what is the medical relivence of this structure |
|
Definition
| the inguinal (hesselbach's) triangle, potentionally a direct inguinal hernia |
|
|
Term
| where is the lateral inguinal fossa located |
|
Definition
| lateral to the lateral umbilical fold, covers inferior epigastric on their way out to the rectus abdominus |
|
|
Term
| what is located in the lateral inguinal fossa, what is the medical relivence of this structure |
|
Definition
| deep inguinal ring, potential site for an indirect inguinal hernia |
|
|
Term
| where is the supracolic compartment located |
|
Definition
| above the transverse colon and its mesentery |
|
|
Term
| what does the supracolic compartment contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the infracolic compartment located |
|
Definition
| below the transverse colon and its mesentery, right and left spaces on each side of the mesentary root between cecum and duodenum/jejunum junction |
|
|
Term
| what does the infracolic compartment contain |
|
Definition
| most of the small and large intestines |
|
|
Term
| what is the infracolic compartment divided into and by what |
|
Definition
| right and left infracolic spaces by mesentery of small intestines |
|
|
Term
| what are the paracolic gutters |
|
Definition
| a free communicating area between the supracolic and infrocolic compartments, on each side of each ascending and descending colon and abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
| what nerves supplies the central part of the diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the pain from the central diaphragm refered to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerves supply the parietal peritoneum |
|
Definition
| lower 5 intercostal nerves (T6-T12), subcostal nerves, and iliohpyogastric and ilioinguinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| what nerves supply the peripherial diaphgram |
|
Definition
| lower 5 intercostal and subcostal (T6-T12) |
|
|
Term
| what nerves supply the visceral peritoneum |
|
Definition
| visceral sensory fibers that travel with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that supply the organs they cover |
|
|
Term
| how is pain in the parietal paritoneum elicted |
|
Definition
| mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimulation |
|
|
Term
| describe pain from the pariteal peritoneum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is pain elicted in the visceral peitoneum |
|
Definition
| stretching due to over distension of a hollow organ or pulling on a mesentery |
|
|
Term
| describe pain from the vericral peritoneum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vertebral level does the inferior vena pierce the diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vertebral level does the aorta pierce the diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what takes up most of the abdominal cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another word for the pelvic floor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in regards to peritoneium, how are the ascending and decending colon attached |
|
Definition
| the used to be in the mesentary but are not connected to the posterior abdominal wall making them secondary retroperitoneal organs |
|
|
Term
| where is the anal triangle located |
|
Definition
| in the anal canal perineium |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreas release as an exocrine organ |
|
Definition
| enzymes released into the duodenum for digestion |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreas release as an endocrine organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in regards to the peritoneium, how is the kidney classified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the outer adrenal cortex produce |
|
Definition
| steroids, corticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones |
|
|
Term
| what does the adrenal medulla product |
|
Definition
| epinepherine, norepinepherine |
|
|
Term
| which kidney sits higher, why |
|
Definition
| the left because the right is blocked by the liver |
|
|
Term
| at approxamently what vertebral level is the hilum of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the difference in the peritonieum of a male and female |
|
Definition
| a male is completely closed, a females is open because you could go through the uterine tube to the uterus and out the vagina |
|
|
Term
| what is the peritoneal ligaments made of |
|
Definition
| loose connective tissue, fat, few fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the gastrosplenic ligament, why |
|
Definition
| gastrosplenic omentum because it connects to the stomach |
|
|
Term
| what does the hepatogastric ligament contain |
|
Definition
| the lesser omentum that isnt part of the hepatoduodenal ligament (free edge) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the bladder during development (between embryo and adult) |
|
|
Term
| what does the urachus become |
|
Definition
| the median umbilical ligament |
|
|
Term
| what does the allantois become |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the spaces between the umbilical folds |
|
Definition
| supravesical fossa, medial inguinal fossa, laternal inguinal fossa |
|
|
Term
| wha s the alamentery canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what canal is the stomach part of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what regions is the stmach located |
|
Definition
| hpyochondriac, epigastric, umbilical |
|
|
Term
| what is anterior to the stomach |
|
Definition
| lower ribs and costal cartilages |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the stomach |
|
Definition
| store food, mix food with gastric secretions, form chyme, control rate of delivery to the small intestines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mixture of food and gastric secretions in a semi fluid mass made in the stomach |
|
|
Term
| what are the surfaces of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the borders of the stomach |
|
Definition
| lesser and greater curvatures |
|
|
Term
| what is the angular notch |
|
Definition
| indentation in the lower part of the lesser curvature of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| what is another name of the angular notch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the orifaces of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the cardiac oriface connect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pyloric oriface connect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the cardiac notch of the stomach located |
|
Definition
| indentation to the left of the cardiac oriface between the left border of the esophagus and the fundus of the stomach makes a bubble |
|
|
Term
| what is the pyloric sphincter |
|
Definition
| circular muscle around the pyloric oriface |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the stomach |
|
Definition
| cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus |
|
|
Term
| how can you tell the parts of the stomach apart |
|
Definition
| you can't their borders are not well defined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are of the stomach immediatly adjacent to the cardiac oriface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| done shaped area of the upper stomach what sits above the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| what marks the inferior border of the fundus |
|
Definition
| horizontal line across the stomach begining at the cardiac notch |
|
|
Term
| where is the body of the stomach |
|
Definition
| from the cardiac notch to the angular notch, begins at esophagus and below |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from the angular notch to the pylors, more tubular than body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the most tubular part of the stomach that contains the pyloric sphincter and pyloric canal |
|
|
Term
| where does the abdominal aorta begin |
|
Definition
| T12 at the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the abdominal aorta |
|
Definition
| anterior to the lumbar vertebra, posterior to the peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| where does the abdominal aorta end |
|
Definition
| L4 when it divides into the right and left common iliac arteries |
|
|
Term
| in regards to the peritoneum covering, what kind of structure is the abdominal aorta, why |
|
Definition
| retroperitoneal, because it is posterior to the peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| what branches off the abdominal aorta |
|
Definition
| L. R. common iliac, visceral branches, parietal branches, caliac trunk |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of visceral branchs that come off the abdominal aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the unpaird visceral branches |
|
Definition
| celiac trunk, superior mesenteric A., inferior mesenteric A. |
|
|
Term
| what are the paired visceral branches |
|
Definition
| middle suprarenal AA, renal AA, ovarian / testicular AA |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of parietal branches of the abdominal aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the unpaired parietal branches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the paired parietal branches |
|
Definition
| inferior phrenic AA, lumbar AA (4 pairs) |
|
|
Term
| at what level does the celiac trunk originate and from what |
|
Definition
| at T12 from the abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| where is the celiac trunk located |
|
Definition
| posterior to the stomach and lesser sac |
|
|
Term
| what are the divisions of the celiac trunk |
|
Definition
| left gastric a, splenic a, common hepatic a |
|
|
Term
| what is the smallest branch of the celiac trunk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the left gastric artery |
|
Definition
| ascends to the cardiac region of the stomach giving off esophageal branches, decends along the lesser curvature of the stomach and anastomoses with the right gastric a |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest branch of the celiac trunk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the splenic artery |
|
Definition
| runs left along the superior border of the pancreas, posterior to the stomach and lesser sac, reaches the hium of the spleen within the splenoreal ligament |
|
|
Term
| what branches off the splenic artery |
|
Definition
| pancreatic branches, left gastroepiploic a, short gastric arteries, terminal branches of the spleen |
|
|
Term
| what do the pancreatic branches of the splenic artery supply |
|
Definition
| neck, body, and tail of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the left gastroepiploic artery |
|
Definition
| neat hilum of the spleen, goes to greater curvature in the gastroplenic ligament, runs along greater curvature from left to right, between layers of the greater omentum, anastomoses with the right gastroepiploic a |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the short gastric arteries |
|
Definition
| originate close to the hilum of the spleen, reach the stomach in the gastrosplenic ligament and supply the fundus |
|
|
Term
| where do the terminal branches of the splenic artery enter the spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the first part of the common hepatic artery |
|
Definition
| runs anterior to the right to reach the superior aspect of the duodenum then divides into two branches |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the common hepatic artery |
|
Definition
| proper hepatic a, gastrodudenal a |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the proper hapatic artery |
|
Definition
| ascends between the two layers of the lesser omentum (hepatodudoenal ligament) to the hilum of the liver and divides into the right branch (cystic artery) and left branch (right gastric artery), in the lesser omentum it is anterior to the portal vein and the left of the common bile duct |
|
|
Term
| what is the porta hepatis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the right gastric artery |
|
Definition
| originates from the proper hepatic, descends within the lesser omentum to the pyloric end of the stomach, runs to the left along the lesser curvature, anastomoses with the left gastric artery |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the gastrodudoneal artery |
|
Definition
| descends posterior to the 1st part of the duodenum, gives off the right gastroepiploic artery and superior pancreaticodudenal arteries |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the right gastroepiploic artery |
|
Definition
| runs along the greater curvature from the right to left between the layers of the greater opentium and anastomoses with the left gastroepiploic artery |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the superior pancreaticododenal arteries (anterior and posterior) |
|
Definition
| supply the duodenum and head of pancreas, anastomose with the inferior pancreaticodudodenal arteries that were a branch of the superior mesenteric a |
|
|
Term
| where do all the veins of the stomach drain |
|
Definition
| directly or indirectly to the portal vein |
|
|
Term
| what are the veins of the stomach |
|
Definition
| all the veins with the same names as the million arteries you just said |
|
|
Term
| list the arteries that supply the stomach |
|
Definition
| L. R. gastric, L. R. gastroepiploic, short gastric |
|
|
Term
| what is the short gastric a branch of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the right gastroepiploic a branch of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the right gastric a branch of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the left gastric a branch of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what regions is the liver located |
|
Definition
| right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac |
|
|
Term
| what are the surfaces of the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| desceive the diaphragamatic surface of the liver |
|
Definition
| convex, smooth, molded to the undersurface of the diaphragm, may have rib impressions |
|
|
Term
| which way does the visceral surface of the liver face |
|
Definition
| fasces inferior, posterior to the left. |
|
|
Term
| what organs is the visceral surface of the liver molded to |
|
Definition
| esophagus, stomach, duodenum, right kidney, right adrenal gland, right colic flexure |
|
|
Term
| what are the grooves in the liver |
|
Definition
| grooves and fossae shaped like the letter H: porta hepatis, right saggital fissure, left saggital fissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the significance of the inferior border of the liver |
|
Definition
| seperates the diaphragamatic and visceral surfaces, sharp |
|
|
Term
| what does the porta hepatis contain |
|
Definition
| right and left hepatic ducts, branche sof the proper hepatic artery and portal vein, autonomic nerves, hepatic lymph nodes and vessels |
|
|
Term
| what do the hepatic ducts do |
|
Definition
| carry bile made by the liver |
|
|
Term
| what vessels supply the liver |
|
Definition
| proper hepatic artery and portal vein |
|
|
Term
| where is the right saggital fissure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the right saggital fissure made of |
|
Definition
| anterior by the fossa for the gallbladder and posterior by the groove for the IVC |
|
|
Term
| where is the left saggital fissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the porta hepatis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the left saggital fissure |
|
Definition
| anterior by the fissure for the round ligament of the liver and posterior by the fissure for the ligamentum venosum(old ductus venosus) |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the round ligament of the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the umbilical vein in intrauterine life |
|
Definition
| carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the portal vein to bipass the liver and go directly to the IVC via the ductus venosus |
|
|
Term
| describe the umbilical vein at birth |
|
Definition
| umbilical vein and ductus venosus close and it becomes the round ligament of the liver |
|
|
Term
| what does the ductus venosus become after birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was the purpous of the ductus venosus before birth |
|
Definition
| bipass the liver and take blood to the IVC |
|
|
Term
| where is the quadrate lobe located |
|
Definition
| liver anterior to the porta hepatis between the fossa for the gallbladder and the fissure for the round ligament (top area of H) |
|
|
Term
| where is the caudate lobe located |
|
Definition
| liver posterior to the porta hepatis and between the groove for the IVE and fissure for the ligamentum venosum (bottom area of H) |
|
|
Term
| what is the caudate process |
|
Definition
| ridge of the liver that connects the caudate and right lobe between the porta hepatis and groove for IVC |
|
|
Term
| what vessels supply the right functional area of the liver |
|
Definition
| right hepatic artery, right branch of the portal vein |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the right liver |
|
Definition
| bile is collected by the right hepatic duct |
|
|
Term
| what vessels supply the left functional area of the liver |
|
Definition
| left hepatic artery and left branch of the portal vein |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the left liver |
|
Definition
| bile is collected by the left hepatic duct |
|
|
Term
| what are the paritoneal ligaments of the liver |
|
Definition
| faliciform, coronary, R. L. triangular, lesser omentum, |
|
|
Term
| what does the falciform ligament connect |
|
Definition
| diaphragmatic durface of the liver to the antrior abdominal wall and diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what does the attachment of the falciform ligament form on the liver |
|
Definition
| boundry between the right and left lobes |
|
|
Term
| what paritoneal fold forms the round ligament of the liver |
|
Definition
| inferior margin of the falciform ligament |
|
|
Term
| what forms the superior layer of the coronary ligament |
|
Definition
| in the posterior aspect of the falciform ligament its two layers seperate forming the superior layer of the coronary ligament |
|
|
Term
| what is between the layers of the coronary ligament |
|
Definition
| an area od liver without peritoneum, bare area of the liver |
|
|
Term
| what forms the right and left triangular ligament |
|
Definition
| right and left ends of the coronary ligament where the superior and inferior layers join |
|
|
Term
| what does the lesser omentum connect |
|
Definition
| visceral liver surface at the edges of the porta hepatis and fussure for the ligamentum venosum to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what are the liver capillaries called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vein drains the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the hepatic vein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the hepatic vein drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is bile collected in the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do all the hepatic ducts join to form |
|
Definition
| right and left hepatic ducts |
|
|
Term
| where do the right and left hepatic ducts leave the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after leaving the liver, what happens to the right and left hepatic ducts |
|
Definition
| they join to form the common hepatic duct |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the common hepatic duct |
|
Definition
| decends within the free margin of the lesser omentum (hepatodudoneal ligament) and is joined by the cystic duct to form the common bile duct |
|
|
Term
| where does the cystic duct come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the common bile duct made |
|
Definition
| the common hepatic duct and custic duct from the gall bladder form |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the common bile duct |
|
Definition
| in the free margin of the lesser omentum, (hepatodudodenal ligament), goes to posterior 1st part of duodenum, inferior it lies posterior to the head of the pancreas or embedded in it |
|
|
Term
| what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla |
|
Definition
| the duct that forms when the common bile and pancreatic duct join |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the hepatopancreatic ampulla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the hepatopancreatic ampulla open |
|
Definition
| into the second part of the duodenum by the major dudoenal papilla surrounded by a sphincter |
|
|
Term
| what is the sphincter at th opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the gallbladder located |
|
Definition
| on the visceral surface of the liver |
|
|
Term
| what does the gallbladder do |
|
Definition
| store bile and concentrate it by abdorbind water |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the fundus of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
| the anterior rounded end that projects below the inferior border of the liver, in contact with the anterior abdominal wall at the 9th costal cartilage |
|
|
Term
| where is the body of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
| middle part, contacts visceral surface of the liver superiorly and transverse colon and duodenum inferiorly |
|
|
Term
| where is the neck of the gallbladder |
|
Definition
| directed to the porta hepatis, becomes continous with the cystic duct |
|
|
Term
| what is in the cystohepatic triangle (of calot) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what limits the cystohepatic triangle |
|
Definition
| cystic duct, common hepatic duct, inferior surface of the liver |
|
|
Term
| where is the spleen located |
|
Definition
| in the left hypochondriac between the stomach and diaphragm, completely under the 9-11th ribs |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the spleen |
|
Definition
| elimination of old or damaged blood cells, filter antigens from blood, immune response against such antigens |
|
|
Term
| what are the surfaces of the spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the diaphragamatic surface of the spleen (what its by, physical appearance, contents) |
|
Definition
| smooth and convex, posterolaterally, related to the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| describe the visceral surface of the spleen (what its by, physical appearance, contents) |
|
Definition
| irregular and concave, anterimedially, related to the stomach, left kidney, left olic flexure, and tail of pancreas, contains the hilum of the spleen |
|
|
Term
| what are the borders of the spleen |
|
Definition
| notched superior border and inferior |
|
|
Term
| what are the poles of the spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what rib is the long axis of the spleen on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can a normal spleen be palpated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what ocnnects the stomach to the spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects the left kidney to the spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the splenorenal ligament have in it |
|
Definition
| splenic vessels, tail of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| what does the gastrosplenic ligament have in it |
|
Definition
| short gastric arteries and veins, left gastroepiploic artery and vein |
|
|
Term
| what supplies blood to the spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the splennic artery come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vein drains the spleen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the splenic vein |
|
Definition
| begins a spleen hilum, runs right, inferior to splenic artery, posterior to pancreas, drains into portal vein |
|
|
Term
| what organs does the celiac trunk supply |
|
Definition
| stomach, liver, biliary ducts, spleen, pancreas |
|
|
Term
| where in the stomach would a gas bubble be located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the liver, what do the biliary ducts tend to follow |
|
Definition
| the hepatic artery and vein |
|
|
Term
| describe the percentage of contribution the hepatic artery vs the portal vein supply the liver |
|
Definition
| hepatic a 30%, portal v 70% |
|
|
Term
| why is the liver very oxygen sensitive |
|
Definition
| because a lot of its blood supply is coming from the portal vein which already gave lots of its oxygen to other organs making it already low in oxygen |
|
|
Term
| the portal vein suck as giving the liver oxygen but what is it good for |
|
Definition
| delivers lots of nutrients and toxins on their way to be cleaned |
|
|
Term
| if a vein and artery supplying blood to the liver, what is taking it away |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the hepatic vein drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what seperates ataomic R and L liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what seperates the functionl L and R liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does the spleen have notches |
|
Definition
| because it was more than one mass during development that fused together |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the posterior abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| lumbar vertebra, intervertebral discs, upper hip bone, psoas major, psoas minor, iliacus, quadratus lumborum, posterior transversus abdominis, lumbar diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the quadratus lumborum |
|
Definition
| iliolumbar ligament and iliac crest |
|
|
Term
| what is the origiin and insertion of the iliolumbar ligament |
|
Definition
| from transverse process of L5/L4 to posterior iliac crest |
|
|
Term
| what is the insertion of the quadratus lumborum |
|
Definition
| border of 12th rub and transverse process of upper 4 lumbar |
|
|
Term
| what innervates quadratus lumborum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the actions of the quadratus lumborum |
|
Definition
| flex rib 2 holding it down against traction of diaphragm, lateral flexion of lumbar spine |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the peripherial part of the diaphragm |
|
Definition
| margin of inferior thorasic aperature |
|
|
Term
| what is the peripherial part of the diaphragm made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the central part of the diaphragm made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the central part of the diaphgram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the central tendon |
|
Definition
| where muscle fibers insert |
|
|
Term
| what are the three parts of the diaphgram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the diaphgram is the smallest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the sternal diaphragm fibers originate |
|
Definition
| posterior surface of xyphoid |
|
|
Term
| were do the costal diaphragm fibers originate |
|
Definition
| interal surface of lower ribs and their costal cartilages |
|
|
Term
| where does the lumbar diaphragm fivers originate |
|
Definition
| right crus, left crus, median acurate ligament |
|
|
Term
| what does the right crus attach to |
|
Definition
| vertebral bodies of L1-3/4 and the intervetebral discs |
|
|
Term
| what does the left crus attach to |
|
Definition
| vertebral bodies of L1-2/3 and the intervetebral discs |
|
|
Term
| what does the acurate ligament attach to |
|
Definition
| the medial borders of the right and left cura |
|
|
Term
| what does the acurate ligament cover |
|
Definition
| the anterior surface of the aorta |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin and insertion of the medial acurate ligament |
|
Definition
| body of L2 to tip of transverse process of L1 |
|
|
Term
| what does the medial acurate ligament cover |
|
Definition
| anterior surface of psoas major muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin and insertion of the lateral arcuate ligament |
|
Definition
| tip of transverse process of L1 to 12th rib |
|
|
Term
| what does teh lateral acurate ligament cover |
|
Definition
| anterior of the quadratus lumborum |
|
|
Term
| which dome of the diaphragm is higher, why |
|
Definition
| the right because of the liver on the left |
|
|
Term
| during expiration what rib level is the right done |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during expiration what rib level is the left dome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| on which side of the body does the diaphragm attach down the most |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structures surround the aortic hiatus |
|
Definition
| body of T12, right and left cura, median acurate ligament |
|
|
Term
| what passes through the aortic haitus with the aorta |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the aortic hiatus in relation to the diaphgram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the esophageal hiatus on the diaphgram in relation to the aortic hiatus |
|
Definition
| anterior, superior, and slightly left of the aortic haitus |
|
|
Term
| what goes through the esophageal hiatus with the esophagus |
|
Definition
| anterior and posterior vagal trunks, esophageal branches of left gastric vessels |
|
|
Term
| where is the caval opening on the diaphgram in relation to the esophageal hiatus |
|
Definition
| anterior, superior and to the right, in the central tendon |
|
|
Term
| where do the splanchnic nerves pierce the diaphgram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the sympathetic trunk pierce the diaphgram |
|
Definition
| posterior to medial acurate ligament |
|
|
Term
| where do the terminal branches of the right phrenic nerve pierce the diaphgram |
|
Definition
| central tendon, immediatly to the right of the IVC |
|
|
Term
| where do the terminal branches of the left phrenic nerve pierce the diaphgram |
|
Definition
| muscle anterior to central tendon and close to apex of heart |
|
|
Term
| what is the sternal costal triangle |
|
Definition
| small gap between the sternal and costal origins of the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what does the sternal costal triangle transmit |
|
Definition
| superior epigastric vessels, lymph vessels |
|
|
Term
| what nerves supply the diaphragm |
|
Definition
| phrenic, ventral rami of C3-5 |
|
|
Term
| what is the most important muscle in inspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the diaphragm |
|
Definition
| inspiration, abdominal pressure holding, andominal evacuation, helps in weight liting by preventing flexion, thoracoabdominal pump |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the thoracoabdominal pump |
|
Definition
| contraction and descent of the diaphragm increases intra abdominal pressure and decreases intro-thoracic pressure, helps blood in IVC to move up and into right atrium and lymph to thoracic duct |
|
|
Term
| what nerves does the lumbar plexus include |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the lumbar plexus supply |
|
Definition
| anterior abdominal wall, external genitalia, lower limbs |
|
|
Term
| if L4 isnt fully committed to the lumbar plexus, who is it cheating with |
|
Definition
| joins L5 to form the lumbosacral trunk in the sacral plexus |
|
|
Term
| what are the three branches of L1 |
|
Definition
| iliohypograstric, ilioinguinal, lower branch that joins the genitofermoral |
|
|
Term
| what does the anterior division of the lumbar plexus include and form |
|
Definition
| L2, L3, and L4 form the obtuartor |
|
|
Term
| what does the posterior division of the lumbar plexus include and form |
|
Definition
| L2, L3, and L3 forming the femoral nerve |
|
|
Term
| what forms the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (lateral femoral cutaneous nerve) |
|
Definition
| L2 and L2 of lumbar plexus |
|
|
Term
| what branches of the lumbar plexus form the lateral border of the psoas majow muscle |
|
Definition
| iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, lateral femoral cutaneous, and femoral |
|
|
Term
| what branches of the lumbar plexus form the medial border of the psoas major muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what branches of the lumbar plexus form the anterior border of the psoas major muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of peritoneal covering does the genitofemoral nerve have |
|
Definition
| retroperitoneal, descends behind the peritonieum |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the genitofemoral nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve supply in males |
|
Definition
| cremaster muscle and skin of scrotum |
|
|
Term
| what does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve supply in females |
|
Definition
| joins round ligament and supplies skin of labium majus |
|
|
Term
| what does the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve supply |
|
Definition
| skin over upper part of femoral triangle |
|
|
Term
| how many ganglia are in the lumbar sympathetic trunk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the lumbar sympathetic trunk |
|
Definition
| medial border of psoas major on bodies of lumbar vertebra, passes posterior to common iliac vessels to become continous with acral part of sympathetic trunk. on the right is is posterior to the right of IVC on left it is adjacent to the left of aorta |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the lumbar sympathetic trunk (one side)recieves |
|
Definition
| recieves 2 branches of white communicating rami from lumbar spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the lumbar sympathetic trunk (one side)gives |
|
Definition
| one gray communicating rami to all lumbar spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| what do the lumbar splanchnic nerves join |
|
Definition
| superior hypogastric plexuses |
|
|
Term
| what nerve fibers does the lumbar splanchnic nerves have |
|
Definition
| sympathetic (visceral motor) and visceral sensory fibers |
|
|
Term
| where is the aortic plexus located |
|
Definition
| anterior to abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| what does the aortic plexus recieve fibers from |
|
Definition
| thoracic splanchnic and lumbar splanchnic nerves |
|
|
Term
| what fibers leave the aortic plexus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what prevertebral ganglia does the aortic plexus contain |
|
Definition
| celiac, aorticorenal, superior and inferior mesenteric |
|
|
Term
| what is the superior hypogastric nerve a continuation of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does teh superior hypogastric nerve begin, then where is it located |
|
Definition
| at bifuraction of abdominal aorta, between right and left common iliac vessels and anterior to L5 and sacral promontory |
|
|
Term
| what vertrbra does the kidney line up with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kidney is lower, why |
|
Definition
| the right because of the liver on the left |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the kidney |
|
Definition
| excrete most waste of metabolism, control wanter and electrolyte balance, control acid-base balance, secrete blood pressure regulators and hematopoeisis |
|
|
Term
| what blood regulators does the kidney release |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the surfaces of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the poles of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wha are the borders of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the kidney hilum located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the kidney hilum lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structures are in the kidney hilum |
|
Definition
| renal vein, artery, renal pelvis, lymph, autonomic nerves |
|
|
Term
| what is the renal pelvis an extension of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the coverings of the kidney |
|
Definition
| perirenal fat, renal fascia, parareal fat |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the coverings of the kidney |
|
Definition
| support them, hold them in place, apposition to neighboring organs |
|
|
Term
| what is the perirenal fat in contact with |
|
Definition
| kidney and suprarenal gland, extends through hilum into renal sinus |
|
|
Term
| what does the renal fascia cover |
|
Definition
| kidney, adrenal gland, and perirenal fat |
|
|
Term
| what does the pararenal fat cover |
|
Definition
| kidney, adrenal gland, perirenal fat, renal fascia. in contact with extraperitoneal fat |
|
|
Term
| what is touching the anteiror right kidney |
|
Definition
| liver, duodenum 2, r colic flexure, coils of si |
|
|
Term
| what is touching left anterior kidney |
|
Definition
| spleen, stomach, pancreas, left colic flexure, coils of si |
|
|
Term
| what is touching the posterior right kidney |
|
Definition
| psoas major, quadratu lumborum, transversus abdominis, diaphragm, 12th rib, subcostal, iliohypograstric, ilioinguinal |
|
|
Term
| what is touching the left posterior kidney |
|
Definition
| psoas major, quadratu lumborum, transversus abdominis, diaphragm, 12th rib, 11th rib, subcostal, iliohypograstric, ilioinguinal |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the renal parenchyma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the renal pyramids located, how are they oriented |
|
Definition
| in the medulla, with their apex towards the renal sinus |
|
|
Term
| what seperates teh renal pyramids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the apex of the renal pyramid called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the renal parenchyma located |
|
Definition
| surrounded by a fibrous capsule |
|
|
Term
| what perferate the renal papillae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do collecting ducts drain urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path from minor calyces to ureter |
|
Definition
| minor calyces join > 2-3 major calyces > renal pelvis > tapers becoming continous with ureter |
|
|
Term
| what are the contents of the renal sinus |
|
Definition
| branches of the renal artery, tributaries of the renal vein, minor and major calyces, renal pelvis, lymph, autonomic nerves, adipose |
|
|
Term
| what is the ureter made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the ureter begin |
|
Definition
| abdomen as a continuation of the renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| what is the ureter behind |
|
Definition
| psoas major and peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| at what point does the ureter turn forward to reach the base of the urinary bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where may kidney stones be located |
|
Definition
| constrictions in the ireter: renal pelvis ureter junction, pelvic brim, where is pierces bladder |
|
|
Term
| what is the most narrow part of the ureter |
|
Definition
| where it pierces the bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the ureter crosses the bifrucation of the common iliac artery |
|
|
Term
| what touches the anterior right ureter |
|
Definition
| duodenum 2, right colic and ileocolic vessels, right ovarian and testicular vessels, lower mesentery of si, terminal ileum |
|
|
Term
| what touches the anterior of the left ureter |
|
Definition
| left colic vessels, left ovarian and testicular vessels, sigmoid colon and its mesentery |
|
|
Term
| what touches the posterior side ot the ureter |
|
Definition
| psoas major, genitofemoral nerve, bifurcation of the common iliac |
|
|
Term
| what shape is the right suprarenal gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what touches the anterior side of the adrenal gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in front of the medial right adrenal gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the left adrenal gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is anterior to the left adrenal gland |
|
Definition
| pancreas, lesser sac, stomach |
|
|
Term
| what does the adrenal cortex come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the adrenal medulla come from |
|
Definition
| ectoderm (neural crest cells) |
|
|
Term
| what hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
| mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), androgens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulate clectrolyte and water balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the adrenal medulla secrete |
|
Definition
| catecholamines (epinepherine) |
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the adrenal glands |
|
Definition
| superior suprarenal arteries, midle suprarenal srtery, inferior suprarenal artery |
|
|
Term
| what is the superior suprarenal arteries a branch of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the middle suprarenal artery a branch od |
|
Definition
| paired visceral branch of abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| what is the inferior suprarenal artery a branch of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vein drains the artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the right suprarenal vein drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the left suprarenal vein drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the adrenal medulla innervated by |
|
Definition
| preganglionic sympathetic fibers |
|
|
Term
| what does the common iliac artery follow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the common iliac artery termiate |
|
Definition
| L5.S1 intervetebral disc level by dividing into internal and external iliac a |
|
|
Term
| what does the external iliac artery run along |
|
Definition
| medial border of psoas major |
|
|
Term
| where does the external iliac artery end |
|
Definition
| enters the thigh by passing under inguinal ligament to become femoral a |
|
|
Term
| what branches does the external iliac artery give off, where |
|
Definition
| inferior epigastric and deep circumflex iliac arteries, just before it becomes the femoral |
|
|
Term
| what forms the IVC, where |
|
Definition
| right and left common iliac veins, posterior to right common iliac a at L5 |
|
|
Term
| when the IVC accends, where is it loacted in relation to the abdominal aorta and vertebra |
|
Definition
| right of aorta and anterior to vertebra |
|
|
Term
| what is the spot on the liver called where it passes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what branches of the IVC dont correspond to the branches of the aorta |
|
Definition
| unpaired visceral branches that correspond with unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta and drain into the portal system |
|
|
Term
| what are the visveral tributaries of the IVC |
|
Definition
| r and l renal, r suprarenal, r ovarian/testicular, hepatic |
|
|
Term
| where does the left suprarenal vein drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the left ovarian/testicular vein drin into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the lumbar veins |
|
Definition
| connect to eachother before they enter the IVC by vertical anastomotic venous channels called ascending lumbar vein |
|
|
Term
| what are the parietal tributaries of the IVC |
|
Definition
| inferior phrenic veins, lumbar veins |
|
|
Term
| where does the median sacral vein terminate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the longest part of the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what marks the begining and end of the small intestines |
|
Definition
| pyloric oriface to ielocecal junction |
|
|
Term
| what are the main functions of the small intestine |
|
Definition
| most of the food digestion and absorption |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what shape is the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what organ lies on the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what regions is the duodenum in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what marks the begining and end of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| pyloric oriface to duodenojejunal flexure |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneium on the first part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| the proximal segment is intraperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneium on the duodenum, except for the first part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in which direction does the first, superior, part of the duodenum run, at what vertebra |
|
Definition
| to the right then turns inferiorly, L1 |
|
|
Term
| what is the superior duodenal flexure |
|
Definition
| the area where the superior duodenum turns inferiorly and becomes continous with the second part of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterior border of the first part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the posterior border of the first part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| gastroduodenal a., common bile duct, portal vein, ivc |
|
|
Term
| what is the superior border of the first part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the inferior border of the first part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vertebra does the second part of the duodenum run on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the second part of the duodenum begin |
|
Definition
| superior duodenal flexure |
|
|
Term
| what marks the interchange of the second, decending, duodenum and the third part |
|
Definition
| the inferior duodenall flexure when the decending part inferiorly turns left |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterior border of the second part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| liver, gallbladder, root of transverse mesocolon,coils of si |
|
|
Term
| what is the posterior border of the second part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| hilum of right kidney (and right renal vessels), right ureter, right psoas major m |
|
|
Term
| what is the medial border of the second, decending, part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what direction does the third part of the duodenum run, at what vertebral level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what marks the junction of the third and forth part of the dduoendum |
|
Definition
| in front of the abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterior border of the third part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| root of the mesentery of si, superior mesenteric artery and vein |
|
|
Term
| what marks the posterior border of the third part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| right psoas major muscle, iva, abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| what marks the superior border of the third part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what direction is the forth part of the duodenum running |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what marks the end of the 4th part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| it runs superior terminating at the duodenojejunal flexure to the left of L2 |
|
|
Term
| what is the medial border of the 4th part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| beginning of the root of mesentery of si, head of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| what is the posterior border of the 4th part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
| left margin of the abdominal aorta and left psoas major m |
|
|
Term
| what is the duodenal ampulla/cap |
|
Definition
| the begining of the first part of the duodenum that has smooth mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what is the plicae circulares, where are they located, what substance is with them |
|
Definition
| the numerous circular folds with mucosa and submucosa in all but the first part of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| what is the major duodenal papilla, where is it located |
|
Definition
| small elevation at the junction of the middle and lower thirds of the posteromedial wall of the 2nd part of the duodenum, where the opening for the pancreatic and bile duct is |
|
|
Term
| what is the hepatopancreatic amuplla, were is it |
|
Definition
| the small oriface at the tip of the major duodenal papilla |
|
|
Term
| what is the minor duodenal papilla, where is it located |
|
Definition
| opening of the accessory pancreatic duct in the second part of the duodenum about 2 cm above the major duodenal papilla |
|
|
Term
| where does the jejunum and ileum begin and end |
|
Definition
| duodenojejunal flexure to ileocecal junction |
|
|
Term
| how can you tell the jejunum and ileum apart |
|
Definition
| each has peculiar fetures but there is no sharp boundry |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneum of the jejunum and ileum, covering, features of that covering |
|
Definition
| intraperitoneal and freely mobile |
|
|
Term
| what does the mesentary of the small intestine attach, what is its function |
|
Definition
| it attaches the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall allowing movement and passage of mesenteric vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves to reach jejunu and ileum |
|
|
Term
| describe the boundries / location of the root of the mesentery of the small intestines |
|
Definition
| inferior and to the right on the left side of L2 and to the right of the sacroiliac joint |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference in location between the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| jejunum: upper infracolic, ileum: lower infracolic and pelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference in diameter of the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| jejunum has thicker walls |
|
|
Term
| describe the difference in the folds of the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| jejunum circular folds are larger and more numerous |
|
|
Term
| describe the difference in the arcades of the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| jejunum arteries have 1-2, ileum arteries have 3 or more |
|
|
Term
| describe the difference in the straight arteries of the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| they are longer in the ileum |
|
|
Term
| where do the straight arteries originate from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the differences in lymph of the jejunum and ileum |
|
Definition
| aggrated lymph nodules (peyer's patches) are in the ileum along the antimerentric border, there are none in jejunum |
|
|
Term
| where does the large intestine begin and end |
|
Definition
| from the ileocecal junction to the anus |
|
|
Term
| what are the main functions of the large intestine |
|
Definition
| abdorption of water the electrolytes, storage of undigested materials until they can be eliminated |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the defining structures that disgungish the large from small intestines |
|
Definition
| teniae coli, appendices epiploicae, haustra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| three bands of longitudinally aranged smooth muscle fibers around the circumferance of the large intestines |
|
|
Term
| what are the appendices epiploicae |
|
Definition
| large intestine fatty apendices, hang off the colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sacculations in the wall of the large intestine |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the large intestine |
|
Definition
| cecum, appendix, ascending transverse decending sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneum of the cecum |
|
Definition
| intraperitoneal, no mesentery |
|
|
Term
| where is the cecum located, in what region |
|
Definition
| inferior to the ileocecal junction, in the right iliac fossa |
|
|
Term
| where does the appendix attach to the cecum, how many teniae coils does it incorporate |
|
Definition
| posteromedial surface, 3 coils |
|
|
Term
| where is the ileal oriface lcoated |
|
Definition
| in the medial wall of the cecum |
|
|
Term
| what is the ileocecal valve, where is it located |
|
Definition
| teo mucosal folds called superior and inferior lips that caurd the ileal oriface |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the ileocecal valve |
|
Definition
| it has little function in preventing reflux from the cecum to ileum |
|
|
Term
| what prevents reflux from the cecum to ileum |
|
Definition
| circular muscle at the end of the ileum |
|
|
Term
| where is the oriface of the appendix in relation fo the ileal oriface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of tissue is the appendix made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneum of the appendix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the mesoappendix, where is it, what does it contain |
|
Definition
| small mesentery that has appendicular vessels off the appendix and fat |
|
|
Term
| what role to the teniae coli related to the appendix play |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of fibers innervate the appenxix, what spinal nerve are they from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is pain from the appendix referred to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the possible locations of the tip of the appendix |
|
Definition
| hanging down onto pelvis against right pelvic wall, posterior to cecum, projecting upward along lateral side of cecum, projecting upward anterior or posterior to the terminal part of the ileum |
|
|
Term
| what is the medical significance of McBurney's point |
|
Definition
| usually the point of max tenderness on palpation of eppendicitis |
|
|
Term
| where is mcburney's point located |
|
Definition
| 1/3 up from the right ASIS to the umbilicus |
|
|
Term
| what marks the beginning and end of the ascending colon |
|
Definition
| ileocecal junction to right hepatic colic flexure near the inferior right liver lobe |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritonieum of the ascending colon |
|
Definition
| secondary retroperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| what marks the beginning and end of the transverse colon |
|
Definition
| right hepatic/colic flexure to left splenic/colic flexure |
|
|
Term
| which flexure is more sperior and posterior, hepatic or splenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneum of the transverse colon |
|
Definition
| it is the transverse mesocolon making it intraperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| what marks the begining and end of the descending colon |
|
Definition
| left splenic / colic flexure to pelvic brim |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritoneum of the descending colon |
|
Definition
| secondary retroperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| what marks the begining and end (vertebral) of the sigmoid colon |
|
Definition
| pelvic brim to the pelvic cavity near S3 |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritonieum of the sigmoid colon |
|
Definition
| intraperotineal, has the sigmoid mesocolon connecting it to the posterior abdominal wall and pelvic wall |
|
|
Term
| why is the location of the sigmoid colon different than that of the other large intestine parts |
|
Definition
| it is the only one that dops into the pelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| exocrine and endocrine gland |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreas produce as an exocrine gland |
|
Definition
| enzymes for digresion of proteins, fats, and carbs |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreas produce as an endocrine gland |
|
Definition
| hromones like insulin and glucagon |
|
|
Term
| what is another name of the endocrine portion of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what regions is the pancreas located in |
|
Definition
| left hypochondriac and epigastric |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritonieum of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| retroperitoneal, and part intraperitoneal |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the pancreas (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the head of the pancreas located |
|
Definition
| in the concavity of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| wwhere is the unicate process located, especially in relation to important vessels |
|
Definition
| on the lower part of the head of the pancreas extending left, posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels |
|
|
Term
| where is the neck of the pancreas located, especially in relation to important vessels |
|
Definition
| between head and body, anterior to orans of the portal vein and suprtior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| how can the body of the pancreas be identified |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe how the body of the pancreas extends |
|
Definition
| to the left and slightly superior |
|
|
Term
| what ligament is the tail of the pancreas located in |
|
Definition
| splenorenal ligament, in contact with the hilum of the spleen |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterior border of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| lesser sac, stomach, root of transverse mesocolon |
|
|
Term
| what is the posterior border of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| common bile duct, origin of portal vein, ivc, abdominal aorta, origin of superior mesenteric artery, splenic vein, l kidney, l, suprerenal gland |
|
|
Term
| what is the superior border of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the ducts of the pancreas |
|
Definition
| principal (main) pancreatic duct, accessory panreatic duct |
|
|
Term
| what is the location of the principal pancreatic duct |
|
Definition
| begins at tail of pancres down the length of the organ |
|
|
Term
| where does the main pancreatic duct have openings |
|
Definition
| tail of pancreas, joins the common bile duct, then goes into the second part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla |
|
|
Term
| where does the accessory pancreatic duct have openings |
|
Definition
| the upper part of the head to the second part of the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla |
|
|
Term
| where does the superior mesenteric artery branch from, at what vertebra, near what organ |
|
Definition
| anterior abdominal aorta at L1, posterior to the neck of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the superior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
| passes anterior to the left renal vein, anterior to uncinate process of pancreas, anteior to 3rd part of duodenum, continues on root of mesentery of si |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior mesenteric artery supply |
|
Definition
| head of pancreas, distal duodenum, jejunum, ilecum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| what branches off the superior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
| inferior pancreaticoduodenal a, jejunial and ileal a, ileocolic a, r colic a, middle colic a, |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreaticoduodenal artery divide into |
|
Definition
| anterior and posterior branches |
|
|
Term
| what does the pancreaticoduodenal aetery supply |
|
Definition
| lower part of head of pancreas and distal duodenum |
|
|
Term
| how does the pancreaticoduodenal artery end |
|
Definition
| anastomose with superior pancreaticoduodenal branches of the gastroduodenal a |
|
|
Term
| how many jejunal and ileal arteries are there |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the jejunal and ileal arteries branch from |
|
Definition
| left side of the superior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the jejunal and ileal arteries |
|
Definition
| between 2 layers of mesentery of si to coils of jujenum and ileum, form arterial arcades to increase number of arteries and make straight arteries to supply intestinal walls |
|
|
Term
| what is the lowest branch on the right of the superior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the branches of the ileocolic a supply |
|
Definition
| ileum, cecum, appendix, begining of ascending colon |
|
|
Term
| how does the ileocolic a end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with the r colic artery and last ileal branch of the superior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the right colic artery divide into |
|
Definition
| ascending and descending branches |
|
|
Term
| how do the descending branches of the right colic artery end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with ileocolic a |
|
|
Term
| how do the ascending branches of the right colic artery end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with the middle colic a |
|
|
Term
| what does the right colic artery supply |
|
Definition
| ascending colon and begining of transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| what is the right colic artery said to be variable |
|
Definition
| because it can originate from the superior mesenteric artery, ileocolic artery, middle colic artery, or may be absent |
|
|
Term
| where is the middle colic artery located |
|
Definition
| between the two layers of the transverse mesocolon |
|
|
Term
| what does the middle colic artery divide into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the right branch of the middle colic artery end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with right colic artery |
|
|
Term
| how does the left branch of the middle colic artery end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with left colic artery |
|
|
Term
| where does the left colic artery branch from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the middle colic artery supply |
|
Definition
| proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| where does the inferior mesenteric artery branch from, in what direction, at what vertebra |
|
Definition
| lower andominal aorta anteriorly at L3 |
|
|
Term
| after it originates where is the inferior mesenteric artery located |
|
Definition
| inferiorly, posterior to the peritoneum of the left infracolic compartment, crosses left common iliac vessels and continues into pelvis as superior rectal artery |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the inferior mesenteric artery enters the pelvis |
|
Definition
| it changes name to the superior rectal artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply |
|
Definition
| distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper half of the anal canal |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
| left colic artery, sigmoid arteries, superior rectal artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the left colic artery divide into |
|
Definition
| ascending and descending branches |
|
|
Term
| how does the left colic artery descending branch end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with 2st sigmoid srtery |
|
|
Term
| how does the left colic artery ascending branch and |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with middle colic artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the left colic artery supply |
|
Definition
| distal 1/3 of the transverse colon and descending colon |
|
|
Term
| how many sigmoid arteries are there |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the sigmoid arteries located |
|
Definition
| between the two layer of the sigmoid mesocolon |
|
|
Term
| what do the sigmoid arteries supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the sigmoid arteries end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses above with left colic artery |
|
|
Term
| what is different about the ending of the last sigmoid artery |
|
Definition
| it has a weak or no anastomosis below with the superior rectal artery |
|
|
Term
| where is the superior rectal artery located |
|
Definition
| inferior continuation of the inferior mesentaric artery, decends in the pelvis posterior to the rectum, |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior rectal artery supply |
|
Definition
| rectum and upper anall canal |
|
|
Term
| how does the superior rectal artery end |
|
Definition
| anastomoses with middle and inferior rectal arteries |
|
|
Term
| what are the middle and inferior rectal arteries branches of |
|
Definition
| internal iliac and internal pudenal a |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the marginal artery |
|
Definition
| continous arterial channel that skirts inner margin of colon from ileocolic junction to rectosigmoid junction |
|
|
Term
| what branches does the marginal artery consist of |
|
Definition
| ileocolic, right colic, middle colic, left colic, and sigmoid arteries. it is the line drawn by the arteries on the margin of the colon due to their anastamosis |
|
|
Term
| what does the marginal artery supply |
|
Definition
| collateral circulation to part of the colon when the chief arterial supply has been obstructed or ligated |
|
|
Term
| what does the portal vein drain |
|
Definition
| lower 1/3 of esophagus to upper 1/2 of the anal canal, spleen, pancreas, all unpaired abdominal organs but the liver |
|
|
Term
| where does the portal vein end |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the portal vein begin |
|
Definition
| capillary pplexuses of organs drained by the portal vein |
|
|
Term
| in general, the portal vein begins from what union of veins |
|
Definition
| superior mesenteric and splenic veins |
|
|
Term
| where is the portal vein in relation to the 1st part of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the main part of the portal vein run |
|
Definition
| within the hepatoduodenal ligament, posterior to the proper hepatic a and common bile duct |
|
|
Term
| what happens when the portal vein reaches the porta hepatis |
|
Definition
| it divieds into the right and left terminal branches |
|
|
Term
| what are the tributaries to the portal vein |
|
Definition
| splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, short gastric v, left gastroepiploic v, pancreatic v, inferior mesenteric v |
|
|
Term
| what arteries does the portal vein run with / correspond with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior mesenteric vein drin |
|
Definition
| territory supplied by the inferior mesenteric a |
|
|
Term
| what veins does the inferior mesenteric vein recieve |
|
Definition
| left colic, sigmoid, superior rectal |
|
|
Term
| describe the relation to the peritonieum of the inferior mesenteric vein as it ascends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the inferior mesenteric vein end and where |
|
Definition
| joins splenic vein posterior to pancreas or the splenic and superior mesenteric vein junction, or the superior mesenteric vein alone |
|
|
Term
| what artery does the superior mesenteriv vein run with |
|
Definition
| the superior mesenteric a |
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the superior mesenteric vein in regards to the pancreas and duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the superior mesenteric vein end |
|
Definition
| joins splenic vein posterior to the neck of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
| what does the joining of the superior mesenteric and splenic vein form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tributaties does the superior mesenteric vein recieve |
|
Definition
| inferior pancreaticoduodenal, jejuna, ileal, ileocolic, r colic, middle colic, r gastroepiploic |
|
|
Term
| where do the r and l gastric veins collece from |
|
Definition
| lesser curvature of stomach |
|
|
Term
| where do the r and l gastric veins drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the superior pencreaticoduodenal veins drain |
|
Definition
| into the portal vein or the superior mesenteric vein |
|
|
Term
| what does the cystic veins drain |
|
Definition
| blood from the gallbladder directly into the hepatic veins within the liver or may join the portal vein |
|
|
Term
| where are the papaumbilical veins located |
|
Definition
| along the round ligament of the liver |
|
|
Term
| what does the paraumbilical veins connect |
|
Definition
| veins of anterior abdominal wall to portal vein |
|
|
Term
| what is the 'direct route' of portal vein blood |
|
Definition
| portal vein to the liver then to the iva |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the indirect routes for the portal vein |
|
Definition
| portal system goes to svc, ive |
|
|
Term
| what happens if the direct route of the portal vein is blocked |
|
Definition
| it cause portal hypertension or cirrhosis of the liver and portal anastomoses become enlarged and may rupture |
|
|
Term
| where are the common sites of portal systemic anastomoses |
|
Definition
| lower esophagus, walls of rectum and anal canal, intrior andominal wall, wherever non-peritoneal areas of intestines, liver, pancreas are in contact with the body wall |
|
|
Term
| where in the esophagus does cirosis occur |
|
Definition
| between esophageal tributaries of left gastric and esophageal veins that drain into the azygos, |
|
|
Term
| what does cirosis in the esophagus cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does cirosis occur in the rectal and anal canal |
|
Definition
| tributaries of the rectal vein anastomose with tributaries of the middle and inferior rectal veins |
|
|
Term
| what does cirosis in the retal and anal canal cause |
|
Definition
| internal herorrhoids, not common |
|
|
Term
| where does cirosis in the anterior abdominal wall occur |
|
Definition
| paraumbilical veins connect portal vein with superificial veins of anterior abdominal wall which drain superior into axillary vein or inferior to femoral vein |
|
|
Term
| what does cirosis in the anterior abdominal wall cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when cirosis occurs in the wall behind the colon |
|
Definition
| nothing, not clinically significant |
|
|
Term
| why is there variability in the location of the accessory pancreatic duct |
|
Definition
| sometimes it goes into the duodenum alone and sometimes it joins the primary pancreatic duct first |
|
|
Term
| what marks the begining and end of the small intestine mesentary root |
|
Definition
| ileocecal junction to duodunaljujunal junction |
|
|
Term
| in general, what does the superior mesenteric a supply |
|
Definition
| jujunum, ileu, cecum, and 2/3 of transverse colon |
|
|
Term
| what comes together to make the base of the appendix |
|
Definition
| 3 tenia coli that were running along the colon |
|
|
Term
| describe the peritonieum of the tail of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the neck of the pancreas in relation to the portal vein and superior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the basic definition of a portal system / circulation |
|
Definition
| system with two capillary beds. |
|
|
Term
| in what organs are portal systems found |
|
Definition
| pituitary, kidney, adrenal, liver |
|
|
Term
| describe the basic flow of the liver's portal system |
|
Definition
| venous dranage goes to 1st capillaries then portal vein then liver capillaries then hepatic vein then IVC |
|
|
Term
| where exactly does cirosis occur when it is near the wall behind the colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the pelvis |
|
Definition
| transmit weight of body from vertebral column to lower limbs, support protect pelvic viscera, attachment for lower limb and trunk muscles |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the pelvis |
|
Definition
| two hip bones, sacrum, coccyx |
|
|
Term
| what do the hip bones articulate with |
|
Definition
| eachother anteriorly at publc symphysis, posteriorly with sacroiliac joint |
|
|
Term
| what do the sacrum and coccyx articulate with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of joint is the sacroiliac joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the extent of the scaroiliac joint movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the sacroiliac joint |
|
Definition
| transmit weight of body from vertebral column to hop bone |
|
|
Term
| what are the articular surfaces of the sacroiliac joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference in the sacroiliac joint between adults and infants |
|
Definition
| flat in infants, reciprocally irregulat in adults |
|
|
Term
| what does the reciprocally irregular configuration of the sacroiliac joint do to adult movement |
|
Definition
| restricts it and contributes to strength |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the sacroiliac joint with age |
|
Definition
| fibrous adhesions, gradual obliteration, earlier in males |
|
|
Term
| what ligaments are associated with the sacroiliac joint |
|
Definition
| interosseous sacroiliac ligament, posterior sacroiliac ligaments (short and long), anterior sacroiliac ligament, sacrotuberous ligament, sacrospinous ligament, iluolumbar ligament, |
|
|
Term
| what does the interosseous sacroliliac ligament connet |
|
Definition
| sacrum and ilium tuberosities |
|
|
Term
| what space does the interosseous sacroiliac ligament full |
|
Definition
| irregular space posteroir to the scaroiliac joint |
|
|
Term
| what is the posterior sacroiliac ligament posterior to |
|
Definition
| interosseous sacroiliac ligament |
|
|
Term
| what does the posterior sacroiliac ligament connect |
|
Definition
| posterior sacrum intermediate and lateral sacral crests to posterior ilium |
|
|
Term
| what is the anterior sacroiliac ligament formed by |
|
Definition
| thickening of anterior and inferior aspects of joint capsule |
|
|
Term
| what shpe is the sacrotuberous ligament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what direction does the sacrotuberous ligament run |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does teh sacrotuberous ligament connect |
|
Definition
| posterior ilium and lateral sacrum and occyx to medial argin of ischial tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| what shape is the sacrospinous ligament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the sacrospinous ligament connect |
|
Definition
| lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx to ischial spine |
|
|
Term
| what is the sacrospinous lgiament anterior to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the iliolumbar ligament |
|
Definition
| accessory ligament of the sacroiliac joint |
|
|
Term
| what does the iliolumbar ligament connect |
|
Definition
| medial transverse process L5/4 to posterior iliac crest |
|
|
Term
| what attaches to the iliolumbar ligament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the accessory ligaments of the sacroiliac joint |
|
Definition
| sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the accessory ligaments of the scaroiliac joint |
|
Definition
| stabilize sacrum, prevent rotatory movement, weight of trunk rotates scarum so the upper end moves inferior and lower end moves superior |
|
|
Term
| what do the accessory ligaments of the sacroiliac joint turn into |
|
Definition
| it changes the greater and less siatic notches into greater and lesser sciatic foramina |
|
|
Term
| where is the greater sciatic foramen |
|
Definition
| opening between pelvic cavity and gluteal region |
|
|
Term
| where is the lesser sciatic foramen |
|
Definition
| opening between gulteal region of perineum |
|
|
Term
| what kind of joint is the publc symphysis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what connects the pubic bones |
|
Definition
| fibrocartilaginous discs (interpubic disc) |
|
|
Term
| what is the interpubic disc reinforced by and on what side |
|
Definition
| superior publc ligament (superior) and acurate public ligament (inferior) |
|
|
Term
| what kind of jount is the sacrococcygeal joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the sacrococcygeal joint |
|
Definition
| apex of sacrum and base of coccyx |
|
|
Term
| what is the sacrococcygeal joint reingorced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when in anatomical position what two markers should be in the same plane |
|
Definition
| ASIS and pubic tuberosity |
|
|
Term
| what direction does the posterior surface of the pubic symphysis face |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what direction does the anterior surface of the sacrum face |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what divides the two parts of the pelvis |
|
Definition
| pelvic brim (linea terminalis) |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of the pelvic brim posterior to anterior |
|
Definition
| sacral promontoryy, anterior border of ala of sacrum, acurate line, pectineal line, pubic crest, superior border of pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
| what are the two aperatures of the lesser (true) pelvis |
|
Definition
| pelvic inlet (superior pelvic aperature, pelvic outlet (inferior pelvic aperature) |
|
|
Term
| what is the pelvic cavity |
|
Definition
| space between pelvic inlet and pelvic putlet |
|
|
Term
| what binds the pelvic inlet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the pelvic outlet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the boundries of the pelvic ooutlet |
|
Definition
| anterior publc symphysis, posterior coccyx, lateral ischeral tuberosities |
|
|
Term
| what is the anteriorlateral border of the pelvic outlet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up the ischiopubic ramus |
|
Definition
| inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium |
|
|
Term
| what is the posterolateral border of the pelvic outlet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which wall of the pelvic cavity is shorter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up the anterior wall of the pelvic cavity |
|
Definition
| pubic symphysis and bodies of pubic bones |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity |
|
Definition
| sacrum, coccyx, piriformis muscles, sacrotuberous, sacrospinous ligaments |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity |
|
Definition
| hip bone inferior to pelbic brim, obturaror membrane, obturator internus muscle |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the inferior wall of the pelvic diaphragm |
|
Definition
| (pelvic floor) formed by levator ani and coccygeus muscles |
|
|
Term
| which direction is the pelvic diaphragm orientated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pelvic diaphragm divide |
|
Definition
| pelvis into pelvic cavity (superior) and perineum (inferior) |
|
|
Term
| where is the urogenital hiatus |
|
Definition
| anterior on pelvic diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what passes through the urogenital hiatus |
|
Definition
| urethra or urethra and vagina |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin of the levator ani |
|
Definition
| posterior body of pubis, tendinous arch of levator ani, ischial spine |
|
|
Term
| what is the tendinous arch of the levator ani composed of |
|
Definition
| thickening of the obturator internus fascia |
|
|
Term
| which way do the fibers of the levator ani run |
|
Definition
| posterior, inferior, medial |
|
|
Term
| where is the insertion of the levator ani |
|
Definition
| perineal body, prostate or vagina, rectum and anal canal, anococcygeal ligament, coccyx |
|
|
Term
| what are the three parts of the levator ani |
|
Definition
| puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus |
|
|
Term
| what innervates the levator ani |
|
Definition
| ventral rami of S2-S4 via direct muscular branches and the pudendal nerve |
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the coccygeus (ischiococcygeus) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the coccygeus anterior to |
|
Definition
| sacrospinous ligament, it partially blends with it |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin and insertion of the coccygeus |
|
Definition
| ischial spine to lateral margin of lower sacrum and coccyx |
|
|
Term
| what innervates the coccygeus |
|
Definition
| direct muscular branches of the ventral rami of S3-S4 |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the pelvic diaphragm |
|
Definition
| support and maintain pelvic viscera prevent it from prolapse, contract with abdominal muscles to increase pressure, spinchteric action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viscera sliding out from pelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
| what is the pelvic cavity the space between |
|
Definition
| pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet |
|
|
Term
| which way does the sacrum want to move |
|
Definition
| inferior tip of saccrum wants to rotate posterior |
|
|
Term
| what prevents the sacrum from rotating |
|
Definition
| sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligament |
|
|
Term
| what is the space above the pelvic brim called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the space below the pelvic brim called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the lesser pelvis enclose |
|
Definition
| pelvic cavity and perinerum |
|
|
Term
| what does the greater pelvis form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscle makes up the pelvic diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is inside the ischial tuberosity |
|
Definition
| obterator membrane and muscle |
|
|
Term
| does the coccygous help hold the pelvic diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do the urethra and vagina share a hiatus in the pelvic diaphragm |
|
Definition
| no, they are next to eachother but seperate |
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between pubolactalis and the rectum |
|
Definition
| it forms a sling around it making a spinctor |
|
|
Term
| where is the pyraformis located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: general structure |
|
Definition
| thick and heavy, thin and light |
|
|
Term
| describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: greater pelvis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: lesser pelvis |
|
Definition
| narrow and deep, wide and shallow |
|
|
Term
| describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: pelvic inlet |
|
Definition
| heart shaped, oval and round |
|
|
Term
| describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: pelvic outlet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: pubic arch and subpubic angle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: obturator foramen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: acetabulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the ovarian artery originate |
|
Definition
| paired visceral branch of abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| what does the ovarian artery run along |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the superior rectal artery originate |
|
Definition
| terminal branch o the mesenteric a |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior rectal artery supply |
|
Definition
| rectum and upper anal canal |
|
|
Term
| where does the median sacral artery originate |
|
Definition
| unpaired parietal branch of abdominal aorta |
|
|
Term
| where does the internal iliac artery originate |
|
Definition
| terminal branch of common iliac a |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the internal iliac artery |
|
Definition
| descends into pelvis to upper margin of the greater sciatic foramen where ir branches |
|
|
Term
| what does the internal iliac artery branch into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the internal iliac artery supply |
|
Definition
| pelvic viscera and walls, perineum, proximal parts of lower limbs |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the anterior internal iliac artery |
|
Definition
| umbulucal, obturator, inferior vesical, middle rectal, internal pudenal, inferior gluteal, uterine, vaginal |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the posterior internal iliac artery |
|
Definition
| superior gluteal, iliolumbar, lateral sacral |
|
|
Term
| what does the umbilical artery branch into |
|
Definition
| proxially the superior vesical srtery, distal the obliteraed umbilical artery (umbilical ligament) |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior vesical artery supply |
|
Definition
| upper bladder, lower ureter |
|
|
Term
| where does the obturator artery run |
|
Definition
| on lateral pelvic wall with obturator vein and nerve towards the upper obrurator foramen, leaves via obturator canal and enters again medial compartment of thigh |
|
|
Term
| where does the obturator occasionally originate from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in which gender is the inferior vesical artery in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what artery is the female version of the inferior vesical artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior vesical artery supply |
|
Definition
| lower bladder, prostate, and smeinal vesicles |
|
|
Term
| how does the middle rectal artery originate |
|
Definition
| usually by a common trunk with inferior vesical artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the middle rectal artery supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the middle rectal artery end |
|
Definition
| anastomose with superior and inferior rectal arteries |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the internal pudendal artery |
|
Definition
| leaves pelvic cavity and enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen, curves around ischial spine, enters perineum via lesser sciatic foramen, |
|
|
Term
| what is the greater sciatic foramen inferior to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the main artery of the perineum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the inferior gluteal artery |
|
Definition
| descends anterior to sacral plexus and piriformis and posterior to internal pudendal artery, passes between ventral rami of S1/S2 or S2/S3, enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis muscle |
|
|
Term
| describe the math of the uterine artery |
|
Definition
| runs medially towards uterus, crosses ureter superiorly, ascends along lateral margin of uterus, turns laterally and follows uterine tube towards ovary, |
|
|
Term
| how does the uterine artery end |
|
Definition
| anastamose with ovarian a |
|
|
Term
| what does the uterine artery supply |
|
Definition
| uterus, uterine tube, upper vagina |
|
|
Term
| where does the vaginal artery originate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the vaginal artery supply |
|
Definition
| vagina, adjacent parts of bladder and rectum |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest branch of the internal iliac |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the continuation of the posterior trunk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the superior gluteal artery |
|
Definition
| passes between lumbosacral trunk and ventra rami of S1 or between S1/S2, leaves pelvis and enters gluteal region via sciatic foramen superior to piriformis muscle |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the iliolumbar artery |
|
Definition
| ascends towards psoas pahow, anterior to lumbosacral trunk, then divides |
|
|
Term
| what does the iliolumbar divide into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the iliac branch of the iliolumbar artery supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the lumbar branch of the iliolumbar supply |
|
Definition
| psoas major and quadratus lumborum and vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| how many lateral sacral arteries are there |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the lateral sacral arteries supply |
|
Definition
| sacral vertebra and contents of sacral canal |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the lateral sacral artery branches |
|
Definition
| through posterior sacral foramina to supply skin and muscle posterior to sacrum |
|
|
Term
| what is the internal iliac vein between |
|
Definition
| lateral pelvic wall and internal iliac artery |
|
|
Term
| what does the internal iliac vein join |
|
Definition
| common iliac vein to external iliac v |
|
|
Term
| what dumps into the internal iliac vein |
|
Definition
| all the internal iliac a correspondents except umbilical vein |
|
|
Term
| what is the intervertebral venous plexus |
|
Definition
| comminication of beins passing through the anterior sacral foramina, intrnal iliac vein tributaries |
|
|
Term
| why are the internvertebral venous plexus dangerous |
|
Definition
| malignant cells from the pelvi tumors (prostate) may pass through these beins and lodge in vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| where is there a protal systemic anastomoses in the internal iliac vein |
|
Definition
| wall of rectum and anal canal |
|
|
Term
| what is the sacral plexus formed by |
|
Definition
| lumbosacral trunk: ventral remi of L5, some of L4 and S1-S4 |
|
|
Term
| what does the sacral plexus divide into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nervous system is the sacral plexus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the sacral plexus supply |
|
Definition
| mesucles and part of skin of gluteal region, muscles and skin of posterior thigh, muscles and skin of entire leg and foot except skin on medial aspect of leg and foot, muscles of skin of perineum |
|
|
Term
| what is the sacral sympathetic trunk a continuation of |
|
Definition
| inferior continuation of the lumbar sympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
| where does the sacral sympathetic trunk run along |
|
Definition
| anterior sacrum medial to anterior sacral foramina, right and left trunks my join at tip of occyx in a single ganglion |
|
|
Term
| what is the ganglion at the bottoom of the sacral sympathetic trunk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many ganglia are in the sacral sympathetic trunk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the sacral sympathetic trunk, where do they go |
|
Definition
| gray comminucating rami go to all spinal nerves, visceral sacral splanchnic nerve branches join inferior hypogastric plexus |
|
|
Term
| what do gray communicating rami of the sacral sympathetic trunk contain |
|
Definition
| postganglionic smpathetic fibers |
|
|
Term
| what do the sacral splanchnic nerves contain |
|
Definition
| preganglionic sympathetic and visceral sensory fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is the main autonomic plexus of the pelvis |
|
Definition
| inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus |
|
|
Term
| what type of innervation does the inferior pelvic plexus provide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what bring autonomic fibers to the rectum and ovary, without using the hypogastric plexus |
|
Definition
| superior rectal and ovarian plexuses |
|
|
Term
| what is the inferior hypogastric plexus formed by |
|
Definition
| union of hypogastric and pelvic splanchnic nerves and some sacral splanchnic nerves |
|
|
Term
| what is the superior hypogastric plexus a direct extension of |
|
Definition
| aortic plexus below aortic bifurcation |
|
|
Term
| how does the inferior hypogastric plexus end, where |
|
Definition
| divides into right and left hypogastric nerves at sacral promontory |
|
|
Term
| what type of fibers does the superior hypogastric plexus and hypogastric nerves contain |
|
Definition
| preganglionic, post ganglionic sympathetic, small ganglia, visceral sensory, no or few parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| what is the pelvic sympathetic outflow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the pelvic sympathetic outflow originate |
|
Definition
| ventral rami of S1-S4 join inferior hypogastric plexus |
|
|
Term
| what type of fibers does the pelvic outflow contain |
|
Definition
| preganglionic parasympathetic fibers and visceral sensory |
|
|
Term
| where do the preganglionic fibers of the pelvic outflow synapse |
|
Definition
| in ganglia within the inferior hypogastric plexus or in the walls or organs they innervate |
|
|
Term
| where is the inferior hyopgastric plexus located |
|
Definition
| against lateral pelvic wall, medial to branches of internal iliac vessels and lateral to pelvic viscera |
|
|
Term
| what are the subsitiary plexuses of the inferior hypogastric plexus |
|
Definition
| middle rectal, uterovaginal, vesical |
|
|
Term
| what two boundries segregate the pelvic cavity |
|
Definition
| pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet |
|
|
Term
| what divides the pelvic cavity into two |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two divisions of the pelvic cavity |
|
Definition
| main pelvic cavity and perinerium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another name for the pelvic cavity |
|
|
Term
| what are the contents of the pelvic cavity, in general |
|
Definition
| intestines, urinary, reproductive, blood, nerves, lymph |
|
|
Term
| describe the origin of the pelvic organs in relation to the perineum, how does this affect the location of the perinerum around them |
|
Definition
| the form upwards so it drapes over the organs |
|
|
Term
| why does the perineum draping over the organs cause peoblems sometimes |
|
Definition
| fluid can build up leading to blood or puss build up, pelvic disease |
|
|
Term
| in general, how is the sigmoud colon in the pelvic cavity, wasn't it in the abdominal?? |
|
Definition
| its loop hangs down into it |
|
|
Term
| what vertebra marks the transition from the sigmoid colon to the rectum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the sigmoid colon mobile? does it having any binding? |
|
Definition
| yes, but it does have the sigmoid mesocolon |
|
|
Term
| what is anterior to the sigmoid colon in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is anterior to the sigmoid colon in females |
|
Definition
| posterior uterus, upper vagina |
|
|
Term
| what is posterior to the sigmoid colon |
|
Definition
| rectum, saccrum, lower ileum |
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the sigmoid colon |
|
Definition
| sigmoid branches of the inferior mesenteric |
|
|
Term
| what veins supply the sigmoid colon, where do they drain into |
|
Definition
| inferior mesenteric vein drains into portal system |
|
|
Term
| where is the sigmoid colon lymph located, where does it drain to |
|
Definition
| it is in nodes along the arteries and drains into the inferior mesenteric veins |
|
|
Term
| what nerves supply the sigmoid colon, what kind of innervation |
|
Definition
| the hypogastic plexus provides parasympathetic and sympathetic |
|
|
Term
| what is posterior to the rectum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the begining of the rectum? how did it get into the pelvic cavity? |
|
Definition
| it states at S3 and pierces the pelvic diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| when the rectum ends, what does it turn into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the rectal ampulla |
|
Definition
| the lower part of the rectum that is dilated |
|
|
Term
| describe the perineum covering of the rectum |
|
Definition
first 1/3: anterior and lateral covered
second 1/3: anterior covered
last 1/3: has none |
|
|
Term
| how is the muscular coat of the rectum arranged |
|
Definition
outer: longitudinal
inner: circular layers |
|
|
Term
| what are the transverse folds of the rectum |
|
Definition
| musous membrane and the circular muscle layers form two or three semicircular permanent folds |
|
|
Term
| what is posterior to the rectum |
|
Definition
| sacrum, coccyx, piriformis muscle, coccygeus, levator ani, sacral plexus, sympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
| what is anterior to the rectum in males |
|
Definition
| sigmid colon, lower lieum, posterior bladder |
|
|
Term
| what is anterior to the rectum in females |
|
Definition
| sigmoid colon, lower ileum, lower 1/2 of the posterior vagina |
|
|
Term
| what is the retrouterine pouch between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the rectouterine pouch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the rectum (also, where do they come from) |
|
Definition
| superior rectal (inferior mesenteric), middle rectal (internal iliac), inferior rectal 9internal pudenal) |
|
|
Term
| what veins drain the rectum (also, where do they drain to) |
|
Definition
| superior rectal (inferior mesenteric), middle rectal (internal iliac), inferior rectal (internal pudenal) |
|
|
Term
| what is in the posterior pelvis |
|
Definition
| same in both sexes, rectum, sigmoid colon, ileum |
|
|
Term
| what is in the anterior pelvis |
|
Definition
| bladder, ureter, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate, ovaries, uterus, uterine tube, vagina |
|
|
Term
| what is anterior to the bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what shape is the bladder when empty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the apex of the bladder connected to |
|
Definition
| umbilicus via median umbilical ligament (urachus remnent) |
|
|
Term
| in what way is the base of the bladder oriented |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the surfaces of the bladder |
|
Definition
| posterior, superior, 1 infra lateral (sides) |
|
|
Term
| what surface is the neck of the bladder located on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neck of the bladder on in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neck of the bladder held up by in makes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neck of the bladder held by up in females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the ligaments that hold up the neck of the bladder, what are they made of |
|
Definition
| puboprostatic ligemant, pubovesical ligament. made of thickened pelvic fascia |
|
|
Term
| what lines the inside of the bladder |
|
Definition
| folds of mucus membrane everywhere but the base which is smooth |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the base of the bladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enters the superior points of the trigone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enters the inferior point of the trigone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the coverings of the bladder |
|
Definition
| muscular coat of smooth detrusor muscle in 3 layers of interlacing bundles |
|
|
Term
| what is the spinchter vesicae |
|
Definition
| thickening of the detrusor muscle of the bladder |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the ureter to the bladder |
|
Definition
| cross the bifurcation of the common iliac, enters laterally |
|
|
Term
| what does the ureter cross in males, on what side |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the ureter cross in females, on what side, describe the path of how it got there |
|
Definition
| behind ovary to ischial spine, turns forward and goes beneath the broad ligament and goes under the unterine artery, enters the bladder laterally |
|
|
Term
| what is a complication of overfilling the bladder |
|
Definition
| pulls the perinerium that lines the top of it from the body wall |
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the bladder, where did it come from |
|
Definition
| superior and inferior vesical, came from internal iliac |
|
|
Term
| what veins drain the bladder, where do they drain to |
|
Definition
| the vesical venous plexus drains to the internal iliac |
|
|
Term
| where does the lymph from the bladder drain to |
|
Definition
| internal and external iliac nodes |
|
|
Term
| what types of innervation does the bladder recieve |
|
Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| where does the sympathetic stimulation for the bladder come from, where is the ganglia located |
|
Definition
| splanchnic nerves from the 1-2 lumbar ganglia send postganglionic fibers to the bladder |
|
|
Term
| where does the parasympathetic stimulation for the bladder come from, where is the ganglia located |
|
Definition
| S2-4 sacral nerves send preganglionic fibers to the bladder that go to the interanural genglia in the bladder and give off postganglonic fibers |
|
|
Term
| what type of pain can the bladder relay |
|
Definition
| visceral pain, distension |
|
|
Term
| what is sympathetic stimulation important in the bladder |
|
Definition
| spinctor vesicle constricts to stop the flow of semen into the bladder in ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| what do all the nerves of the bladder pass through |
|
Definition
| the inferior hypogastric plexus |
|
|
Term
| explain the steps of micturition |
|
Definition
1. stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated (~300mL)
2. impulses transmitted to CNS give concous desire to mictrate? (i made that up)
3. efferent parasympathetics cause smooth muscle of the bladder to contract and spinchter vesicae to relax and pass to urethral spincter via the pudendal nerve causing relaxation
4. voluntary control develops at 2/3 yrs |
|
|
Term
| what is the vas deferens made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the vas deferens from from and to |
|
Definition
| spididymis tail through inguinal canal to the urethra |
|
|
Term
| in what order does the vas deferens go through the inguinal ring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the vas deferens |
|
Definition
| deep inguinal ring > lateral to inferior epigastric artery > down and back on lateral wall of pelvis > crosses ureter by ischial spine > runs medially down on the posterior surface of the bladder > dilates > joins seminal vesicle > is not ejaculatory duct |
|
|
Term
| what is the dilated part of the vas deferens inferior to what is it called |
|
Definition
| the ampulla is inferior to the bladder |
|
|
Term
| what is anterior to the seminal vesicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the seminal vesicles make |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the seminal vesicle in relation to the vas deferens |
|
Definition
| the vas deferens is on the medial side of each vesicle |
|
|
Term
| what happens right before the seminal vesicle joins the vas deferens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the seminal vesicle end |
|
Definition
| it joins the vas deferns make the ejaculatory duct |
|
|
Term
| where does the ejaculatory duct join the urethra |
|
Definition
| prostatic urethra close to the prostatic urticle |
|
|
Term
| what travels from the seminal vesicles to the urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the seminal vesicles |
|
Definition
| inferior vesicle, middle rectal |
|
|
Term
| what veins drain the seminal vesicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does seminal vesicle lymph go to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the postrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the prostate between |
|
Definition
| bladder neck and urogenital diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what is the prostate made of |
|
Definition
| glands embedded in smooth muscle and connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| where do the glands of the prostate lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the lobes of the prostate |
|
Definition
| median, anterior, posterior, r lateral, l lateral |
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the prostate |
|
Definition
| inferior and middle rectal |
|
|
Term
| what veins drain the prostate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the prostatic venous plexus located |
|
Definition
| outside the prostate capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what veins does the prostatic venous plexus recieve |
|
Definition
| dorsal vein of penis and other |
|
|
Term
| what does the prostatic venous plexus drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the prostate lymph drain to |
|
Definition
| internal iliac lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| where do the nerves of the prostate come from |
|
Definition
| inferior hypogastric plexus |
|
|
Term
| what does sympathetic stimulation do to the prostate |
|
Definition
| controls smooth muscle during ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| what do the ovaries produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the broad ligament |
|
Definition
| suspensitory ligament and mesovarium |
|
|
Term
| what does the suspensiroty ligament connect |
|
Definition
| mesovarium to lateral pelvic wall |
|
|
Term
| what does the mesovarium connect |
|
Definition
| ovary to suspensitory ligament |
|
|
Term
| what does the suspensitory ligament contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the thunica abalguina |
|
Definition
| thin fibrous capsule of the ovaries |
|
|
Term
| what is the germinal epithelium |
|
Definition
| capsule that covers the tunica albalguia of the ovaries |
|
|
Term
| where is the common site for ovarian cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the ovaries due to many ovulations |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does the ovarian artery bein at L1 |
|
Definition
| because it is where the ovary started off during development |
|
|
Term
| where does the right ovarian vein drain to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the left ovarian vein drain to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does ovary lymph go |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerves supply the ovary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the nerves of the ovary run along |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the uterine tube in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the uterine tube connect |
|
Definition
| peritoneal cavity in region of ovary to the cavity of the uterus |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the uterine tube |
|
Definition
| infundibulum, ampula, isthmus, intramural, |
|
|
Term
| where is the infundibulum |
|
Definition
| funnel, overlays ovary has fimbrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| widest part of uterine tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most narrow part of the uterine tube |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of uterine tube the pierces uterine wall |
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the uterine tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what veins drain the uterine tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does uterine tube lymph drain to |
|
Definition
| para-aortic lymph nodes and internal iliac nodes |
|
|
Term
| where do the nerves for the uterine tube come from, what type of innervation |
|
Definition
| from hypogastric plexus, sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the walls of the uterus made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the fundus of the uterus |
|
Definition
| part above uterine tube enterance |
|
|
Term
| what is the body of the uterus |
|
Definition
| part below enterance of the uterine tube |
|
|
Term
| what is the cervix of the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cervical cavity |
|
Definition
| the triangular cavity of the cervix |
|
|
Term
| what are the two barriers of cervical cvity communication to the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the external OS look like in someone who has kids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the external OS look like in someone who has no kids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is anterior to the uterus |
|
Definition
| bladder, uterovesical pouch |
|
|
Term
| what is the uterovesical pouch between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is posterior to the uterus |
|
Definition
| rectouterine pouch, ileum, sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
| what is lateral to the uterus |
|
Definition
| broad ligament, uterine arteries and veins, uterine tubes |
|
|
Term
| what is the antiverted position |
|
Definition
| position of the uterus that is normal, 90 deg to vagina |
|
|
Term
| what is the antiflexed position |
|
Definition
| position of the uterus that is not normal, less than 90 deg to vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the uterus not covered |
|
Definition
| anterior and below bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular wall of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucus membrane of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supravaginal part of the uterus with a visceral pelvic fascia |
|
|
Term
| what does the round ligament connect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| that part of the broad ligament on the uterus |
|
|
Term
| what are the "mini mesentaries" of the uterus |
|
Definition
| mesovarium and mesosalpinx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area of uterus devoid of peritonieum |
|
|
Term
| what artery supplies the uterus, where does it come from |
|
Definition
| uterine a comes from internal iliac |
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the uterine a |
|
Definition
| in base of broad ligament above ureter, reaches cervix lateral to internal OS and branches |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the uterine artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the branches of the uterine artery anastamose with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vein drains the uterus, where does it drain to |
|
Definition
| uterine vein drains to internal iliac |
|
|
Term
| where does the lymph from the fundus of the uterus go to |
|
Definition
| accompanies ovarian vein and then to para aortic nodes at L1 |
|
|
Term
| where does the lymph from the body and cervix of the uterus go to |
|
Definition
| internal and external iliac nodes |
|
|
Term
| where does the "other" lymph of the uterus go to |
|
Definition
| follows round ligament to inguinal canal then superificial inguinal nodes |
|
|
Term
| where do the nerves of the uterus come from, what type of innervation |
|
Definition
| hypogastric plexus, sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| what is the perineal body |
|
Definition
| in both sexes but bigger in female, fibromuscular glob that maintains the pelvic floor |
|
|
Term
| how can the perineal body be damaged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens if the perineal body is damaged |
|
Definition
| prolapse of the pelvic viscera (bascally anything in the pelvis can kinda fall out) |
|
|
Term
| what msucle supports the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the levator ani attach to support the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the levator ani composed of when it attaches to the cervix and perineal body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the pelvic fascia do to support the uterus |
|
Definition
| keeps cervix in the right spot |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the pelvic fascia that support the uterus |
|
Definition
| transverse cervical, pubocervical, sacralcervical |
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the transverse cervical fascia |
|
Definition
| laterally comes to cervic and upper vagina |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for the transverse cervical fascia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the transverse cervical fascia made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the pubocervical fascia |
|
Definition
| connects posterior pubis to cervix and bladder, also supports bladder |
|
|
Term
| what does the sacralcervical fascia connect |
|
Definition
| lower sacrum to cervic and upper vagin |
|
|
Term
| what is on either side of the sacralcarvical fascia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the location of the round ligament |
|
Definition
| through deep inguinal ring, through supralateral angle, and to labia majora subcutanous tissue |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the round ligament during pregnacy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the vagina made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the general direction of the vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the walls of the vagina, where are the usually located in relation to eachother |
|
Definition
| anterior and posterior, usually apposed |
|
|
Term
| where does the vervix pierce the vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the vaginal lumen |
|
Definition
| anterior, lateral, and posterior fornices |
|
|
Term
| in whom is the hyman located and where |
|
Definition
| virgins, at the vaginal oriface |
|
|
Term
| what is lateral to the vagina |
|
Definition
upper: ureter
middle: levator ani
lower: urogenital diaphgram, bulb of vestibule |
|
|
Term
| what is anterior to the vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is poster to the vagina |
|
Definition
upper 1/3: rectouterine pouch
middle 1/3: ampulla of rectum
lower 1/3: perineal body |
|
|
Term
| what binds the perineum, what side |
|
Definition
| pubic symphysis anteriorly, coccyx posteriorly, ischial tuberosity (laterally) |
|
|
Term
| what is the shape of the perineum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is above the perineum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the urogenital triangle |
|
Definition
| anterior part of the pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
| what is the anal triangle |
|
Definition
| the posteior part of the pubic symphys |
|
|
Term
| in a male, what is the order of the openings in the perinerum from pubic symphysis to coccyx |
|
Definition
| urethra, perineal body, anus |
|
|
Term
| what forms the pelvic diaphragm |
|
Definition
| levator ant, coccygus, their fascia |
|
|
Term
| why is the pelvic diaphragm incomplete and where |
|
Definition
| anteriorly it has an opening for urethra or vagina |
|
|
Term
| what opening marks the midline of the pelvic diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the ischial recta fossa |
|
Definition
| fat filled fossa on each side of the anus |
|
|
Term
| what nerve supplies the skin by the anus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the lymph of the anus go to |
|
Definition
| medial superificial inguinal nodes |
|
|
Term
| what marks the lateral sides of the pelvic diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sacrotuberous ligament |
|
Definition
| ligament that is by the ischial tuberosities and has the gluteus max msucle above it |
|
|
Term
| what is tposterior to the anal canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the anococcygeal body |
|
Definition
| mass of fibrous tissue that lies between anal canal and coccyx |
|
|
Term
| what is lateral to the anal canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is anterior to the anal canal in male |
|
Definition
| perineal body, urogenital diaphragm, membranous urethra, blub of penis |
|
|
Term
| what is anterior to the anal canal in females |
|
Definition
| preineal body, urogenital diaphgram, lower vagina |
|
|
Term
| where is the muscosal lining of the upper half of the anal canal derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the endothelium type of the upper anal canal |
|
Definition
| simple columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscos in verticle folds joined at elower ends by anal valves in the muscos in the upper half of the anal canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semilunar folds ar teh ends of the anal columns in the mucosa of the upper half of the anal canal |
|
|
Term
| what are the remnents of the cloacal membrane |
|
Definition
| anal columns, anal valves |
|
|
Term
| what nerves supply the upper anal canal |
|
Definition
| autonomic hypogastric plexus |
|
|
Term
| what stimulation is the anal canal sensitive to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what artery supplies the anterior upper anal canal, where does it come from |
|
Definition
| superior rectal artery, inferior mesenteric |
|
|
Term
| what vein drains the upper anal canal, where does it train to |
|
Definition
| superior recctal, inferior mesenteric and portal |
|
|
Term
| where does the lymph from the upper anal canal go |
|
Definition
| along superior rectal a to pararectal nodes and then inferior mestnteric nodes |
|
|
Term
| where is the mucosa from the lower anal canal derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of epithelium is the lower anal canal |
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the perianal epiderms |
|
Definition
| what the stratified squamous epithelium gradually merges with at the anus |
|
|
Term
| what are the lower anal canal anal columns |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve supplies the lower anal canal |
|
Definition
| somatic inferior nectal nerve |
|
|
Term
| what stimulus is the lower anal canal sensitive to |
|
Definition
| pain, temp, touch, and pressure |
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the lower anal canal, where does it come from |
|
Definition
| inferior rectal from the internal pudenal a |
|
|
Term
| what veins drain the lower anal canal, what does that drain into |
|
Definition
| inferior rectal vein to the internal pudendal vein to the internal iliac |
|
|
Term
| where does the lymph from the lower anal canal go |
|
Definition
| dow to the medial group of superificial inguinal nodes |
|
|
Term
| what is the pectinate line |
|
Definition
| level where the upper and lower anal canals join, where valves are located |
|
|
Term
| which anal spinctor is involuntary, what is it made of, where is it located |
|
Definition
| internal, smooth muscle, upper |
|
|
Term
| what anal sphinctor is voluntary, what is it made of, where is it located |
|
Definition
| external, skeletal muscle, lower |
|
|
Term
| what is the deep external sphinctor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the superificial external sphinctor |
|
Definition
| attached to coccyx in back and perineal body in front |
|
|
Term
| what is the subcutanous external sphinctor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the relationship between the puborectalis and rectum |
|
Definition
| it makes a sling around the rectal junction on the external sphinctor |
|
|
Term
| where is the puborectalis attached, what is this called |
|
Definition
| to the pubic symphysis in the acute angle |
|
|
Term
| what is the analrectal ring |
|
Definition
| junction of the internal sphinctor, rectum, anal canal, deep external, puborectalis |
|
|
Term
| what does the ischiorectal fossa do |
|
Definition
| supports anal canal, fat allows for distension |
|
|
Term
| what forms the medial wall of the ischiorectal fossa |
|
Definition
| slope of levator ani and anal canal |
|
|
Term
| what forms the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa |
|
Definition
| lower obturator internus and pelvic fasica |
|
|
Term
| what is the pundendial canal also called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the pundendial canal |
|
Definition
| pudendial nerve, internal pudendial vessels, |
|
|
Term
| what do the pudendial NOT INTERNAL, and internal pudendial vessels have to cross to get into the anal canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the pudendial nerve and INTERNAL pudendial vessels located |
|
Definition
| on lateral wall of ischerorectal fossa |
|
|
Term
| where does the pudendial nerve originate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| desscribe the path of the pudendial nerve |
|
Definition
| exits pelvic cavity > greater sciatic foramen > gluteal m > lesser sciatic foramen pudendial canal > skin, muscles, external anal sphinctor |
|
|
Term
| what are the main branches of the pudendial nerve |
|
Definition
| inferior rectal, dorsal, perineal |
|
|
Term
| where is the inferior rectal nerve located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior rectal nerve supply |
|
Definition
| external anal sphinctor, mucosa of lower anal canal, perineal skin |
|
|
Term
| what does the dorsal nerve of the penis supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the perineal nerve supply |
|
Definition
| urogenital triangle, skin of posterior scortum or labia majora |
|
|
Term
| where does the interior pudendial artery come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the path of the interior pudendial artery |
|
Definition
| pelvis > greater sciatic foramen > enters perineum at lesser sciatic foramen > branches |
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the interior pudendial artery |
|
Definition
| inferior rectal artery, penis / labia clitoris |
|
|
Term
| what does the inferior rectal artery supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what veins drain the pudendial canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the pudendial canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the boundries of the urogenital triangle |
|
Definition
| pubic arch in front and ischial tuberosities laterally |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the superficial fascia of the urogenital triangle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the fatty layer of the urogenital triangle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the camper's fascia of the urogenital triangle continous with |
|
Definition
| fat of the ischiorectal fossa and superficial fascia of the thighs |
|
|
Term
| describe the camper's fascia of the scrotum |
|
Definition
| it was turned into smooth dartos muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the dartos muscle |
|
Definition
| contracts in response to cold and reduces the surface area of the scrotal skin |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the membranous layer of the urogenital triangle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the colles fascia attach |
|
Definition
| posterior to the border of the urogenital diaphragm and laterally to the margins of the pubic arch, anteriorly it is continous with the membranous layer of the superficial fascia of the abdominal wall, it covers the sheath of the clitoris or penis and forms a layer in the scrotum or labia majora |
|
|
Term
| what forms the superficial perineal pouch |
|
Definition
| below is the mambranous superficial fascia, above is the urogenital diaphragm, behind is the fusion of these two layers, lateral it is closed by the membranous layer of the superficial fascia and urogenital diaphragm to the margins of the pubic arch, anterior it freely communicates with the potential space between the superficial fascia of the abdominal wall and anterior abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is the urogenital diaphragm made of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is behind the urogenital diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what fills the gap of the pubic arch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the inferior layer of fascia of the urogenital diaphragm called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| anteriorly, at the pubic symphysis, what does the urogenital diaphragm do |
|
Definition
| the two layers of fascia (superior and inferior)fuse leaving a small gap beneath the symphysis |
|
|
Term
| how does the urogrnital diaphragm fascia end posteriorly |
|
Definition
| two layers fuse with eachother and with the membranous layer of the superificial fascia and perineal body |
|
|
Term
| how does the fascia of the urogenital diaphragm end laterally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the deep perineal pouch |
|
Definition
| closed space that is contained between the superificial and deep layers of fascia |
|
|
Term
| in a male what does the urogenital triangle contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the root of the penis |
|
Definition
| three masses of erectile tissue called the bulb, left, and right cura that is fixed to the body at the urogenital diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what muscle covers the bulb of the penis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the cura of the penis attach to |
|
Definition
| each side of the pubic arch |
|
|
Term
| what covers the curs of the penis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the continuation of the bulb of the penis into the body of the penis called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the continuation of the cura of the penis into the body of the penis called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms the glans penis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the external urethral meatus |
|
Definition
| opening of the urethra at the tip of the glans penis |
|
|
Term
| what is another word for foreskin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fold of skin that covers the glans of the penis, usually removed via circumcision |
|
|
Term
| describe the attachments of the fascia that supports the body of the penis |
|
Definition
| extend from the linea alba and symphysis pubis and attach to the fascia of the penis |
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the corpora cavernosa |
|
Definition
| deep arteries of the penis |
|
|
Term
| what arteries supply the corpus spongiosum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the branches of the internal pudendal artery that supply the penis |
|
Definition
| deep arteries of the penis, artery of the bulb, dorsal artery of the penis |
|
|
Term
| where do the veins of the penis drain to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the lymph of the skin of the penis drain to |
|
Definition
| superificial inguinal lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| where does the lymph of the deep penis drain to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve supplies the penis |
|
Definition
| pudendal nerve and pelcivc plexus |
|
|
Term
| what does the superificial pouch contain in males |
|
Definition
| structures forming the root of the penis and their coverings, bulbosspongiosus, posterior corpus spongiosum, ischiocavernosus m, |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the bulbosspongiosus muscle in males |
|
Definition
| compress penile part of urethra to empty it of residual urine or semen |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the ischiocavernosus muscle |
|
Definition
| compress cura and assist in erection of penis |
|
|
Term
| where are the superificial transverse perineal muscles in a male |
|
Definition
| in the posterior portion of the superificial pouch of the male |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin and insertion of the transverse perineal muscles in males |
|
Definition
| ischial ramus and the perineal body |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the superificial transverse perineal muscle in males |
|
Definition
| fix perineal body in the center of the perineum |
|
|
Term
| what vessels and nerve supply the muscles of the superificial pouch in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the perineal body attached in males |
|
Definition
| center of the posterior margin of the urogenital diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the perineal body in males |
|
Definition
| point of attachment for the external anal sphinctor, bulbospongiosus, superificial transverse perineal muscles |
|
|
Term
| where does the perineal branch of the pudendial nerve terminate, what does it then supply |
|
Definition
| on each side of the superificial perineal pouch and supplies the muscles and skin |
|
|
Term
| what is the shortest part of the urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what surrounds the membranous urethra, what does this cause |
|
Definition
| the sphincter urethrae muscle, cause it to the be least dilatable part |
|
|
Term
| what part of the urethre is above the below the membranous in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sphincter urethrae muscle attached to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what innervates the sphinctor urethrae |
|
Definition
| perineal branch of the pudendal nerve |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the sphinctor urethrae |
|
Definition
| compress the membranous urethra and relax during micturition |
|
|
Term
| where are the bulbourethral glands located |
|
Definition
| beneath the sphincter urethrae muscle |
|
|
Term
| where is the opening of the duts of the bulbourethral glands located |
|
Definition
| pierce the perineal membrane to enter the penile urethra |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the bulbourethal glands |
|
Definition
| secrete a thick alkaline fluid to neutralize the enivornment of the penile urethra prior to ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| what is the deep transverse perineal muscle posterior to |
|
Definition
| sphinctor urethrae muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is the origin and insertion of the transverse perineal muscle |
|
Definition
| ischial ramus and perineal body |
|
|
Term
| what arteries run through the deep pouch in th emale |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve passes through the deep pouch in the male, where does it end |
|
Definition
| dorsal nerve of the penis, skin of penis |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of an erection |
|
Definition
1. efferent impulses
2. parasympathetic outflow
3. S2-4 nerves
4. inferior hypogastric (synapse)
5. fibers join pudendal arteries
6. enter erectile tissue of the penis
7. vasodilation of the arteries occur
8. blood fills erectile tissue spaces
9. corpoa cavernosa and corpus spongiosum expand and compress veins |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of ejaculation |
|
Definition
1. nervous impulse
2. sympathetic outflow (T1-L2)
3. synapse in 1st and 2nd lumbar ganglia or sacral ganglia
4. inferior hypogastric plexus
5. postganglionic fibers go to smooth muscle: vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate
6. smooth muscle contracts
7. semen is ejected from urethra and the sphincter of the bladder contracts preventing reflux of semen into the bladder |
|
|
Term
| what is the widest and most able to dilate part of the male urethra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the urethra is in the urogrnital diaphragm in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the urethra is in the bulb and corpus spongiosum of hte penis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the urethra is in the glans penis |
|
Definition
| fossa terminalis (nacivular fossa) of the penile urethra |
|
|
Term
| what is in the female urogenital triangle |
|
Definition
| external genitalia, orifices of the urethra and vagina |
|
|
Term
| what structure corresponds to the penis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what marks the apex of the female urogenital triangle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what covers the glans of the clitoris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the root of the clitoris composed of |
|
Definition
| three masses of erectile tissue |
|
|
Term
| what structure corresponds to the bulb of the penis in a female |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is different between the bulb of the penis and bulb of the vestible, why |
|
Definition
| the vestibule has two halves due to the presence of the vagina |
|
|
Term
| where is the bulb of the vestibule attached to |
|
Definition
| underside of the urogenital diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| what covers the bulb of the vestibule |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structure corresponds to the cura of the penis in females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the cura of the clitoris becone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what covers the cura of the clitoris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the body of the clitoris composed of |
|
Definition
| two corpora cavernosa, some erectile tissue |
|
|
Term
| what is the cap on the top of the clitoris |
|
Definition
| the glans of the clitoris |
|
|
Term
| what is the blood supply and lymphatic drainage and nerves of the clitoris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the superificial perineal pouch in females |
|
Definition
| structures that form the root of the clitoris and the muscles that cover them |
|
|
Term
| where is the blubospongiosus muscle located in females |
|
Definition
| surroungs oriface of vagina and covers bulb of vestibule, fibers extend to corpora cavernosa |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the bulbospongiosus in females |
|
Definition
| reduces size of the vaginal oriface and compresses the deep dorsal vein of the clitoris in erection |
|
|
Term
| what does contraction of the ischiocavernosus muscle in females cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| do females have a superificial transverse perineal muscle? compare it to the male |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the muscles in the female superificial pernieal pouch supplied by nerve wise |
|
Definition
| perineal branch of the pudendal nerve |
|
|
Term
| who has a bigger perineal body, male or female |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the perineal body located in females |
|
Definition
| between lower end of vagina and anal canal |
|
|
Term
| what attaches to the perineal body in females |
|
Definition
| perineal muscles, levator ani muscles |
|
|
Term
| what does the deep perineal pouch in the female contain |
|
Definition
| urethra, vagina, sphincter urethrae, deep transverse perineal muscles, internal pudendal vessels, dorsal nerve of clitoris |
|
|
Term
| what pierces the spinctor urethrae in females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the urethra vestible located in relation to the clitoris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what corresponds to the prostate in females |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the greater vestibular glands located |
|
Definition
| under posterior part of the bulb of vestibule and labia majora |
|
|
Term
| where do the greater vestibular glands drain into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the greater vestibular glands |
|
Definition
| secrete lubricating mucus during sexual intercourse |
|
|
Term
| what vessels supply the vagina |
|
Definition
| vaginal branch of the internal iliac, vaginal branch of the uretine artery |
|
|
Term
| what drains the lymph of the upper third of the vagina |
|
Definition
| internal and external iliac nodes |
|
|
Term
| what drains the lymph of the middle third of the vagina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what drains the lymph of the lower third of the vagina |
|
Definition
| superificial inguinal nodes |
|
|
Term
| where do the nerves come from that innervate the vagina |
|
Definition
| from inferior hypogastric plexus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| female external genitalia |
|
|
Term
| what does the vulva include |
|
Definition
| mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule of vagina, vestibular bulb, greater vestibular glands |
|
|
Term
| what vessels supply the vulva |
|
Definition
| external internal pudendal arteries on each side |
|
|
Term
| what drains the lymph of the vulva |
|
Definition
| medial group of the superificial inguinal nodes |
|
|
Term
| what nerve supplys the anterior vulva |
|
Definition
| ilioinguinal and genitofemoral |
|
|
Term
| what nerve supplys the posterior vulva |
|
Definition
| branches of the perineal nerves, posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh |
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