Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy Block 2
KYCOM Block 2
1361
Anatomy
Graduate
09/14/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
what divides the thorasic and abdominal viscera
Definition
the diaphragm
Term
what vertebre is the umbilicus at
Definition
L3
Term
what is an aponeuroses
Definition
flat, sheet like tendon
Term
what structure contains the abdominal muscles
Definition
the aponeuroses
Term
what are the main attachment points for the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles in general
Definition
attaches to thorasic cave, pervic girdle, and lumbar spine
Term
what is the function of the abdomen muscles
Definition
raise pressire to aid in expulsion from the abdominal cavity or air from the thorasic cavity, hold stuff in, extension
Term
what kind fo reflexes help with expulsion from the abdominal cavity
Definition
voluntary or reflexive
Term
explain the meaning of the extension function of the abdomen
Definition
it can distend for ingestion, pregnacy, fat desposition, or pathological conditions
Term
how many regions of the abdominal cavity are there
Definition
9
Term
what are the regions of the abdominal cavity used for
Definition
describing location of organs, pain, or pathology
Term
what planes divide the regions of the abdominal wall
Definition
midcalvicular, midinguinal, subcostal, transtubercular
Term
describe the midclavicular plane
Definition
from the midpoint of the clavical to the midinguinal points, saggital
Term
describe the midinguinal points
Definition
from the midclavicular plant between the anterior superior iliac spine and pubic symphysis, saggital
Term
describe the subcostal plane
Definition
transverse, through the inferior border of the 10th costal cartilage
Term
describe the transtubercular plane
Definition
through the iliac tubercles and the body of L5
Term
what planes divide the 4 quadrants of the abdominal cavity
Definition
transverse transumbilical, median
Term
describe the transverse transumbilical plane
Definition
through the unbilicus and the L3/:4 intervetebral disc dividing the body into upper and lower halves
Term
describe the median plane
Definition
longitudinally, dividing the body into left and right halves
Term
name the 9 quadrants of the abdomen
Definition
right and left hypochondriac, right and left flank, right and left inguinal, epigastric, umbilical, pubic
Term
what structures are in the upper right quadrant
Definition
right liver lobe, gallbladder, pylorus, dudenum parts 1-3, pancreas head, right suprarenal gland, right kidney, right cholic flexure, superior ascending colon, right transverse colon
Term
what structures are in the lower right quadrant
Definition
cecum, appendix, ileum, inferior ascending colon, right ovary, right uterine rube, right ureter, right spermatic cord, uterus if enlarged, bladder if full
Term
what structures are in the left upper quadrant
Definition
left liver lobe, spleen, stomach, jejunum, proximal ileum, body and tail of pancreas, left kidney, left suprarenal gland, left colic flexure,left transverse colon, superior descending colon
Term
what is in the lower left quadrant
Definition
sigmoid colon, inferior descending colon, left ovary, left ureter, left spermatic cord, left uterine tube, uterus if enlarged, bladder if full
Term
what is the anterior abdominal wall made of
Definition
skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, muscles, extraperitoneal fascia, parietal peritoneum
Term
describe the umbilicus and the differences it has as abdominal skin
Definition
it is a scar left from umbilical cord attachment and where skin in an adult isn't loosly attached but is attached as scar tissue
Term
what nerves supply the cutanous nerve supply to the anterior abdominal wall
Definition
anterior remi of the loer six thorasic and first lumbar nerves (T7-L1)
Term
where is the dermatome of T7
Definition
over the xyphoid process
Term
where is the dermatome of T10
Definition
umbilicus
Term
where is the dermatome of L1
Definition
just above the inguinal ligament
Term
what does the L1 nerve split into
Definition
the illiohypogastric and illioinguinal, they may be a trunk before they branch
Term
what are the layers of the superficial fascia, describe their depth
Definition
camper's (superficial) and scarpa's (deep)
Term
describe the location of camper's fascia
Definition
continous with the superficial far over the body, fades out laterally and superiorly where it becomes continous with the superficial fascial of the back and thorax, fuses with fascia in the thigh below the inguinal ligament
Term
what is camper's fascia made of
Definition
fat
Term
describe the location of Scarpa's fascia
Definition
in the midline it forms a tubular sheath for the penis or clitois, below the perineum it enters the wall of the scrotum or labia majora, it attaches to the public arch (colles' fascia), posteriorly it fuses with the preineal body and perineal membrane
Term
what is colles' arch made of
Definition
begins at the margin of the publc atch where Scarpa's fascia ends
Term
what are the flat muscles of the abdomen
Definition
external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominus
Term
where is the rectus abdominis located
Definition
within the rectus sheath on either side of the midline of the abdomen
Term
what forms the linea alba
Definition
the aponeuroses of the three flat muscles of the abdomen at the midline
Term
what is the span of the linea alba
Definition
the xyphoid process to the pubic symphysis
Term
what is another name for the linea alba
Definition
white line, part of the rectus sheath
Term
what is the origin of the external oblique
Definition
outer surface of the lower 8 ribs
Term
what is the insertion of the external oblique
Definition
iliac crest, pubic bone, linea alba, xyphoid process
Term
what way to the fibers of the external oblique run
Definition
anterior and inferior, hands in pockets
Term
what does the lower border of the external oblique make
Definition
the aponeurosis called inguinal ligament
Term
what is the inguinal ligament an apneurosis if it is a ligament and not a tendon
Definition
it really is a tendon, but is technically a ligament? whatever.
Term
what is the span of the inguinal ligament
Definition
anterior/ superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle
Term
describe the appearance and location of the lacunar ligament
Definition
a crescent shaped extension at the medial end of the inguinal ligament, posteriorly attaches to the pectineal line on the superior ramus of the pubis
Term
where is the fascia lata
Definition
deep fascia of the thigh, attaches to the inguinal ligament
Term
where is the superifical inguinal ring
Definition
opening to the external oblique aponeurosis, above the pubic tubericle
Term
what does the inguinal ring form
Definition
the anterior or superificial opening of the inguinal canal
Term
describe the general location of the internal oblique
Definition
deep to the external oblique
Term
what is the origin of the internal oblique
Definition
thoracolumbar fascia, illiac crest, lateral inguinal ligament
Term
where is the insertion of the internal oblique
Definition
lower 3-4 ribs, costal cartilages, xyphoid process, linea alba, pubic bone
Term
describe the path of the internal oblique fibers
Definition
simillar to the internal intercostals, anterior and superior
Term
what does the lower border of the internal oblique go
Definition
arches over the medial inguinal ligament and canal joining the fibers of the transversus abdominis making the conjoint tendon that attaches the pubic crest to the pectinal line
Term
dcribe the general location of the transverse abdominus
Definition
deep to the internal oblique
Term
what is the origin of the transverse abdominus
Definition
deep lower 6 costal cartilages, thoracolumbar fascia, inguinal ligament
Term
what is the insertion of the transverse abdominus
Definition
xyphoid process, pubic bone, linea alba
Term
describe the direction of the transverse abdominus fibers
Definition
horizontal
Term
how does the transverse abdominus lowest tendinous fibers end
Definition
it forms the conjoint tendon with the internal oblique
Term
what is the function of the transverse abdominus
Definition
to make interabdominal pressure when needed
Term
describe the location of the rectus abdominus
Definition
verticle, entire abdominal wall length
Term
what are the linea alba
Definition
seperations in the rectus abdominus
Term
what is the origin of the rectus abdominus
Definition
pubic symphysis and illiac crest
Term
what is the insertion of the rectus abdominis
Definition
5-7 costal cartilages
Term
describe the intersections of the abdominus
Definition
made by the linea alba and the tendinous intersections, the intersections strongly attach to the ANTEROR wall of the rectus sheath
Term
what is the linea semilunaris
Definition
a curved edge on the lateral border of the rectus abdominis that marks the lateral border when the muscle contracts
Term
what are the actions of the anterior abdominal muscles
Definition
enclose things, support, protection, lateral flexion, rotation, forced expiration, contraction with glottis closed increases pressure for evacuation
Term
what is the function of the rectus abdominis
Definition
stabilizes the pelvix
Term
what is the function of the oblique muscles
Definition
lateral flexion and rotation
Term
what structues does the rectus sheath enclose
Definition
rectus abdominis, pyrimidalis, terminal part of lower 5 intercostal nerves, subcostal nerve, superior and interior epigastric vessels
Term
what forms the rectus sheath
Definition
the aponeurosis of the three abdominal muscles
Term
what forms the upper 3/4 of the rectus sheath
Definition
the aponeurosis of the internal oblique in 2 layers
Term
what are the two layers of the aponerurosis of the upper internal oblique
Definition
anterior and posterior
Term
describe the path of the anterior layer of the upper internal oblique aponeurosis
Definition
joins with the external oblique aponeurosis
Term
describe the path of the posterior layer of the upper internal oblique aponeurosis
Definition
joins the transverse abdominis aponeurosis
Term
what forms the lower 1/4 of the rectus sheath
Definition
all three layers of the abdominal muscles pass anterior to the rectus abdominus leaving the rectus abdominus in contact with the transveralis fascia
Term
what forms the posterior aponeurotic wall of the rectus sheath
Definition
trick question, there is none
Term
how does the anterior rectus sheath attach to the rectus abdominis
Definition
attaches to the tendinous intersections
Term
what is the arcuate line
Definition
curved line that marks the lower end of the posterior aponeurotic wall of the rectus sheath
Term
where is the arcuate line located
Definition
half way between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis
Term
where do the inferior epigastric vessels enter the rectus sheath
Definition
the arcuate line
Term
describe the origin of the superior epigastric artery
Definition
terminal branch of the internal thorasic
Term
what does the superior epigastric artery supply
Definition
upper central region of the anterior abdominal wall
Term
describe the origin of the inferior epigastric artery
Definition
branch of the external illiac
Term
what does the inferior epigastric artery supply
Definition
lower central part of the abdominal wall
Term
how does the inferior and superior epigastric arteries end
Definition
they form an anastomoses together
Term
describe the origin of the deep circumflex illiac artery and the path
Definition
comes from the external illiac artery, runs anteriorr and superior to the illiac spine
Term
what does the deep circumflex illiac artery supply
Definition
lower lateral abdominal wall
Term
what arteries supply the upper lateral abdominal wall
Definition
lower two posterior intercostal, subcostal arteries, and lumbar arteries
Term
what arteries supply the superificial structures of the lower anterior abdominal wall
Definition
superficial epigastric and superficial circumflex iliac
Term
what arteries supply the upper abdominal wall interior to the costal margin
Definition
branches of the musculophrenic
Term
what veins drain the superior anterior abdominal wall
Definition
there is a network of superificial veins that drain into the axillary vein and inferior to the femoral vein
Term
what veins drain the deep abdominal wall
Definition
corresponding veins to the arteries
Term
what does the superior epigastric vein drain into
Definition
the internal thorasic vein
Term
what does the inferior epigastric vein drain into
Definition
the external iliac vein
Term
what does the posterior intercostal and subcostal veins drain into
Definition
the azygous or hemiazygous veins
Term
what does the lumbar vein drain into
Definition
the inferior vena cava
Term
list the veins that drain the anterior abdominal wall
Definition
lumbar, posterior intercostal, subcostal, inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, superior epigastric
Term
describe the path of lymph in the superificial abdominal wall above the umbilicus
Definition
drains to anterior axilliary lymph nodes
Term
describe the path of lymph in the superificial abdominal wall below the umbilicus
Definition
drains to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Term
describe the path of lymph in the deep abdominal wall
Definition
lymph follows the arteries and drains into the internal thorasic, external iliac, posterior mediastinal, and lymbar lymph nodes
Term
what is the transversalis fascia
Definition
part of hte continous fascia (endoabdominal fascia) that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity
Term
what is extraperitoneal fat
Definition
loose connection tissue with variable amount of fat
Term
where is the extraperitoneal fat located
Definition
between the transversalis fascia and the parital peritoneum
Term
what is the partial peritoneum
Definition
a seous membrane lining the abdominal pevic walls
Term
describe the path of the 7-11 intercostal and subcostal nerves in the abdominal wall
Definition
pierce the posterior wall of the rectus sheath, terminate by piercing the anterior wall of the rectus sheath to supply the skin as the anterior cutaneous branches
Term
what do the 7-11 intercostal and subcostal nerves supply in the abdominal wall
Definition
rectus abdominus
Term
what nerves supply the pyramidalis
Definition
the subcostal nerve
Term
describe the path of the L1 nerve branches in the abdomenal wall
Definition
they do NOT enter the rectus sheath, they pierce the internal oblique and run between it and the external oblique
Term
describe the path of the iliohypogastric nerve
Definition
pierces external oblique aponeurosis above the superficial inguinal ring to supply suparapubic skin
Term
describe the path of the ilioinguinal nerve
Definition
emerges through the superificial iguinal ring to supply the skin of the superomedial thigh and external genitalia
Term
describe the location of the inguinal canal
Definition
oblique passage in lower abdominal wall, parallel and above the medial inguinal ligament, runs from the deep inguinal ring to the superificial inguinal ring
Term
what are the contents of the inguinal canal
Definition
spermatic cord or round ligament of uterus, ilioinguinal nerve
Term
describe the location of the deep inguinal ring
Definition
opening in the transversalis fascia about 1/2 inch above the inguinal ligament, half way between the anterior superior iliac spine and pubic symphysis
Term
describe the location of the inferior eigastric vessels
Definition
medial to the deep inguinal ring
Term
describe the location of the superificial inguinal ring
Definition
opening in the sponeurosis of the external oblique superior to the pubic tubercle
Term
what marks the anterior wall of the inguinal canal
Definition
aponeurosis of the external oblique
Term
what marks the posterior wall of the inguinal canal
Definition
transversalis fascia
Term
what marks the inferior wall of the inguinal canal
Definition
inguinal and lacunar ligaments
Term
what marks the superior wall of the inguinal canal
Definition
arching lowest fibers of internal oblique transversus abdominis
Term
what are the parts of the superificial inguinal ring
Definition
medial crus and lateral crus
Term
how is the superificial inguinal ring strengthened
Definition
the top has intercural fibers
Term
what is in the spermatic cord
Definition
vas deferns, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus of veins, lymph vessels, autonomic nerves, artery of vas deferens, cremasteric srtery, genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
Term
describe the path of the spermatic cord
Definition
begins deepto inguinal ring, passes through inguinal canal, ends posterior to the epididymis
Term
what is the vas deferns made of
Definition
thick muscle
Term
what is the function of the vas deferens
Definition
transports spermataozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
Term
describe the path of the vas deferens
Definition
begins at the tail of the epididymis and runs with the spermatic cord to the deep inguinal ring where it seperates terminating in the pervis by joining the seminal vessicle
Term
what is it called when the vas deferens joins the seminal vessicle
Definition
ejaculatory duct
Term
where does the testicular artery originate
Definition
from the abdominal aorta just below the renal artery, this is influenced by the embryological origin of the testes
Term
describe the path of the testicular artery
Definition
descends on the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum, through the inguinal canal in the spermatic cord, to the testis and epididymis
Term
describe the location of the testicular veins
Definition
form a plexus around the testicular artery called the pampiniform plexus, as it ascends it gets smaller forming a single vein running behind the peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall
Term
where does the right testicular vein drain
Definition
the inferior vena cava
Term
where does the left testicular vein train
Definition
the left renal vein
Term
describe the path of testicular lymph vessels
Definition
run through thr spermatic cord to the deep inguinal ring, they ascend on the posterior abdominal wall behind the peritoneum to the lumbar lymph nodes (lateral aortic)
Term
describe the path of scrotum lymph vessels
Definition
drains into the superificial inguinal lymph nodes
Term
what does the cremasteric artery supply
Definition
coverings of the spermatic cord
Term
describe the path of the cremasteric artery
Definition
branches from the inferior epigastric artery and anastomoses with the testicular artery
Term
describe the path of the artery of the vas deferens
Definition
originates from the superior vesical artery, acompanies the vas deferns from pelvis, anastomoses with the testicular artery
Term
what nerve supplies the cremaster muscle and skin of scrotum or labium majus
Definition
genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Term
where do the fibers from the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve come from
Definition
ventral rami of L1 and L2 (lumbar plexus)
Term
where do the testies / ovaries originate before the descend
Definition
posterior abdominal wall around L1
Term
what is the processus vaginalis
Definition
peritoneal diverticulum that forms before the testies / ovaries descend
Term
what does the processus vaginalis do
Definition
passes through the layers of the lower anterior abdominal wall aquiring tubular covering from each layer pulling the testies / ovaries with it
Term
name the layers the processus vaginalis goes through
Definition
transversalis fascia, transversus abdominus, internal oblique, aponeurosis of external oblique
Term
when the processus vaginalis passes through the transversalis fascia where is it exactly, what happens
Definition
at the deep inguinal ring it picks up the internal spermatic fascia
Term
when the processus vaginalis passes through the transversus abdominis where is it exactly, what happens
Definition
under the lower arching fibers it does not aquire a covering, it does not pierce the layer
Term
when the processus vaginalis passes through the internal oblique where is it exactly, what happens
Definition
in the lower part it picks up some muscle fibers making the cremaster muscle embedded in the cremaster fascia
Term
when the processus vaginalis passes through the aponeurosis of the external oblique where is it exactly, what happens
Definition
at the superficial ring it picks up the external spermatic fascia
Term
what is the gubernaculum made of
Definition
mesenchyme
Term
where is the gubernaculum located
Definition
extends from the lower end of the developing gonad to the labioscrotal swelling
Term
what does the labioscrotal swelling do
Definition
give rise to the scrotom or labia majora
Term
what does the gubernaculum do
Definition
descends behind the peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall and posterior to the processus vaginalis pulling the testes / ovaries making them descend
Term
where does the gubernaculum end its descent in males
Definition
in the scrotum by the 8th month of intra-uterine life
Term
what happens to the lymph, vessels, duct, and nerves when the testis descend
Definition
it takes them with it
Term
what happens to the processus vaginalis when the testies reach the scrotum
Definition
the proximal narrow portion of the processus vaginalis becomes obliterated
Term
what happens to the distal part of the processus vaginalis when the testis reach the scrotum
Definition
it remains as the tuinca vaginalis which is a closed sac
Term
when happens when the gubernaculum is descending and ovary
Definition
it attaches to the side of the developing uterus causing the ovary to stop descending and forms two ligaments
Term
what are the ligaments that form during ovarian descension
Definition
ovarian and round
Term
describe the location of the ovarian ligament
Definition
extends from the ovary to the uterus
Term
describe the location of the gubernaculum
Definition
extends from the uterus to the labioscrotal swelling
Term
what were the ovarian ligament and round ligament originally made of
Definition
part of the gubernaculum
Term
what is the scrotom part of
Definition
the lower anterior abdominal wall
Term
what does the scrotal septum do
Definition
divide the scrotum into left and right halves
Term
what does each half of the scrotum contain
Definition
testis, epididymis, lower spermatic cord
Term
what are the layers of the scrotum
Definition
skin, tunica dartos, external spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle and fascia, internal spermatic fascia, tuinca vaginalis
Term
describe the skin of the scrotum
Definition
thin, wrinkled, pigmented, single pouch
Term
what is the scrotal raphe
Definition
slightly raised ridge in the midline that indicates the area of fusion of the two labioscrotal swellings
Term
what happens to the labioscrotal swellings in females
Definition
they do not fuse and form the labia majora
Term
what is the tunica dartos
Definition
superficial fascia where fat has been replaced by the dartos muscle
Term
what is the dartos muscle made of, what does it do
Definition
it is smooth muscle that is responsible for the wrinking of the scrotal skin
Term
what kind of nerve innervation of the dartos muscle get
Definition
sympathetic
Term
describe the path of the tunica dartos
Definition
extends inward to form the scrotal septum which divides the scrotum
Term
how does te tunica vaginalis relate to the processus vaginalis
Definition
it is the lower expanded portion
Term
what are the layers of the tunica vaginalis
Definition
visceral and parietal
Term
what does the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis cover
Definition
testis except posterior border and the epididymis
Term
what does the parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis cover
Definition
the inner aspect of the internal spermatic fascia
Term
what is in the cavity between the visceral and parietal layers of the tunica vaginalis
Definition
fluid that moistens the layers
Term
what are the functions of the testis
Definition
spermatogenesis and hormone production
Term
what hormones does the testis make
Definition
testosterone
Term
what conditions are needed for spermatogenesis to occur
Definition
the testes must be lower temp than the abdominal cavity
Term
how can the testes lower their temperature
Definition
ther can ascend of descend using the reflex of the cremaster and dartos muscles, the pampiniform plexus and branches of the testicular arteries use a counter current heat exchange mechanism
Term
what covers the testies
Definition
tunica albugenia
Term
what covers the tunica albugenia
Definition
the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis
Term
physically describe the tunica albuginea
Definition
tough fibrous connective tissue on each testis, at the posterior border it is thicker and penetrates the surface of the organ
Term
what are the semiferous tubules
Definition
the lobes of the testis
Term
describe the origin and insertion of the semiferous tubules
Definition
connects to the inner tunica
Term
what are the rete testis
Definition
a network of channels that the semiferous tubules open into
Term
what connects the rete testis to the epididymis
Definition
the efferent ductules
Term
where is the epididymis located
Definition
posterior and superior to the testis
Term
what is the function of the epididymis
Definition
storage and maturation of sperm
Term
describe the shape and composition of the epididymis
Definition
coiled tube embedded in connective tissue
Term
what are the parts of the epididymis
Definition
head, body, tail, sinus
Term
where is the tail of the epididymis
Definition
lower end, continoous with the ductus deferns
Term
where is the sinus of the epididymis
Definition
a recess between the testis and the epididymis that opens laterally
Term
what is the epididymis sinus lined with
Definition
visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis
Term
what is an igunial hernia
Definition
protrusion of the parietal peritoneum, a loop of small intestine goes through the igunial canal
Term
what is the most common abdominal hernia, and in who
Definition
direct igunial hernia, males
Term
what are the two types of inguinal hernias
Definition
direct and indirect
Term
what is a indirect inguinal hernia
Definition
hernial sac leaves the abdominal cavity lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels through the deep inguinal ring causing processus vaginalis prodrusion through part or all of the canal
Term
in whom is a indirect inguinal hernia more common
Definition
children and young adults
Term
what is a direct inguinal hernia
Definition
hernial sac leaves the abdominal cavity medial to the inferior epigastric through an area of weakness in the inguinal canal wall that does not transverse the entire canal only close to the superificial ring
Term
what is the hesselbach's triangle
Definition
an area that is usually weak in the inguinal canal posterior wall
Term
what binds the hesselbach's triangle
Definition
inferior epigastric, rectus abdominis, inguinal ligament
Term
in whom is a direct inguinal hernia most common
Definition
older men with weak abdomina muscles, an aquired hernia
Term
where does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm
Definition
T10 slightly to the left of the midline
Term
where is the esophagus in relation to the trachea and liver
Definition
posterior
Term
in which of the 9 regions is the stomach located
Definition
left hypochondriac, epigastric, umbilical
Term
what are the orifaces of the stomach
Definition
cardial, pyloric
Term
where is the cardial oriface
Definition
between the stomach and esophagus
Term
where is the pyloric oriface
Definition
between the stomach and the duodenum
Term
describe the physical curvature of the stomach
Definition
the left is more curved than the right
Term
where does the small intestine begin
Definition
at the pyloric oriface
Term
where does the small intestine end
Definition
at the ileocecal junction
Term
what is the ileocecal junction, what quadrent is it in
Definition
where the small and large intestines join, in the right lower quadrant
Term
what are the parts of the small intestine
Definition
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Term
where is the duodenum located and in what regions
Definition
deep to the peritoneal sac in the epigastric and umbilical
Term
describe the shape of the duodenum, what does it surround
Definition
it is C shaped and surrounds the head of the pancreas
Term
where does the duodenum begin
Definition
pyloric oriface
Term
where does the duodenum end
Definition
duodenojejunal flexure (junction)
Term
what is the duodenojejunal flexure
Definition
the joining point of the duodenum and the jejunum
Term
what are the parts of the duodenum
Definition
superior (1), descending (2), horizontal or transverse (3), ascending (4)
Term
what is the difference between the jejunum and illeul and the duodenum
Definition
the jejunum and ileum are more mobile
Term
where does the jejunum begin
Definition
the duodenojejunal flexure
Term
what is the ileocecal junction
Definition
where the ileum ends and joins the large intestines
Term
what divides the jejunum and ileum
Definition
there is no sharp boundray, just a gradual transition
Term
describe the proportions and locations of the jejunum and ileum
Definition
jejunum is the proximal upper left 2/5 40%, the ileum is the distal lower right 2/5 60%
Term
where is the jejunum located
Definition
the upper part of the infracolic compartment
Term
where is the ileum located
Definition
the lower part of the infracolic compartment and some of the pelvis
Term
where is the large intestine located in reference to the small intestine
Definition
it arches around and encloses the jejunum and ileum
Term
what are the parts of the large intestine
Definition
cecym, vermaiform apendix, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
Term
where is the cecum located
Definition
in the right inguinal region inferior to the ileocecal junction
Term
describe the cecum
Definition
a blind ended sac
Term
where is the appenxid located
Definition
originates from the posteromedial aspect of the cecum
Term
describe the appendix
Definition
a small blind ended tube
Term
where does the ascending colon begin
Definition
the ileocecal junction
Term
what is the hepatic or colic flexure
Definition
where the ascending colon bends to become the transverse on the right side of the body
Term
describe the shape of the transverse colon
Definition
a U from right to left in the body and lies some on the small intestines
Term
where does the transverse colon begin
Definition
right colic flecture
Term
where does the transverse colon end
Definition
left colic or splenic flexure
Term
where does the decending colon begin
Definition
left colic or splenic flexure
Term
where does the descending colon end
Definition
left iliac fossa
Term
where does the sigmoid colon begin
Definition
left iliac fossa
Term
where does the sigmoid colon end
Definition
in the pelvis around S3 where it becomes continous with the rectum
Term
where does the rectum begin
Definition
around S3 where the sigmoid colon ends
Term
where does the rectum end
Definition
when it pierces the pelvic floor becoming continous with the anal canal
Term
how long is the anal canal
Definition
1.5 inches
Term
where does the anal canal begin
Definition
pelvic floor or diaphragm
Term
where does the anal canal end
Definition
anus
Term
what does the pancreas function as
Definition
an exocrine and endocrine gland
Term
where is the pancreas located
Definition
deep to the peritoneal sac, across the posterior abdominal wall from the duodenum on the right to the spleen on the left
Term
what regions is the pancrease in
Definition
the epigastric and left hypochondriac
Term
what are the parts of the pancreas
Definition
head, neck, body, tail
Term
what is the largest lymhoid organ in the body
Definition
spleen
Term
where is the spleen locationa and in what region and under what ribs
Definition
posterior to the stomach, in the left hypochondriac under ribs 9-11
Term
where are the kidneys located
Definition
upper posterior abdominal wall on each side of the vertebral column, sitting in part of the diaphragm
Term
where does the ureter begin and end
Definition
the kidney to the urinary bladder
Term
what muscle is associated with the ureter, where is it located
Definition
the psoas major, the pelvic cavity enterance
Term
where are the suprarenal (adrenal) glands
Definition
on the upper pole of each kidney deep in the abdoman
Term
what are the parts of the adrenal glands and their relative locations
Definition
cortex (outer), medulla (inner)
Term
what is the function of the adrenal glands
Definition
endocrine glands that secrete hormones
Term
during embryology, where do the adrenal glands come from
Definition
they have different origins in different people, usually the neural crest
Term
describe the differences between the peritoneum and the pleura and pericardium
Definition
surrounds many organs, more complex arangement
Term
which direction did the organs fill into the peritoneum during development
Definition
mainly from the posterior abdominal wall
Term
what are the layers of the peritoneum
Definition
parietal and visceral
Term
describe the peritoneal cavity
Definition
potential space between parietal and visceral layers, has some serous fluid
Term
describe te paritoneal cavity in females
Definition
communicates with the outside via the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Term
describe the peritoneum in males
Definition
is a closed cavity
Term
what is the definition of a intraperitoneal organ
Definition
almost totally covered with visceral peritoneum, think organs that are suspended or hanging
Term
what are the intraperitoneal organs
Definition
stomach, jejunum, ileum, transverse colon, spleen
Term
what is the definition of a retroperitoneal organ
Definition
located posterior to the peritoneal sac between the sac and abdominal wall, only the anterior surface is coered with peritoneum
Term
what organs are retroperitoneal
Definition
most of the duodenum and pancreas, ascending and descending colon, kidneys, supraparenal glands, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava
Term
what are the categories of peritoneal folds
Definition
ligament, omentum, mesentary
Term
what is a peritoneal ligament
Definition
a two layered peritoneal fold that connects an organ to the abdominal wall or another organ
Term
what types of peritoneal ligaments are there
Definition
falciform, coronary, splenorenal, gastrosplenic, omentum, mesentary, umbilical folds
Term
what is the falciform ligament
Definition
peritoneal fold that connects liver to anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm. runs from umbilicus to diaphragm
Term
what is the coronary ligament
Definition
peritoneal fold that connects the liver to the diaphragm, suspends it from the diaphgram
Term
what is the splenoreal ligament
Definition
peritoneal fold that connects the spleen to left lidney
Term
what is the gastrosplenic ligament
Definition
peritoneal fold that connects the spleen to the stomach
Term
what is an omentum
Definition
peritoneal fold that passes from the sotmach and proximal part of the duodenumm to another organ
Term
what are the types of omentums
Definition
greater and lesser
Term
what is the lesser omentum
Definition
two layered peritoneal fold that connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the 1st part of the duodenum to the visceral surface of the liver, has a free edge
Term
what are the parts of the lesser omentum
Definition
hepatogastric ligament and hepatoduodenal ligament
Term
what does the hepatoduodenal ligament contain
Definition
it is thicker because it has ducts, blood, lymph vessels, and nerves traveling to and from the liver, it is a free edge in the peritoneum
Term
what is the greater omentum
Definition
hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach in front of coils of the jejunum and ileum
Term
what does the greater omentum contain
Definition
fat
Term
what are the layers of the greater omentum
Definition
two anterior and two posterior, no space between so 4 layers because they fused
Term
describe the path of the layers in the greater omentum
Definition
descend from the greater curvature of the stomach, fold back on themselves, and ascend, they seperate into the two layers again and go around the transverse colon to the pancreas forming the transverse mesocolon
Term
what is a mesentery
Definition
a two layered peritoneal fold that connects intestines to the posterior abdominal wall
Term
what is the function of a mesentery
Definition
allows blood vessels, lymph, and nerves to reach organs from the posterior abdominal wall, provide mobility and make intestine parts intraperitoneal
Term
what is the mesentery of the small intestine
Definition
connects coils of the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall, has lots of branching with vessels and lymph in it to supply intestines
Term
what is the mesentery of the transverse colon (mescolon)
Definition
connects transverse colon to posterior abdominal wall
Term
what is the mesentery of the sigmoid colon (mesocolon)
Definition
connects sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal and pelvic walls
Term
what is a mesentary root
Definition
a mesentaries have one, attaches it to the posterior abdominal wall, formed early in development
Term
what is different about mesentaries in early development vs adult
Definition
early all parts of the digestive tract are intraperitoneal and have a mesentery, with development movements some parts adhere to the posterior abdominal wall and losse their mesentary becoming fixed (secondary retroperitoneal organ)
Term
what is a secondary retroperitoneal organ
Definition
parts that used to have a mesentary but with developmental movements have attached to the posterior abdominal wall and lost their mesentary
Term
what organs are secondary tetroperitoneal organs
Definition
most of the duodenum, most of the pancrease, ascending and descending colon
Term
what is the omentum burse where is it located
Definition
a perrtoneal pouch posterior to the lesser omentum and stomach
Term
what is another name of the omentum bursa
Definition
lesser sac
Term
what are the parts to the omentum bursa
Definition
superior recess, inferior recess, left margin, right margin, epiploic foramen
Term
what is the superior recess of the omentum burse, where is it located
Definition
upward extension, between the liver and diaphragm
Term
what is the inferior recess of the omentum burse, where is it located
Definition
downward extension of the omental burse, between the 2 anterior and 2 posterior layers of the greater omentum, usually short due to the adherance of these layers
Term
what is included in the left margin of the ometal bursa
Definition
spleen, gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments
Term
what is included in the right margin of the ometal bursa
Definition
omental (epiploic) formamen
Term
what is the omental foramen
Definition
opening of the omental burse, connects lesser to greater sac, the only opening in the lesser sac
Term
what is another name from the omental foramen
Definition
epiploic foramen, foramen of winslow
Term
what is the greater sac
Definition
the remaining of the peritoneal cavity
Term
what are the boundries of the omental foramen
Definition
anterior: lesser omentum hepatodudoneal ligament,
posterior: inferior vena cava, superior caudate lobe of liver, inferior: 1st part of duodenum
Term
what are the main structures of the hepatoduodenal ligament
Definition
portal vein, hepatic artery proper, bile duct, lymph, autonomic nerves
Term
where is the umbilical folds located
Definition
in the lower anterior abdominal wall
Term
what are the different umbilical folds
Definition
medial, medial, lateral
Term
where is the median umbilical fold
Definition
covering the median umbilical ligament from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus
Term
what is the median umbilical fold a remnant of
Definition
the allantos of the embryo, when its lumen obliterates it is called urachus, in the adult it is the median umbilical ligament
Term
where is the medial umbilical fold located
Definition
one on each side covering the medial umbilical ligaments ascending from the pelvis to the umbilicus
Term
what is the medial umbilical fold a remnant of
Definition
the distal, obliterated parts of the umbilical artery
Term
where is the lateral umbilical fold located
Definition
one on ach side covering the inferior epigastric vessels
Term
where is the supravesical fossa located
Definition
between the median and medical umbilica folds on top of the bladder
Term
how is the supravesical fossa formed
Definition
as the peritoneum passes from the anterior abdominal wall onto the urinary bladder
Term
why does the supravesical fossa change shape
Definition
it rises and falls with the filling and emptying of the bladder
Term
where is the medial inguinal fossa located
Definition
between medial and lateral umbilical folds
Term
what is located in the medial inguinal fossa, what is the medical relivence of this structure
Definition
the inguinal (hesselbach's) triangle, potentionally a direct inguinal hernia
Term
where is the lateral inguinal fossa located
Definition
lateral to the lateral umbilical fold, covers inferior epigastric on their way out to the rectus abdominus
Term
what is located in the lateral inguinal fossa, what is the medical relivence of this structure
Definition
deep inguinal ring, potential site for an indirect inguinal hernia
Term
where is the supracolic compartment located
Definition
above the transverse colon and its mesentery
Term
what does the supracolic compartment contain
Definition
stomach, liver, spleen
Term
where is the infracolic compartment located
Definition
below the transverse colon and its mesentery, right and left spaces on each side of the mesentary root between cecum and duodenum/jejunum junction
Term
what does the infracolic compartment contain
Definition
most of the small and large intestines
Term
what is the infracolic compartment divided into and by what
Definition
right and left infracolic spaces by mesentery of small intestines
Term
what are the paracolic gutters
Definition
a free communicating area between the supracolic and infrocolic compartments, on each side of each ascending and descending colon and abdominal wall
Term
what nerves supplies the central part of the diaphragm
Definition
phrenic C3-C5
Term
where is the pain from the central diaphragm refered to
Definition
the sholder
Term
what nerves supply the parietal peritoneum
Definition
lower 5 intercostal nerves (T6-T12), subcostal nerves, and iliohpyogastric and ilioinguinal nerves
Term
what nerves supply the peripherial diaphgram
Definition
lower 5 intercostal and subcostal (T6-T12)
Term
what nerves supply the visceral peritoneum
Definition
visceral sensory fibers that travel with the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves that supply the organs they cover
Term
how is pain in the parietal paritoneum elicted
Definition
mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimulation
Term
describe pain from the pariteal peritoneum
Definition
severe and localized
Term
how is pain elicted in the visceral peitoneum
Definition
stretching due to over distension of a hollow organ or pulling on a mesentery
Term
describe pain from the vericral peritoneum
Definition
dull and not localized
Term
what vertebral level does the inferior vena pierce the diaphragm
Definition
T8
Term
what vertebral level does the aorta pierce the diaphragm
Definition
T12
Term
what takes up most of the abdominal cavity
Definition
the small intestines
Term
what is another word for the pelvic floor
Definition
pelvic diaphragm
Term
in regards to peritoneium, how are the ascending and decending colon attached
Definition
the used to be in the mesentary but are not connected to the posterior abdominal wall making them secondary retroperitoneal organs
Term
where is the anal triangle located
Definition
in the anal canal perineium
Term
what does the pancreas release as an exocrine organ
Definition
enzymes released into the duodenum for digestion
Term
what does the pancreas release as an endocrine organ
Definition
insulin
Term
in regards to the peritoneium, how is the kidney classified
Definition
retroperitoneal
Term
what does the outer adrenal cortex produce
Definition
steroids, corticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones
Term
what does the adrenal medulla product
Definition
epinepherine, norepinepherine
Term
which kidney sits higher, why
Definition
the left because the right is blocked by the liver
Term
at approxamently what vertebral level is the hilum of the kidney
Definition
L1
Term
describe the difference in the peritonieum of a male and female
Definition
a male is completely closed, a females is open because you could go through the uterine tube to the uterus and out the vagina
Term
what is the peritoneal ligaments made of
Definition
loose connective tissue, fat, few fibers
Term
what is another name for the gastrosplenic ligament, why
Definition
gastrosplenic omentum because it connects to the stomach
Term
what does the hepatogastric ligament contain
Definition
the lesser omentum that isnt part of the hepatoduodenal ligament (free edge)
Term
what is the allantosis
Definition
the bladder in an embryo
Term
what is a urachus
Definition
the bladder during development (between embryo and adult)
Term
what does the urachus become
Definition
the median umbilical ligament
Term
what does the allantois become
Definition
the urachus
Term
what are the spaces between the umbilical folds
Definition
supravesical fossa, medial inguinal fossa, laternal inguinal fossa
Term
wha s the alamentery canal
Definition
the mouth to the anus
Term
what canal is the stomach part of
Definition
the alimentary canal
Term
in what regions is the stmach located
Definition
hpyochondriac, epigastric, umbilical
Term
what is anterior to the stomach
Definition
lower ribs and costal cartilages
Term
what is the function of the stomach
Definition
store food, mix food with gastric secretions, form chyme, control rate of delivery to the small intestines
Term
what is chyme
Definition
a mixture of food and gastric secretions in a semi fluid mass made in the stomach
Term
what are the surfaces of the stomach
Definition
anterior and posterior
Term
what are the borders of the stomach
Definition
lesser and greater curvatures
Term
what is the angular notch
Definition
indentation in the lower part of the lesser curvature of the stomach
Term
what is another name of the angular notch
Definition
incisura angularis
Term
what are the orifaces of the stomach
Definition
cardiac and pyloric
Term
what does the cardiac oriface connect
Definition
stomach to esophagus
Term
what does the pyloric oriface connect
Definition
stomach to duodenum
Term
where is the cardiac notch of the stomach located
Definition
indentation to the left of the cardiac oriface between the left border of the esophagus and the fundus of the stomach makes a bubble
Term
what is the pyloric sphincter
Definition
circular muscle around the pyloric oriface
Term
what are the parts of the stomach
Definition
cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus
Term
how can you tell the parts of the stomach apart
Definition
you can't their borders are not well defined
Term
where is the cardia
Definition
are of the stomach immediatly adjacent to the cardiac oriface
Term
where is the fundus
Definition
done shaped area of the upper stomach what sits above the esophagus
Term
what marks the inferior border of the fundus
Definition
horizontal line across the stomach begining at the cardiac notch
Term
where is the body of the stomach
Definition
from the cardiac notch to the angular notch, begins at esophagus and below
Term
where is the antrum
Definition
from the angular notch to the pylors, more tubular than body
Term
where is the pylorus
Definition
the most tubular part of the stomach that contains the pyloric sphincter and pyloric canal
Term
where does the abdominal aorta begin
Definition
T12 at the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm
Term
describe the location of the abdominal aorta
Definition
anterior to the lumbar vertebra, posterior to the peritoneum
Term
where does the abdominal aorta end
Definition
L4 when it divides into the right and left common iliac arteries
Term
in regards to the peritoneum covering, what kind of structure is the abdominal aorta, why
Definition
retroperitoneal, because it is posterior to the peritoneum
Term
what branches off the abdominal aorta
Definition
L. R. common iliac, visceral branches, parietal branches, caliac trunk
Term
what are the two types of visceral branchs that come off the abdominal aorta
Definition
paired and unpaired
Term
what are the unpaird visceral branches
Definition
celiac trunk, superior mesenteric A., inferior mesenteric A.
Term
what are the paired visceral branches
Definition
middle suprarenal AA, renal AA, ovarian / testicular AA
Term
what are the two types of parietal branches of the abdominal aorta
Definition
paired and unpaired
Term
what are the unpaired parietal branches
Definition
median sacral A
Term
what are the paired parietal branches
Definition
inferior phrenic AA, lumbar AA (4 pairs)
Term
at what level does the celiac trunk originate and from what
Definition
at T12 from the abdominal aorta
Term
where is the celiac trunk located
Definition
posterior to the stomach and lesser sac
Term
what are the divisions of the celiac trunk
Definition
left gastric a, splenic a, common hepatic a
Term
what is the smallest branch of the celiac trunk
Definition
left gastric a
Term
describe the path of the left gastric artery
Definition
ascends to the cardiac region of the stomach giving off esophageal branches, decends along the lesser curvature of the stomach and anastomoses with the right gastric a
Term
what is the largest branch of the celiac trunk
Definition
splenic a
Term
describe the path of the splenic artery
Definition
runs left along the superior border of the pancreas, posterior to the stomach and lesser sac, reaches the hium of the spleen within the splenoreal ligament
Term
what branches off the splenic artery
Definition
pancreatic branches, left gastroepiploic a, short gastric arteries, terminal branches of the spleen
Term
what do the pancreatic branches of the splenic artery supply
Definition
neck, body, and tail of pancreas
Term
describe the path of the left gastroepiploic artery
Definition
neat hilum of the spleen, goes to greater curvature in the gastroplenic ligament, runs along greater curvature from left to right, between layers of the greater omentum, anastomoses with the right gastroepiploic a
Term
describe the path of the short gastric arteries
Definition
originate close to the hilum of the spleen, reach the stomach in the gastrosplenic ligament and supply the fundus
Term
where do the terminal branches of the splenic artery enter the spleen
Definition
through the hilum
Term
describe the path of the first part of the common hepatic artery
Definition
runs anterior to the right to reach the superior aspect of the duodenum then divides into two branches
Term
what are the branches of the common hepatic artery
Definition
proper hepatic a, gastrodudenal a
Term
describe the path of the proper hapatic artery
Definition
ascends between the two layers of the lesser omentum (hepatodudoenal ligament) to the hilum of the liver and divides into the right branch (cystic artery) and left branch (right gastric artery), in the lesser omentum it is anterior to the portal vein and the left of the common bile duct
Term
what is the porta hepatis
Definition
the hilum of the liver
Term
describe the path of the right gastric artery
Definition
originates from the proper hepatic, descends within the lesser omentum to the pyloric end of the stomach, runs to the left along the lesser curvature, anastomoses with the left gastric artery
Term
describe the path of the gastrodudoneal artery
Definition
descends posterior to the 1st part of the duodenum, gives off the right gastroepiploic artery and superior pancreaticodudenal arteries
Term
describe the path of the right gastroepiploic artery
Definition
runs along the greater curvature from the right to left between the layers of the greater opentium and anastomoses with the left gastroepiploic artery
Term
describe the path of the superior pancreaticododenal arteries (anterior and posterior)
Definition
supply the duodenum and head of pancreas, anastomose with the inferior pancreaticodudodenal arteries that were a branch of the superior mesenteric a
Term
where do all the veins of the stomach drain
Definition
directly or indirectly to the portal vein
Term
what are the veins of the stomach
Definition
all the veins with the same names as the million arteries you just said
Term
list the arteries that supply the stomach
Definition
L. R. gastric, L. R. gastroepiploic, short gastric
Term
what is the short gastric a branch of
Definition
splenic artery
Term
what is the right gastroepiploic a branch of
Definition
gastrodoudenal artery
Term
what is the right gastric a branch of
Definition
proper hepatic artery
Term
what is the left gastric a branch of
Definition
celiac trunk
Term
in what regions is the liver located
Definition
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac
Term
what are the surfaces of the liver
Definition
diaphragamatic, visceral
Term
desceive the diaphragamatic surface of the liver
Definition
convex, smooth, molded to the undersurface of the diaphragm, may have rib impressions
Term
which way does the visceral surface of the liver face
Definition
fasces inferior, posterior to the left.
Term
what organs is the visceral surface of the liver molded to
Definition
esophagus, stomach, duodenum, right kidney, right adrenal gland, right colic flexure
Term
what are the grooves in the liver
Definition
grooves and fossae shaped like the letter H: porta hepatis, right saggital fissure, left saggital fissue
Term
what is the significance of the inferior border of the liver
Definition
seperates the diaphragamatic and visceral surfaces, sharp
Term
what does the porta hepatis contain
Definition
right and left hepatic ducts, branche sof the proper hepatic artery and portal vein, autonomic nerves, hepatic lymph nodes and vessels
Term
what do the hepatic ducts do
Definition
carry bile made by the liver
Term
what vessels supply the liver
Definition
proper hepatic artery and portal vein
Term
where is the right saggital fissure
Definition
right limb of the H
Term
what is the right saggital fissure made of
Definition
anterior by the fossa for the gallbladder and posterior by the groove for the IVC
Term
where is the left saggital fissue
Definition
left limb of the H
Term
where is the porta hepatis
Definition
cross bar of the H
Term
what forms the left saggital fissure
Definition
anterior by the fissure for the round ligament of the liver and posterior by the fissure for the ligamentum venosum(old ductus venosus)
Term
what is another name for the round ligament of the liver
Definition
ligamentum teres hepatis
Term
describe the umbilical vein in intrauterine life
Definition
carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the portal vein to bipass the liver and go directly to the IVC via the ductus venosus
Term
describe the umbilical vein at birth
Definition
umbilical vein and ductus venosus close and it becomes the round ligament of the liver
Term
what does the ductus venosus become after birth
Definition
ligamentum venosum
Term
what was the purpous of the ductus venosus before birth
Definition
bipass the liver and take blood to the IVC
Term
where is the quadrate lobe located
Definition
liver anterior to the porta hepatis between the fossa for the gallbladder and the fissure for the round ligament (top area of H)
Term
where is the caudate lobe located
Definition
liver posterior to the porta hepatis and between the groove for the IVE and fissure for the ligamentum venosum (bottom area of H)
Term
what is the caudate process
Definition
ridge of the liver that connects the caudate and right lobe between the porta hepatis and groove for IVC
Term
what vessels supply the right functional area of the liver
Definition
right hepatic artery, right branch of the portal vein
Term
what is the function of the right liver
Definition
bile is collected by the right hepatic duct
Term
what vessels supply the left functional area of the liver
Definition
left hepatic artery and left branch of the portal vein
Term
what is the function of the left liver
Definition
bile is collected by the left hepatic duct
Term
what are the paritoneal ligaments of the liver
Definition
faliciform, coronary, R. L. triangular, lesser omentum,
Term
what does the falciform ligament connect
Definition
diaphragmatic durface of the liver to the antrior abdominal wall and diaphragm
Term
what does the attachment of the falciform ligament form on the liver
Definition
boundry between the right and left lobes
Term
what paritoneal fold forms the round ligament of the liver
Definition
inferior margin of the falciform ligament
Term
what forms the superior layer of the coronary ligament
Definition
in the posterior aspect of the falciform ligament its two layers seperate forming the superior layer of the coronary ligament
Term
what is between the layers of the coronary ligament
Definition
an area od liver without peritoneum, bare area of the liver
Term
what forms the right and left triangular ligament
Definition
right and left ends of the coronary ligament where the superior and inferior layers join
Term
what does the lesser omentum connect
Definition
visceral liver surface at the edges of the porta hepatis and fussure for the ligamentum venosum to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the first part of the duodenum
Term
what are the liver capillaries called
Definition
sinusoids
Term
what vein drains the liver
Definition
hepatic vein
Term
what are the branches of the hepatic vein
Definition
right middle and left
Term
where does the hepatic vein drain into
Definition
IVC
Term
what produces bile
Definition
hepatocytes
Term
where is bile collected in the liver
Definition
hepatic ducts
Term
what do all the hepatic ducts join to form
Definition
right and left hepatic ducts
Term
where do the right and left hepatic ducts leave the liver
Definition
porta hepatis
Term
after leaving the liver, what happens to the right and left hepatic ducts
Definition
they join to form the common hepatic duct
Term
describe the path of the common hepatic duct
Definition
decends within the free margin of the lesser omentum (hepatodudoneal ligament) and is joined by the cystic duct to form the common bile duct
Term
where does the cystic duct come from
Definition
the gallbladder
Term
how is the common bile duct made
Definition
the common hepatic duct and custic duct from the gall bladder form
Term
describe the path of the common bile duct
Definition
in the free margin of the lesser omentum, (hepatodudodenal ligament), goes to posterior 1st part of duodenum, inferior it lies posterior to the head of the pancreas or embedded in it
Term
what is the hepatopancreatic ampulla
Definition
the duct that forms when the common bile and pancreatic duct join
Term
what is another name for the hepatopancreatic ampulla
Definition
ampulla of Vater
Term
where does the hepatopancreatic ampulla open
Definition
into the second part of the duodenum by the major dudoenal papilla surrounded by a sphincter
Term
what is the sphincter at th opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla called
Definition
sphnicter of oddi
Term
where is the gallbladder located
Definition
on the visceral surface of the liver
Term
what does the gallbladder do
Definition
store bile and concentrate it by abdorbind water
Term
what are the parts of the gallbladder
Definition
fundus, body, neck
Term
where is the fundus of the gallbladder
Definition
the anterior rounded end that projects below the inferior border of the liver, in contact with the anterior abdominal wall at the 9th costal cartilage
Term
where is the body of the gallbladder
Definition
middle part, contacts visceral surface of the liver superiorly and transverse colon and duodenum inferiorly
Term
where is the neck of the gallbladder
Definition
directed to the porta hepatis, becomes continous with the cystic duct
Term
what is in the cystohepatic triangle (of calot)
Definition
the cystic artery
Term
what limits the cystohepatic triangle
Definition
cystic duct, common hepatic duct, inferior surface of the liver
Term
where is the spleen located
Definition
in the left hypochondriac between the stomach and diaphragm, completely under the 9-11th ribs
Term
what are the functions of the spleen
Definition
elimination of old or damaged blood cells, filter antigens from blood, immune response against such antigens
Term
what are the surfaces of the spleen
Definition
diaphragamatic, visceral
Term
describe the diaphragamatic surface of the spleen (what its by, physical appearance, contents)
Definition
smooth and convex, posterolaterally, related to the diaphragm
Term
describe the visceral surface of the spleen (what its by, physical appearance, contents)
Definition
irregular and concave, anterimedially, related to the stomach, left kidney, left olic flexure, and tail of pancreas, contains the hilum of the spleen
Term
what are the borders of the spleen
Definition
notched superior border and inferior
Term
what are the poles of the spleen
Definition
anterior and posterior
Term
what rib is the long axis of the spleen on
Definition
10
Term
can a normal spleen be palpated
Definition
no
Term
what ocnnects the stomach to the spleen
Definition
gastrosplenic ligament
Term
what connects the left kidney to the spleen
Definition
splenorenal ligaments
Term
what does the splenorenal ligament have in it
Definition
splenic vessels, tail of pancreas
Term
what does the gastrosplenic ligament have in it
Definition
short gastric arteries and veins, left gastroepiploic artery and vein
Term
what supplies blood to the spleen
Definition
splenic artery
Term
where does the splennic artery come from
Definition
the celiac trunk
Term
what vein drains the spleen
Definition
splenic vein
Term
describe the path of the splenic vein
Definition
begins a spleen hilum, runs right, inferior to splenic artery, posterior to pancreas, drains into portal vein
Term
what organs does the celiac trunk supply
Definition
stomach, liver, biliary ducts, spleen, pancreas
Term
where in the stomach would a gas bubble be located
Definition
fundus
Term
in the liver, what do the biliary ducts tend to follow
Definition
the hepatic artery and vein
Term
describe the percentage of contribution the hepatic artery vs the portal vein supply the liver
Definition
hepatic a 30%, portal v 70%
Term
why is the liver very oxygen sensitive
Definition
because a lot of its blood supply is coming from the portal vein which already gave lots of its oxygen to other organs making it already low in oxygen
Term
the portal vein suck as giving the liver oxygen but what is it good for
Definition
delivers lots of nutrients and toxins on their way to be cleaned
Term
if a vein and artery supplying blood to the liver, what is taking it away
Definition
the hepatic vein
Term
where does the hepatic vein drain into
Definition
IVC
Term
what seperates ataomic R and L liver
Definition
round ligament
Term
what seperates the functionl L and R liver
Definition
portal vein and IVC
Term
why does the spleen have notches
Definition
because it was more than one mass during development that fused together
Term
what are the components of the posterior abdominal wall
Definition
lumbar vertebra, intervertebral discs, upper hip bone, psoas major, psoas minor, iliacus, quadratus lumborum, posterior transversus abdominis, lumbar diaphragm
Term
what is the origin of the quadratus lumborum
Definition
iliolumbar ligament and iliac crest
Term
what is the origiin and insertion of the iliolumbar ligament
Definition
from transverse process of L5/L4 to posterior iliac crest
Term
what is the insertion of the quadratus lumborum
Definition
border of 12th rub and transverse process of upper 4 lumbar
Term
what innervates quadratus lumborum
Definition
ventral rami of T12-L3/4
Term
what are the actions of the quadratus lumborum
Definition
flex rib 2 holding it down against traction of diaphragm, lateral flexion of lumbar spine
Term
what is the origin of the peripherial part of the diaphragm
Definition
margin of inferior thorasic aperature
Term
what is the peripherial part of the diaphragm made of
Definition
muscle
Term
what is the central part of the diaphragm made of
Definition
tendon
Term
what is the name of the central part of the diaphgram
Definition
central tendon
Term
what is the function of the central tendon
Definition
where muscle fibers insert
Term
what are the three parts of the diaphgram
Definition
sternal, costal, lumbar
Term
what part of the diaphgram is the smallest
Definition
sternal
Term
where do the sternal diaphragm fibers originate
Definition
posterior surface of xyphoid
Term
were do the costal diaphragm fibers originate
Definition
interal surface of lower ribs and their costal cartilages
Term
where does the lumbar diaphragm fivers originate
Definition
right crus, left crus, median acurate ligament
Term
what does the right crus attach to
Definition
vertebral bodies of L1-3/4 and the intervetebral discs
Term
what does the left crus attach to
Definition
vertebral bodies of L1-2/3 and the intervetebral discs
Term
what does the acurate ligament attach to
Definition
the medial borders of the right and left cura
Term
what does the acurate ligament cover
Definition
the anterior surface of the aorta
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the medial acurate ligament
Definition
body of L2 to tip of transverse process of L1
Term
what does the medial acurate ligament cover
Definition
anterior surface of psoas major muscle
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the lateral arcuate ligament
Definition
tip of transverse process of L1 to 12th rib
Term
what does teh lateral acurate ligament cover
Definition
anterior of the quadratus lumborum
Term
which dome of the diaphragm is higher, why
Definition
the right because of the liver on the left
Term
during expiration what rib level is the right done
Definition
upper border of rib 5
Term
during expiration what rib level is the left dome
Definition
lower border of rib 5
Term
on which side of the body does the diaphragm attach down the most
Definition
posterior
Term
what structures surround the aortic hiatus
Definition
body of T12, right and left cura, median acurate ligament
Term
what passes through the aortic haitus with the aorta
Definition
thoracic duct
Term
where is the aortic hiatus in relation to the diaphgram
Definition
posterior
Term
where is the esophageal hiatus on the diaphgram in relation to the aortic hiatus
Definition
anterior, superior, and slightly left of the aortic haitus
Term
what goes through the esophageal hiatus with the esophagus
Definition
anterior and posterior vagal trunks, esophageal branches of left gastric vessels
Term
where is the caval opening on the diaphgram in relation to the esophageal hiatus
Definition
anterior, superior and to the right, in the central tendon
Term
where do the splanchnic nerves pierce the diaphgram
Definition
cura
Term
where does the sympathetic trunk pierce the diaphgram
Definition
posterior to medial acurate ligament
Term
where do the terminal branches of the right phrenic nerve pierce the diaphgram
Definition
central tendon, immediatly to the right of the IVC
Term
where do the terminal branches of the left phrenic nerve pierce the diaphgram
Definition
muscle anterior to central tendon and close to apex of heart
Term
what is the sternal costal triangle
Definition
small gap between the sternal and costal origins of the diaphragm
Term
what does the sternal costal triangle transmit
Definition
superior epigastric vessels, lymph vessels
Term
what nerves supply the diaphragm
Definition
phrenic, ventral rami of C3-5
Term
what is the most important muscle in inspiration
Definition
diaphragm
Term
what are the functions of the diaphragm
Definition
inspiration, abdominal pressure holding, andominal evacuation, helps in weight liting by preventing flexion, thoracoabdominal pump
Term
what is the function of the thoracoabdominal pump
Definition
contraction and descent of the diaphragm increases intra abdominal pressure and decreases intro-thoracic pressure, helps blood in IVC to move up and into right atrium and lymph to thoracic duct
Term
what nerves does the lumbar plexus include
Definition
L1-3 and part of 4.
Term
what does the lumbar plexus supply
Definition
anterior abdominal wall, external genitalia, lower limbs
Term
if L4 isnt fully committed to the lumbar plexus, who is it cheating with
Definition
joins L5 to form the lumbosacral trunk in the sacral plexus
Term
what are the three branches of L1
Definition
iliohypograstric, ilioinguinal, lower branch that joins the genitofermoral
Term
what does the anterior division of the lumbar plexus include and form
Definition
L2, L3, and L4 form the obtuartor
Term
what does the posterior division of the lumbar plexus include and form
Definition
L2, L3, and L3 forming the femoral nerve
Term
what forms the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (lateral femoral cutaneous nerve)
Definition
L2 and L2 of lumbar plexus
Term
what branches of the lumbar plexus form the lateral border of the psoas majow muscle
Definition
iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, lateral femoral cutaneous, and femoral
Term
what branches of the lumbar plexus form the medial border of the psoas major muscle
Definition
obturator
Term
what branches of the lumbar plexus form the anterior border of the psoas major muscle
Definition
genitofemoral
Term
what type of peritoneal covering does the genitofemoral nerve have
Definition
retroperitoneal, descends behind the peritonieum
Term
what are the branches of the genitofemoral nerve
Definition
genital, femoral
Term
what does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve supply in males
Definition
cremaster muscle and skin of scrotum
Term
what does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve supply in females
Definition
joins round ligament and supplies skin of labium majus
Term
what does the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve supply
Definition
skin over upper part of femoral triangle
Term
how many ganglia are in the lumbar sympathetic trunk
Definition
3-5
Term
describe the path of the lumbar sympathetic trunk
Definition
medial border of psoas major on bodies of lumbar vertebra, passes posterior to common iliac vessels to become continous with acral part of sympathetic trunk. on the right is is posterior to the right of IVC on left it is adjacent to the left of aorta
Term
what are the branches of the lumbar sympathetic trunk (one side)recieves
Definition
recieves 2 branches of white communicating rami from lumbar spinal nerves
Term
what are the branches of the lumbar sympathetic trunk (one side)gives
Definition
one gray communicating rami to all lumbar spinal nerves
Term
what do the lumbar splanchnic nerves join
Definition
superior hypogastric plexuses
Term
what nerve fibers does the lumbar splanchnic nerves have
Definition
sympathetic (visceral motor) and visceral sensory fibers
Term
where is the aortic plexus located
Definition
anterior to abdominal aorta
Term
what does the aortic plexus recieve fibers from
Definition
thoracic splanchnic and lumbar splanchnic nerves
Term
what fibers leave the aortic plexus
Definition
vagus
Term
what prevertebral ganglia does the aortic plexus contain
Definition
celiac, aorticorenal, superior and inferior mesenteric
Term
what is the superior hypogastric nerve a continuation of
Definition
aortic plexus
Term
where does teh superior hypogastric nerve begin, then where is it located
Definition
at bifuraction of abdominal aorta, between right and left common iliac vessels and anterior to L5 and sacral promontory
Term
what vertrbra does the kidney line up with
Definition
T12-L3
Term
what kidney is lower, why
Definition
the right because of the liver on the left
Term
what are the functions of the kidney
Definition
excrete most waste of metabolism, control wanter and electrolyte balance, control acid-base balance, secrete blood pressure regulators and hematopoeisis
Term
what blood regulators does the kidney release
Definition
renin, erythropoietin
Term
what are the surfaces of the kidney
Definition
anterior and posterior
Term
what are the poles of the kidney
Definition
superior and inferior
Term
wha are the borders of the kidney
Definition
medial and lateral
Term
where is the kidney hilum located
Definition
medial border
Term
where does the kidney hilum lead to
Definition
renal sinus
Term
what structures are in the kidney hilum
Definition
renal vein, artery, renal pelvis, lymph, autonomic nerves
Term
what is the renal pelvis an extension of
Definition
the ureter
Term
what are the coverings of the kidney
Definition
perirenal fat, renal fascia, parareal fat
Term
what is the function of the coverings of the kidney
Definition
support them, hold them in place, apposition to neighboring organs
Term
what is the perirenal fat in contact with
Definition
kidney and suprarenal gland, extends through hilum into renal sinus
Term
what does the renal fascia cover
Definition
kidney, adrenal gland, and perirenal fat
Term
what does the pararenal fat cover
Definition
kidney, adrenal gland, perirenal fat, renal fascia. in contact with extraperitoneal fat
Term
what is touching the anteiror right kidney
Definition
liver, duodenum 2, r colic flexure, coils of si
Term
what is touching left anterior kidney
Definition
spleen, stomach, pancreas, left colic flexure, coils of si
Term
what is touching the posterior right kidney
Definition
psoas major, quadratu lumborum, transversus abdominis, diaphragm, 12th rib, subcostal, iliohypograstric, ilioinguinal
Term
what is touching the left posterior kidney
Definition
psoas major, quadratu lumborum, transversus abdominis, diaphragm, 12th rib, 11th rib, subcostal, iliohypograstric, ilioinguinal
Term
what are the layers of the renal parenchyma
Definition
cortex and medulla
Term
where are the renal pyramids located, how are they oriented
Definition
in the medulla, with their apex towards the renal sinus
Term
what seperates teh renal pyramids
Definition
renal columns
Term
what is the apex of the renal pyramid called
Definition
renal papilla
Term
where is the renal parenchyma located
Definition
surrounded by a fibrous capsule
Term
what perferate the renal papillae
Definition
colleting ducts
Term
where do collecting ducts drain urine
Definition
into minor calyces
Term
describe the path from minor calyces to ureter
Definition
minor calyces join > 2-3 major calyces > renal pelvis > tapers becoming continous with ureter
Term
what are the contents of the renal sinus
Definition
branches of the renal artery, tributaries of the renal vein, minor and major calyces, renal pelvis, lymph, autonomic nerves, adipose
Term
what is the ureter made of
Definition
muscle
Term
where does the ureter begin
Definition
abdomen as a continuation of the renal pelvis
Term
what is the ureter behind
Definition
psoas major and peritoneum
Term
at what point does the ureter turn forward to reach the base of the urinary bladder
Definition
ischial spine
Term
where may kidney stones be located
Definition
constrictions in the ireter: renal pelvis ureter junction, pelvic brim, where is pierces bladder
Term
what is the most narrow part of the ureter
Definition
where it pierces the bladder
Term
what is the pelvic brim
Definition
where the ureter crosses the bifrucation of the common iliac artery
Term
what touches the anterior right ureter
Definition
duodenum 2, right colic and ileocolic vessels, right ovarian and testicular vessels, lower mesentery of si, terminal ileum
Term
what touches the anterior of the left ureter
Definition
left colic vessels, left ovarian and testicular vessels, sigmoid colon and its mesentery
Term
what touches the posterior side ot the ureter
Definition
psoas major, genitofemoral nerve, bifurcation of the common iliac
Term
what shape is the right suprarenal gland
Definition
pyramidal
Term
what touches the anterior side of the adrenal gland
Definition
liver
Term
what is in front of the medial right adrenal gland
Definition
IVC
Term
what is the shape of the left adrenal gland
Definition
crescent
Term
what is anterior to the left adrenal gland
Definition
pancreas, lesser sac, stomach
Term
what does the adrenal cortex come from
Definition
mesoderm
Term
what does the adrenal medulla come from
Definition
ectoderm (neural crest cells)
Term
what hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex
Definition
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), androgens
Term
what does aldosterone do
Definition
regulate clectrolyte and water balance
Term
what does cortisol do
Definition
regulate carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
Term
what are androgens
Definition
sex hormones
Term
what does the adrenal medulla secrete
Definition
catecholamines (epinepherine)
Term
what arteries supply the adrenal glands
Definition
superior suprarenal arteries, midle suprarenal srtery, inferior suprarenal artery
Term
what is the superior suprarenal arteries a branch of
Definition
inferior phrenic a
Term
what is the middle suprarenal artery a branch od
Definition
paired visceral branch of abdominal aorta
Term
what is the inferior suprarenal artery a branch of
Definition
renal artery
Term
what vein drains the artery
Definition
single suprarenal vein
Term
what does the right suprarenal vein drain into
Definition
IVC
Term
what does the left suprarenal vein drain into
Definition
left renal vein
Term
what is the adrenal medulla innervated by
Definition
preganglionic sympathetic fibers
Term
what does the common iliac artery follow
Definition
psoas major
Term
where does the common iliac artery termiate
Definition
L5.S1 intervetebral disc level by dividing into internal and external iliac a
Term
what does the external iliac artery run along
Definition
medial border of psoas major
Term
where does the external iliac artery end
Definition
enters the thigh by passing under inguinal ligament to become femoral a
Term
what branches does the external iliac artery give off, where
Definition
inferior epigastric and deep circumflex iliac arteries, just before it becomes the femoral
Term
what forms the IVC, where
Definition
right and left common iliac veins, posterior to right common iliac a at L5
Term
when the IVC accends, where is it loacted in relation to the abdominal aorta and vertebra
Definition
right of aorta and anterior to vertebra
Term
what is the spot on the liver called where it passes
Definition
deep groove
Term
what branches of the IVC dont correspond to the branches of the aorta
Definition
unpaired visceral branches that correspond with unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta and drain into the portal system
Term
what are the visveral tributaries of the IVC
Definition
r and l renal, r suprarenal, r ovarian/testicular, hepatic
Term
where does the left suprarenal vein drain into
Definition
left renal vein
Term
where does the left ovarian/testicular vein drin into
Definition
left renal vein
Term
describe the lumbar veins
Definition
connect to eachother before they enter the IVC by vertical anastomotic venous channels called ascending lumbar vein
Term
what are the parietal tributaries of the IVC
Definition
inferior phrenic veins, lumbar veins
Term
where does the median sacral vein terminate
Definition
left common iliac
Term
what is the longest part of the alimentary canal
Definition
small intestines
Term
what marks the begining and end of the small intestines
Definition
pyloric oriface to ielocecal junction
Term
what are the main functions of the small intestine
Definition
most of the food digestion and absorption
Term
what are the parts of the small intestine
Definition
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Term
how long is the duodenum
Definition
~10 in
Term
what shape is the duodenum
Definition
C
Term
what organ lies on the duodenum
Definition
pancreas
Term
what regions is the duodenum in
Definition
epigastric and umbilical
Term
what marks the begining and end of the duodenum
Definition
pyloric oriface to duodenojejunal flexure
Term
describe the peritoneium on the first part of the duodenum
Definition
the proximal segment is intraperitoneal
Term
describe the peritoneium on the duodenum, except for the first part
Definition
retroperitoneal
Term
in which direction does the first, superior, part of the duodenum run, at what vertebra
Definition
to the right then turns inferiorly, L1
Term
what is the superior duodenal flexure
Definition
the area where the superior duodenum turns inferiorly and becomes continous with the second part of the duodenum
Term
what is the anterior border of the first part of the duodenum
Definition
liver and gall bladder
Term
what is the posterior border of the first part of the duodenum
Definition
gastroduodenal a., common bile duct, portal vein, ivc
Term
what is the superior border of the first part of the duodenum
Definition
epiploic foramen
Term
what is the inferior border of the first part of the duodenum
Definition
head of the pancreas
Term
what vertebra does the second part of the duodenum run on
Definition
L1-L3
Term
where does the second part of the duodenum begin
Definition
superior duodenal flexure
Term
what marks the interchange of the second, decending, duodenum and the third part
Definition
the inferior duodenall flexure when the decending part inferiorly turns left
Term
what is the anterior border of the second part of the duodenum
Definition
liver, gallbladder, root of transverse mesocolon,coils of si
Term
what is the posterior border of the second part of the duodenum
Definition
hilum of right kidney (and right renal vessels), right ureter, right psoas major m
Term
what is the medial border of the second, decending, part of the duodenum
Definition
head of pancreas
Term
what direction does the third part of the duodenum run, at what vertebral level
Definition
horizontal, inferior, L#
Term
what marks the junction of the third and forth part of the dduoendum
Definition
in front of the abdominal aorta
Term
what is the anterior border of the third part of the duodenum
Definition
root of the mesentery of si, superior mesenteric artery and vein
Term
what marks the posterior border of the third part of the duodenum
Definition
right psoas major muscle, iva, abdominal aorta
Term
what marks the superior border of the third part of the duodenum
Definition
head of the pancreas
Term
in what direction is the forth part of the duodenum running
Definition
ascending
Term
what marks the end of the 4th part of the duodenum
Definition
it runs superior terminating at the duodenojejunal flexure to the left of L2
Term
what is the medial border of the 4th part of the duodenum
Definition
beginning of the root of mesentery of si, head of pancreas
Term
what is the posterior border of the 4th part of the duodenum
Definition
left margin of the abdominal aorta and left psoas major m
Term
what is the duodenal ampulla/cap
Definition
the begining of the first part of the duodenum that has smooth mucosa
Term
what is the plicae circulares, where are they located, what substance is with them
Definition
the numerous circular folds with mucosa and submucosa in all but the first part of the duodenum
Term
what is the major duodenal papilla, where is it located
Definition
small elevation at the junction of the middle and lower thirds of the posteromedial wall of the 2nd part of the duodenum, where the opening for the pancreatic and bile duct is
Term
what is the hepatopancreatic amuplla, were is it
Definition
the small oriface at the tip of the major duodenal papilla
Term
what is the minor duodenal papilla, where is it located
Definition
opening of the accessory pancreatic duct in the second part of the duodenum about 2 cm above the major duodenal papilla
Term
where does the jejunum and ileum begin and end
Definition
duodenojejunal flexure to ileocecal junction
Term
how can you tell the jejunum and ileum apart
Definition
each has peculiar fetures but there is no sharp boundry
Term
describe the peritoneum of the jejunum and ileum, covering, features of that covering
Definition
intraperitoneal and freely mobile
Term
what does the mesentary of the small intestine attach, what is its function
Definition
it attaches the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall allowing movement and passage of mesenteric vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves to reach jejunu and ileum
Term
describe the boundries / location of the root of the mesentery of the small intestines
Definition
inferior and to the right on the left side of L2 and to the right of the sacroiliac joint
Term
what is the difference in location between the jejunum and ileum
Definition
jejunum: upper infracolic, ileum: lower infracolic and pelvic cavity
Term
what is the difference in diameter of the jejunum and ileum
Definition
jejunum has thicker walls
Term
describe the difference in the folds of the jejunum and ileum
Definition
jejunum circular folds are larger and more numerous
Term
describe the difference in the arcades of the jejunum and ileum
Definition
jejunum arteries have 1-2, ileum arteries have 3 or more
Term
describe the difference in the straight arteries of the jejunum and ileum
Definition
they are longer in the ileum
Term
where do the straight arteries originate from
Definition
the arcades
Term
describe the differences in lymph of the jejunum and ileum
Definition
aggrated lymph nodules (peyer's patches) are in the ileum along the antimerentric border, there are none in jejunum
Term
where does the large intestine begin and end
Definition
from the ileocecal junction to the anus
Term
what are the main functions of the large intestine
Definition
abdorption of water the electrolytes, storage of undigested materials until they can be eliminated
Term
what are some of the defining structures that disgungish the large from small intestines
Definition
teniae coli, appendices epiploicae, haustra
Term
what are the teniae coli
Definition
three bands of longitudinally aranged smooth muscle fibers around the circumferance of the large intestines
Term
what are the appendices epiploicae
Definition
large intestine fatty apendices, hang off the colon
Term
what are the haustra
Definition
sacculations in the wall of the large intestine
Term
what are the parts of the large intestine
Definition
cecum, appendix, ascending transverse decending sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
Term
describe the peritoneum of the cecum
Definition
intraperitoneal, no mesentery
Term
where is the cecum located, in what region
Definition
inferior to the ileocecal junction, in the right iliac fossa
Term
where does the appendix attach to the cecum, how many teniae coils does it incorporate
Definition
posteromedial surface, 3 coils
Term
where is the ileal oriface lcoated
Definition
in the medial wall of the cecum
Term
what is the ileocecal valve, where is it located
Definition
teo mucosal folds called superior and inferior lips that caurd the ileal oriface
Term
what is the role of the ileocecal valve
Definition
it has little function in preventing reflux from the cecum to ileum
Term
what prevents reflux from the cecum to ileum
Definition
circular muscle at the end of the ileum
Term
where is the oriface of the appendix in relation fo the ileal oriface
Definition
inferior
Term
what type of tissue is the appendix made of
Definition
lymphoid
Term
describe the peritoneum of the appendix
Definition
intraperitoneal
Term
what is the mesoappendix, where is it, what does it contain
Definition
small mesentery that has appendicular vessels off the appendix and fat
Term
what role to the teniae coli related to the appendix play
Definition
location during surgery
Term
what kind of fibers innervate the appenxix, what spinal nerve are they from
Definition
sensory of T10
Term
where is pain from the appendix referred to
Definition
around the umbilicus
Term
where are the possible locations of the tip of the appendix
Definition
hanging down onto pelvis against right pelvic wall, posterior to cecum, projecting upward along lateral side of cecum, projecting upward anterior or posterior to the terminal part of the ileum
Term
what is the medical significance of McBurney's point
Definition
usually the point of max tenderness on palpation of eppendicitis
Term
where is mcburney's point located
Definition
1/3 up from the right ASIS to the umbilicus
Term
what marks the beginning and end of the ascending colon
Definition
ileocecal junction to right hepatic colic flexure near the inferior right liver lobe
Term
describe the peritonieum of the ascending colon
Definition
secondary retroperitoneal
Term
what marks the beginning and end of the transverse colon
Definition
right hepatic/colic flexure to left splenic/colic flexure
Term
which flexure is more sperior and posterior, hepatic or splenic
Definition
left colic / hepatic
Term
describe the peritoneum of the transverse colon
Definition
it is the transverse mesocolon making it intraperitoneal
Term
what marks the begining and end of the descending colon
Definition
left splenic / colic flexure to pelvic brim
Term
describe the peritoneum of the descending colon
Definition
secondary retroperitoneal
Term
what marks the begining and end (vertebral) of the sigmoid colon
Definition
pelvic brim to the pelvic cavity near S3
Term
describe the peritonieum of the sigmoid colon
Definition
intraperotineal, has the sigmoid mesocolon connecting it to the posterior abdominal wall and pelvic wall
Term
why is the location of the sigmoid colon different than that of the other large intestine parts
Definition
it is the only one that dops into the pelvic cavity
Term
what are the functions of the pancreas
Definition
exocrine and endocrine gland
Term
what does the pancreas produce as an exocrine gland
Definition
enzymes for digresion of proteins, fats, and carbs
Term
what does the pancreas produce as an endocrine gland
Definition
hromones like insulin and glucagon
Term
what is another name of the endocrine portion of the pancreas
Definition
islets of langerhans
Term
what regions is the pancreas located in
Definition
left hypochondriac and epigastric
Term
describe the peritonieum of the pancreas
Definition
retroperitoneal, and part intraperitoneal
Term
what are the parts of the pancreas (4)
Definition
head, neck, body, tail
Term
where is the head of the pancreas located
Definition
in the concavity of the duodenum
Term
wwhere is the unicate process located, especially in relation to important vessels
Definition
on the lower part of the head of the pancreas extending left, posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels
Term
where is the neck of the pancreas located, especially in relation to important vessels
Definition
between head and body, anterior to orans of the portal vein and suprtior mesenteric artery
Term
how can the body of the pancreas be identified
Definition
it is the longest part
Term
describe how the body of the pancreas extends
Definition
to the left and slightly superior
Term
what ligament is the tail of the pancreas located in
Definition
splenorenal ligament, in contact with the hilum of the spleen
Term
what is the anterior border of the pancreas
Definition
lesser sac, stomach, root of transverse mesocolon
Term
what is the posterior border of the pancreas
Definition
common bile duct, origin of portal vein, ivc, abdominal aorta, origin of superior mesenteric artery, splenic vein, l kidney, l, suprerenal gland
Term
what is the superior border of the pancreas
Definition
splenic artery
Term
what are the ducts of the pancreas
Definition
principal (main) pancreatic duct, accessory panreatic duct
Term
what is the location of the principal pancreatic duct
Definition
begins at tail of pancres down the length of the organ
Term
where does the main pancreatic duct have openings
Definition
tail of pancreas, joins the common bile duct, then goes into the second part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla
Term
where does the accessory pancreatic duct have openings
Definition
the upper part of the head to the second part of the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla
Term
where does the superior mesenteric artery branch from, at what vertebra, near what organ
Definition
anterior abdominal aorta at L1, posterior to the neck of the pancreas
Term
describe the path of the superior mesenteric artery
Definition
passes anterior to the left renal vein, anterior to uncinate process of pancreas, anteior to 3rd part of duodenum, continues on root of mesentery of si
Term
what does the superior mesenteric artery supply
Definition
head of pancreas, distal duodenum, jejunum, ilecum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
Term
what branches off the superior mesenteric artery
Definition
inferior pancreaticoduodenal a, jejunial and ileal a, ileocolic a, r colic a, middle colic a,
Term
what does the pancreaticoduodenal artery divide into
Definition
anterior and posterior branches
Term
what does the pancreaticoduodenal aetery supply
Definition
lower part of head of pancreas and distal duodenum
Term
how does the pancreaticoduodenal artery end
Definition
anastomose with superior pancreaticoduodenal branches of the gastroduodenal a
Term
how many jejunal and ileal arteries are there
Definition
15-20
Term
where do the jejunal and ileal arteries branch from
Definition
left side of the superior mesenteric artery
Term
describe the path of the jejunal and ileal arteries
Definition
between 2 layers of mesentery of si to coils of jujenum and ileum, form arterial arcades to increase number of arteries and make straight arteries to supply intestinal walls
Term
what is the lowest branch on the right of the superior mesenteric artery
Definition
ileocolic a
Term
what do the branches of the ileocolic a supply
Definition
ileum, cecum, appendix, begining of ascending colon
Term
how does the ileocolic a end
Definition
anastomoses with the r colic artery and last ileal branch of the superior mesenteric artery
Term
what does the right colic artery divide into
Definition
ascending and descending branches
Term
how do the descending branches of the right colic artery end
Definition
anastomoses with ileocolic a
Term
how do the ascending branches of the right colic artery end
Definition
anastomoses with the middle colic a
Term
what does the right colic artery supply
Definition
ascending colon and begining of transverse colon
Term
what is the right colic artery said to be variable
Definition
because it can originate from the superior mesenteric artery, ileocolic artery, middle colic artery, or may be absent
Term
where is the middle colic artery located
Definition
between the two layers of the transverse mesocolon
Term
what does the middle colic artery divide into
Definition
l and r branches
Term
how does the right branch of the middle colic artery end
Definition
anastomoses with right colic artery
Term
how does the left branch of the middle colic artery end
Definition
anastomoses with left colic artery
Term
where does the left colic artery branch from
Definition
inferior mesenteric a
Term
what does the middle colic artery supply
Definition
proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon
Term
where does the inferior mesenteric artery branch from, in what direction, at what vertebra
Definition
lower andominal aorta anteriorly at L3
Term
after it originates where is the inferior mesenteric artery located
Definition
inferiorly, posterior to the peritoneum of the left infracolic compartment, crosses left common iliac vessels and continues into pelvis as superior rectal artery
Term
what happens when the inferior mesenteric artery enters the pelvis
Definition
it changes name to the superior rectal artery
Term
what does the inferior mesenteric artery supply
Definition
distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper half of the anal canal
Term
what are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery
Definition
left colic artery, sigmoid arteries, superior rectal artery
Term
what does the left colic artery divide into
Definition
ascending and descending branches
Term
how does the left colic artery descending branch end
Definition
anastomoses with 2st sigmoid srtery
Term
how does the left colic artery ascending branch and
Definition
anastomoses with middle colic artery
Term
what does the left colic artery supply
Definition
distal 1/3 of the transverse colon and descending colon
Term
how many sigmoid arteries are there
Definition
2-3
Term
where are the sigmoid arteries located
Definition
between the two layer of the sigmoid mesocolon
Term
what do the sigmoid arteries supply
Definition
sigmoid colon
Term
where do the sigmoid arteries end
Definition
anastomoses above with left colic artery
Term
what is different about the ending of the last sigmoid artery
Definition
it has a weak or no anastomosis below with the superior rectal artery
Term
where is the superior rectal artery located
Definition
inferior continuation of the inferior mesentaric artery, decends in the pelvis posterior to the rectum,
Term
what does the superior rectal artery supply
Definition
rectum and upper anall canal
Term
how does the superior rectal artery end
Definition
anastomoses with middle and inferior rectal arteries
Term
what are the middle and inferior rectal arteries branches of
Definition
internal iliac and internal pudenal a
Term
describe the path of the marginal artery
Definition
continous arterial channel that skirts inner margin of colon from ileocolic junction to rectosigmoid junction
Term
what branches does the marginal artery consist of
Definition
ileocolic, right colic, middle colic, left colic, and sigmoid arteries. it is the line drawn by the arteries on the margin of the colon due to their anastamosis
Term
what does the marginal artery supply
Definition
collateral circulation to part of the colon when the chief arterial supply has been obstructed or ligated
Term
what does the portal vein drain
Definition
lower 1/3 of esophagus to upper 1/2 of the anal canal, spleen, pancreas, all unpaired abdominal organs but the liver
Term
where does the portal vein end
Definition
liver sinusoids
Term
where does the portal vein begin
Definition
capillary pplexuses of organs drained by the portal vein
Term
in general, the portal vein begins from what union of veins
Definition
superior mesenteric and splenic veins
Term
where is the portal vein in relation to the 1st part of the duodenum
Definition
posterior
Term
where does the main part of the portal vein run
Definition
within the hepatoduodenal ligament, posterior to the proper hepatic a and common bile duct
Term
what happens when the portal vein reaches the porta hepatis
Definition
it divieds into the right and left terminal branches
Term
what are the tributaries to the portal vein
Definition
splenic vein, superior mesenteric vein, short gastric v, left gastroepiploic v, pancreatic v, inferior mesenteric v
Term
what arteries does the portal vein run with / correspond with
Definition
splenic,
Term
what does the inferior mesenteric vein drin
Definition
territory supplied by the inferior mesenteric a
Term
what veins does the inferior mesenteric vein recieve
Definition
left colic, sigmoid, superior rectal
Term
describe the relation to the peritonieum of the inferior mesenteric vein as it ascends
Definition
posteior to it
Term
how does the inferior mesenteric vein end and where
Definition
joins splenic vein posterior to pancreas or the splenic and superior mesenteric vein junction, or the superior mesenteric vein alone
Term
what artery does the superior mesenteriv vein run with
Definition
the superior mesenteric a
Term
describe the location of the superior mesenteric vein in regards to the pancreas and duodenum
Definition
passes posterior
Term
where does the superior mesenteric vein end
Definition
joins splenic vein posterior to the neck of the pancreas
Term
what does the joining of the superior mesenteric and splenic vein form
Definition
portal vein
Term
what tributaties does the superior mesenteric vein recieve
Definition
inferior pancreaticoduodenal, jejuna, ileal, ileocolic, r colic, middle colic, r gastroepiploic
Term
where do the r and l gastric veins collece from
Definition
lesser curvature of stomach
Term
where do the r and l gastric veins drain into
Definition
portal vein
Term
where does the superior pencreaticoduodenal veins drain
Definition
into the portal vein or the superior mesenteric vein
Term
what does the cystic veins drain
Definition
blood from the gallbladder directly into the hepatic veins within the liver or may join the portal vein
Term
where are the papaumbilical veins located
Definition
along the round ligament of the liver
Term
what does the paraumbilical veins connect
Definition
veins of anterior abdominal wall to portal vein
Term
what is the 'direct route' of portal vein blood
Definition
portal vein to the liver then to the iva
Term
what are some of the indirect routes for the portal vein
Definition
portal system goes to svc, ive
Term
what happens if the direct route of the portal vein is blocked
Definition
it cause portal hypertension or cirrhosis of the liver and portal anastomoses become enlarged and may rupture
Term
where are the common sites of portal systemic anastomoses
Definition
lower esophagus, walls of rectum and anal canal, intrior andominal wall, wherever non-peritoneal areas of intestines, liver, pancreas are in contact with the body wall
Term
where in the esophagus does cirosis occur
Definition
between esophageal tributaries of left gastric and esophageal veins that drain into the azygos,
Term
what does cirosis in the esophagus cause
Definition
esophageal varcies
Term
where does cirosis occur in the rectal and anal canal
Definition
tributaries of the rectal vein anastomose with tributaries of the middle and inferior rectal veins
Term
what does cirosis in the retal and anal canal cause
Definition
internal herorrhoids, not common
Term
where does cirosis in the anterior abdominal wall occur
Definition
paraumbilical veins connect portal vein with superificial veins of anterior abdominal wall which drain superior into axillary vein or inferior to femoral vein
Term
what does cirosis in the anterior abdominal wall cause
Definition
caput medusae
Term
what happens when cirosis occurs in the wall behind the colon
Definition
nothing, not clinically significant
Term
why is there variability in the location of the accessory pancreatic duct
Definition
sometimes it goes into the duodenum alone and sometimes it joins the primary pancreatic duct first
Term
what marks the begining and end of the small intestine mesentary root
Definition
ileocecal junction to duodunaljujunal junction
Term
in general, what does the superior mesenteric a supply
Definition
jujunum, ileu, cecum, and 2/3 of transverse colon
Term
what comes together to make the base of the appendix
Definition
3 tenia coli that were running along the colon
Term
describe the peritonieum of the tail of the pancreas
Definition
intraperitoneal
Term
describe the location of the neck of the pancreas in relation to the portal vein and superior mesenteric artery
Definition
it is anterior to them
Term
what is the basic definition of a portal system / circulation
Definition
system with two capillary beds.
Term
in what organs are portal systems found
Definition
pituitary, kidney, adrenal, liver
Term
describe the basic flow of the liver's portal system
Definition
venous dranage goes to 1st capillaries then portal vein then liver capillaries then hepatic vein then IVC
Term
where exactly does cirosis occur when it is near the wall behind the colon
Definition
paracolic anastamosis
Term
what are the functions of the pelvis
Definition
transmit weight of body from vertebral column to lower limbs, support protect pelvic viscera, attachment for lower limb and trunk muscles
Term
what are the components of the pelvis
Definition
two hip bones, sacrum, coccyx
Term
what do the hip bones articulate with
Definition
eachother anteriorly at publc symphysis, posteriorly with sacroiliac joint
Term
what do the sacrum and coccyx articulate with
Definition
sacrococcygeal joint
Term
what type of joint is the sacroiliac joint
Definition
synovial
Term
what is the extent of the scaroiliac joint movement
Definition
limited
Term
what is the function of the sacroiliac joint
Definition
transmit weight of body from vertebral column to hop bone
Term
what are the articular surfaces of the sacroiliac joint
Definition
ilium and sacrum
Term
what is the difference in the sacroiliac joint between adults and infants
Definition
flat in infants, reciprocally irregulat in adults
Term
what does the reciprocally irregular configuration of the sacroiliac joint do to adult movement
Definition
restricts it and contributes to strength
Term
what happens to the sacroiliac joint with age
Definition
fibrous adhesions, gradual obliteration, earlier in males
Term
what ligaments are associated with the sacroiliac joint
Definition
interosseous sacroiliac ligament, posterior sacroiliac ligaments (short and long), anterior sacroiliac ligament, sacrotuberous ligament, sacrospinous ligament, iluolumbar ligament,
Term
what does the interosseous sacroliliac ligament connet
Definition
sacrum and ilium tuberosities
Term
what space does the interosseous sacroiliac ligament full
Definition
irregular space posteroir to the scaroiliac joint
Term
what is the posterior sacroiliac ligament posterior to
Definition
interosseous sacroiliac ligament
Term
what does the posterior sacroiliac ligament connect
Definition
posterior sacrum intermediate and lateral sacral crests to posterior ilium
Term
what is the anterior sacroiliac ligament formed by
Definition
thickening of anterior and inferior aspects of joint capsule
Term
what shpe is the sacrotuberous ligament
Definition
triangular
Term
what direction does the sacrotuberous ligament run
Definition
inferior and laterally
Term
what does teh sacrotuberous ligament connect
Definition
posterior ilium and lateral sacrum and occyx to medial argin of ischial tuberosity
Term
what shape is the sacrospinous ligament
Definition
triangular
Term
what does the sacrospinous ligament connect
Definition
lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx to ischial spine
Term
what is the sacrospinous lgiament anterior to
Definition
sacrotuberous ligament
Term
what is another name for the iliolumbar ligament
Definition
accessory ligament of the sacroiliac joint
Term
what does the iliolumbar ligament connect
Definition
medial transverse process L5/4 to posterior iliac crest
Term
what attaches to the iliolumbar ligament
Definition
quadratus lumborum
Term
what are the accessory ligaments of the sacroiliac joint
Definition
sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
Term
what is the function of the accessory ligaments of the scaroiliac joint
Definition
stabilize sacrum, prevent rotatory movement, weight of trunk rotates scarum so the upper end moves inferior and lower end moves superior
Term
what do the accessory ligaments of the sacroiliac joint turn into
Definition
it changes the greater and less siatic notches into greater and lesser sciatic foramina
Term
where is the greater sciatic foramen
Definition
opening between pelvic cavity and gluteal region
Term
where is the lesser sciatic foramen
Definition
opening between gulteal region of perineum
Term
what kind of joint is the publc symphysis
Definition
cartilaginous joint
Term
what connects the pubic bones
Definition
fibrocartilaginous discs (interpubic disc)
Term
what is the interpubic disc reinforced by and on what side
Definition
superior publc ligament (superior) and acurate public ligament (inferior)
Term
what kind of jount is the sacrococcygeal joint
Definition
cartilaginous joint
Term
what forms the sacrococcygeal joint
Definition
apex of sacrum and base of coccyx
Term
what is the sacrococcygeal joint reingorced
Definition
sacrococcygeal ligaments
Term
when in anatomical position what two markers should be in the same plane
Definition
ASIS and pubic tuberosity
Term
what direction does the posterior surface of the pubic symphysis face
Definition
posterior and superior
Term
what direction does the anterior surface of the sacrum face
Definition
anterior and inferior
Term
what divides the two parts of the pelvis
Definition
pelvic brim (linea terminalis)
Term
what are the components of the pelvic brim posterior to anterior
Definition
sacral promontoryy, anterior border of ala of sacrum, acurate line, pectineal line, pubic crest, superior border of pubic symphysis
Term
what are the two aperatures of the lesser (true) pelvis
Definition
pelvic inlet (superior pelvic aperature, pelvic outlet (inferior pelvic aperature)
Term
what is the pelvic cavity
Definition
space between pelvic inlet and pelvic putlet
Term
what binds the pelvic inlet
Definition
pelvic brim
Term
what is the shape of the pelvic outlet
Definition
diamond
Term
what is the boundries of the pelvic ooutlet
Definition
anterior publc symphysis, posterior coccyx, lateral ischeral tuberosities
Term
what is the anteriorlateral border of the pelvic outlet
Definition
ischiopubic rami
Term
what makes up the ischiopubic ramus
Definition
inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium
Term
what is the posterolateral border of the pelvic outlet
Definition
sacrotuberous ligaments
Term
which wall of the pelvic cavity is shorter
Definition
anterior wall
Term
what makes up the anterior wall of the pelvic cavity
Definition
pubic symphysis and bodies of pubic bones
Term
what makes up the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity
Definition
sacrum, coccyx, piriformis muscles, sacrotuberous, sacrospinous ligaments
Term
what makes up the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity
Definition
hip bone inferior to pelbic brim, obturaror membrane, obturator internus muscle
Term
what makes up the inferior wall of the pelvic diaphragm
Definition
(pelvic floor) formed by levator ani and coccygeus muscles
Term
which direction is the pelvic diaphragm orientated
Definition
concave superior
Term
what does the pelvic diaphragm divide
Definition
pelvis into pelvic cavity (superior) and perineum (inferior)
Term
where is the urogenital hiatus
Definition
anterior on pelvic diaphragm
Term
what passes through the urogenital hiatus
Definition
urethra or urethra and vagina
Term
what is the origin of the levator ani
Definition
posterior body of pubis, tendinous arch of levator ani, ischial spine
Term
what is the tendinous arch of the levator ani composed of
Definition
thickening of the obturator internus fascia
Term
which way do the fibers of the levator ani run
Definition
posterior, inferior, medial
Term
where is the insertion of the levator ani
Definition
perineal body, prostate or vagina, rectum and anal canal, anococcygeal ligament, coccyx
Term
what are the three parts of the levator ani
Definition
puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus
Term
what innervates the levator ani
Definition
ventral rami of S2-S4 via direct muscular branches and the pudendal nerve
Term
what is the shape of the coccygeus (ischiococcygeus)
Definition
triangle
Term
what is the coccygeus anterior to
Definition
sacrospinous ligament, it partially blends with it
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the coccygeus
Definition
ischial spine to lateral margin of lower sacrum and coccyx
Term
what innervates the coccygeus
Definition
direct muscular branches of the ventral rami of S3-S4
Term
what are the functions of the pelvic diaphragm
Definition
support and maintain pelvic viscera prevent it from prolapse, contract with abdominal muscles to increase pressure, spinchteric action
Term
what is prolapse
Definition
viscera sliding out from pelvic cavity
Term
what is the pelvic cavity the space between
Definition
pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet
Term
which way does the sacrum want to move
Definition
inferior tip of saccrum wants to rotate posterior
Term
what prevents the sacrum from rotating
Definition
sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligament
Term
what is the space above the pelvic brim called
Definition
greater or false pelvis
Term
what is the space below the pelvic brim called
Definition
lesser or true pelvis
Term
what does the lesser pelvis enclose
Definition
pelvic cavity and perinerum
Term
what does the greater pelvis form
Definition
lower abdominal cavity
Term
what muscle makes up the pelvic diaphragm
Definition
levator ani
Term
what is inside the ischial tuberosity
Definition
obterator membrane and muscle
Term
does the coccygous help hold the pelvic diaphragm
Definition
not really
Term
do the urethra and vagina share a hiatus in the pelvic diaphragm
Definition
no, they are next to eachother but seperate
Term
what is the relationship between pubolactalis and the rectum
Definition
it forms a sling around it making a spinctor
Term
where is the pyraformis located
Definition
above the coccygeous
Term
describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: general structure
Definition
thick and heavy, thin and light
Term
describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: greater pelvis
Definition
deep, shallow
Term
describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: lesser pelvis
Definition
narrow and deep, wide and shallow
Term
describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: pelvic inlet
Definition
heart shaped, oval and round
Term
describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: pelvic outlet
Definition
smaller, larger
Term
describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: pubic arch and subpubic angle
Definition
narrow, wide
Term
describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: obturator foramen
Definition
round, oval
Term
describe male vs female (in that order) structure of the pelvis: acetabulum
Definition
large, small
Term
where does the ovarian artery originate
Definition
paired visceral branch of abdominal aorta
Term
what does the ovarian artery run along
Definition
pelvic brim
Term
where does the superior rectal artery originate
Definition
terminal branch o the mesenteric a
Term
what does the superior rectal artery supply
Definition
rectum and upper anal canal
Term
where does the median sacral artery originate
Definition
unpaired parietal branch of abdominal aorta
Term
where does the internal iliac artery originate
Definition
terminal branch of common iliac a
Term
describe the path of the internal iliac artery
Definition
descends into pelvis to upper margin of the greater sciatic foramen where ir branches
Term
what does the internal iliac artery branch into
Definition
anterior and posterior
Term
what does the internal iliac artery supply
Definition
pelvic viscera and walls, perineum, proximal parts of lower limbs
Term
what are the branches of the anterior internal iliac artery
Definition
umbulucal, obturator, inferior vesical, middle rectal, internal pudenal, inferior gluteal, uterine, vaginal
Term
what are the branches of the posterior internal iliac artery
Definition
superior gluteal, iliolumbar, lateral sacral
Term
what does the umbilical artery branch into
Definition
proxially the superior vesical srtery, distal the obliteraed umbilical artery (umbilical ligament)
Term
what does the superior vesical artery supply
Definition
upper bladder, lower ureter
Term
where does the obturator artery run
Definition
on lateral pelvic wall with obturator vein and nerve towards the upper obrurator foramen, leaves via obturator canal and enters again medial compartment of thigh
Term
where does the obturator occasionally originate from
Definition
inferior epigastric a
Term
in which gender is the inferior vesical artery in
Definition
males
Term
what artery is the female version of the inferior vesical artery
Definition
vaginal a
Term
what does the inferior vesical artery supply
Definition
lower bladder, prostate, and smeinal vesicles
Term
how does the middle rectal artery originate
Definition
usually by a common trunk with inferior vesical artery
Term
what does the middle rectal artery supply
Definition
lower rectum
Term
how does the middle rectal artery end
Definition
anastomose with superior and inferior rectal arteries
Term
describe the path of the internal pudendal artery
Definition
leaves pelvic cavity and enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen, curves around ischial spine, enters perineum via lesser sciatic foramen,
Term
what is the greater sciatic foramen inferior to
Definition
piriformis muscle
Term
what is the main artery of the perineum
Definition
internal pudendal artery
Term
describe the path of the inferior gluteal artery
Definition
descends anterior to sacral plexus and piriformis and posterior to internal pudendal artery, passes between ventral rami of S1/S2 or S2/S3, enters gluteal region through greater sciatic foramen inferior to piriformis muscle
Term
describe the math of the uterine artery
Definition
runs medially towards uterus, crosses ureter superiorly, ascends along lateral margin of uterus, turns laterally and follows uterine tube towards ovary,
Term
how does the uterine artery end
Definition
anastamose with ovarian a
Term
what does the uterine artery supply
Definition
uterus, uterine tube, upper vagina
Term
where does the vaginal artery originate
Definition
uterine artery
Term
what does the vaginal artery supply
Definition
vagina, adjacent parts of bladder and rectum
Term
what is the largest branch of the internal iliac
Definition
superior gluteal a
Term
what is the continuation of the posterior trunk
Definition
superior gluteal a
Term
describe the path of the superior gluteal artery
Definition
passes between lumbosacral trunk and ventra rami of S1 or between S1/S2, leaves pelvis and enters gluteal region via sciatic foramen superior to piriformis muscle
Term
describe the path of the iliolumbar artery
Definition
ascends towards psoas pahow, anterior to lumbosacral trunk, then divides
Term
what does the iliolumbar divide into
Definition
iliac and lumbar
Term
what does the iliac branch of the iliolumbar artery supply
Definition
iliacus muscle, ilium
Term
what does the lumbar branch of the iliolumbar supply
Definition
psoas major and quadratus lumborum and vertebral column
Term
how many lateral sacral arteries are there
Definition
3, superior and inferior
Term
what do the lateral sacral arteries supply
Definition
sacral vertebra and contents of sacral canal
Term
describe the path of the lateral sacral artery branches
Definition
through posterior sacral foramina to supply skin and muscle posterior to sacrum
Term
what is the internal iliac vein between
Definition
lateral pelvic wall and internal iliac artery
Term
what does the internal iliac vein join
Definition
common iliac vein to external iliac v
Term
what dumps into the internal iliac vein
Definition
all the internal iliac a correspondents except umbilical vein
Term
what is the intervertebral venous plexus
Definition
comminication of beins passing through the anterior sacral foramina, intrnal iliac vein tributaries
Term
why are the internvertebral venous plexus dangerous
Definition
malignant cells from the pelvi tumors (prostate) may pass through these beins and lodge in vertebral column
Term
where is there a protal systemic anastomoses in the internal iliac vein
Definition
wall of rectum and anal canal
Term
what is the sacral plexus formed by
Definition
lumbosacral trunk: ventral remi of L5, some of L4 and S1-S4
Term
what does the sacral plexus divide into
Definition
anterior and posterior
Term
what nervous system is the sacral plexus
Definition
somatic
Term
what does the sacral plexus supply
Definition
mesucles and part of skin of gluteal region, muscles and skin of posterior thigh, muscles and skin of entire leg and foot except skin on medial aspect of leg and foot, muscles of skin of perineum
Term
what is the sacral sympathetic trunk a continuation of
Definition
inferior continuation of the lumbar sympathetic trunk
Term
where does the sacral sympathetic trunk run along
Definition
anterior sacrum medial to anterior sacral foramina, right and left trunks my join at tip of occyx in a single ganglion
Term
what is the ganglion at the bottoom of the sacral sympathetic trunk
Definition
ganglion impar
Term
how many ganglia are in the sacral sympathetic trunk
Definition
3-5
Term
what are the branches of the sacral sympathetic trunk, where do they go
Definition
gray comminucating rami go to all spinal nerves, visceral sacral splanchnic nerve branches join inferior hypogastric plexus
Term
what do gray communicating rami of the sacral sympathetic trunk contain
Definition
postganglionic smpathetic fibers
Term
what do the sacral splanchnic nerves contain
Definition
preganglionic sympathetic and visceral sensory fibers
Term
what is the main autonomic plexus of the pelvis
Definition
inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus
Term
what type of innervation does the inferior pelvic plexus provide
Definition
motor and sensory
Term
what bring autonomic fibers to the rectum and ovary, without using the hypogastric plexus
Definition
superior rectal and ovarian plexuses
Term
what is the inferior hypogastric plexus formed by
Definition
union of hypogastric and pelvic splanchnic nerves and some sacral splanchnic nerves
Term
what is the superior hypogastric plexus a direct extension of
Definition
aortic plexus below aortic bifurcation
Term
how does the inferior hypogastric plexus end, where
Definition
divides into right and left hypogastric nerves at sacral promontory
Term
what type of fibers does the superior hypogastric plexus and hypogastric nerves contain
Definition
preganglionic, post ganglionic sympathetic, small ganglia, visceral sensory, no or few parasympathetic
Term
what is the pelvic sympathetic outflow
Definition
pelvic splanchnic nerves
Term
where does the pelvic sympathetic outflow originate
Definition
ventral rami of S1-S4 join inferior hypogastric plexus
Term
what type of fibers does the pelvic outflow contain
Definition
preganglionic parasympathetic fibers and visceral sensory
Term
where do the preganglionic fibers of the pelvic outflow synapse
Definition
in ganglia within the inferior hypogastric plexus or in the walls or organs they innervate
Term
where is the inferior hyopgastric plexus located
Definition
against lateral pelvic wall, medial to branches of internal iliac vessels and lateral to pelvic viscera
Term
what are the subsitiary plexuses of the inferior hypogastric plexus
Definition
middle rectal, uterovaginal, vesical
Term
what two boundries segregate the pelvic cavity
Definition
pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet
Term
what divides the pelvic cavity into two
Definition
pelvic diaphragm
Term
what are the two divisions of the pelvic cavity
Definition
main pelvic cavity and perinerium
Term
what is the true pelvis
Definition
another name for the pelvic cavity
Term
what are the contents of the pelvic cavity, in general
Definition
intestines, urinary, reproductive, blood, nerves, lymph
Term
describe the origin of the pelvic organs in relation to the perineum, how does this affect the location of the perinerum around them
Definition
the form upwards so it drapes over the organs
Term
why does the perineum draping over the organs cause peoblems sometimes
Definition
fluid can build up leading to blood or puss build up, pelvic disease
Term
in general, how is the sigmoud colon in the pelvic cavity, wasn't it in the abdominal??
Definition
its loop hangs down into it
Term
what vertebra marks the transition from the sigmoid colon to the rectum
Definition
S3
Term
is the sigmoid colon mobile? does it having any binding?
Definition
yes, but it does have the sigmoid mesocolon
Term
what is anterior to the sigmoid colon in males
Definition
bladder
Term
what is anterior to the sigmoid colon in females
Definition
posterior uterus, upper vagina
Term
what is posterior to the sigmoid colon
Definition
rectum, saccrum, lower ileum
Term
what arteries supply the sigmoid colon
Definition
sigmoid branches of the inferior mesenteric
Term
what veins supply the sigmoid colon, where do they drain into
Definition
inferior mesenteric vein drains into portal system
Term
where is the sigmoid colon lymph located, where does it drain to
Definition
it is in nodes along the arteries and drains into the inferior mesenteric veins
Term
what nerves supply the sigmoid colon, what kind of innervation
Definition
the hypogastic plexus provides parasympathetic and sympathetic
Term
what is posterior to the rectum
Definition
coccyx
Term
where is the begining of the rectum? how did it get into the pelvic cavity?
Definition
it states at S3 and pierces the pelvic diaphragm
Term
when the rectum ends, what does it turn into
Definition
anal canal
Term
what is the rectal ampulla
Definition
the lower part of the rectum that is dilated
Term
describe the perineum covering of the rectum
Definition
first 1/3: anterior and lateral covered
second 1/3: anterior covered
last 1/3: has none
Term
how is the muscular coat of the rectum arranged
Definition
outer: longitudinal
inner: circular layers
Term
what are the transverse folds of the rectum
Definition
musous membrane and the circular muscle layers form two or three semicircular permanent folds
Term
what is posterior to the rectum
Definition
sacrum, coccyx, piriformis muscle, coccygeus, levator ani, sacral plexus, sympathetic trunk
Term
what is anterior to the rectum in males
Definition
sigmid colon, lower lieum, posterior bladder
Term
what is anterior to the rectum in females
Definition
sigmoid colon, lower ileum, lower 1/2 of the posterior vagina
Term
what is the retrouterine pouch between
Definition
uterus and rectum
Term
what is another name for the rectouterine pouch
Definition
pouch of douglas
Term
what arteries supply the rectum (also, where do they come from)
Definition
superior rectal (inferior mesenteric), middle rectal (internal iliac), inferior rectal 9internal pudenal)
Term
what veins drain the rectum (also, where do they drain to)
Definition
superior rectal (inferior mesenteric), middle rectal (internal iliac), inferior rectal (internal pudenal)
Term
what is in the posterior pelvis
Definition
same in both sexes, rectum, sigmoid colon, ileum
Term
what is in the anterior pelvis
Definition
bladder, ureter, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate, ovaries, uterus, uterine tube, vagina
Term
what is anterior to the bladder
Definition
pubic bone
Term
what shape is the bladder when empty
Definition
pyramid
Term
what is the apex of the bladder connected to
Definition
umbilicus via median umbilical ligament (urachus remnent)
Term
in what way is the base of the bladder oriented
Definition
posterior
Term
what are the surfaces of the bladder
Definition
posterior, superior, 1 infra lateral (sides)
Term
what surface is the neck of the bladder located on
Definition
inferior
Term
what is the neck of the bladder on in males
Definition
it is on the prostate
Term
what is the neck of the bladder held up by in makes
Definition
puboprostatic ligemant
Term
what is the neck of the bladder held by up in females
Definition
pubovesical ligament
Term
what are the ligaments that hold up the neck of the bladder, what are they made of
Definition
puboprostatic ligemant, pubovesical ligament. made of thickened pelvic fascia
Term
what lines the inside of the bladder
Definition
folds of mucus membrane everywhere but the base which is smooth
Term
what is another name for the base of the bladder
Definition
trigone
Term
what enters the superior points of the trigone
Definition
ureters
Term
what enters the inferior point of the trigone
Definition
urethea
Term
describe the coverings of the bladder
Definition
muscular coat of smooth detrusor muscle in 3 layers of interlacing bundles
Term
what is the spinchter vesicae
Definition
thickening of the detrusor muscle of the bladder
Term
describe the path of the ureter to the bladder
Definition
cross the bifurcation of the common iliac, enters laterally
Term
what does the ureter cross in males, on what side
Definition
under vas deferens
Term
what does the ureter cross in females, on what side, describe the path of how it got there
Definition
behind ovary to ischial spine, turns forward and goes beneath the broad ligament and goes under the unterine artery, enters the bladder laterally
Term
what is a complication of overfilling the bladder
Definition
pulls the perinerium that lines the top of it from the body wall
Term
what arteries supply the bladder, where did it come from
Definition
superior and inferior vesical, came from internal iliac
Term
what veins drain the bladder, where do they drain to
Definition
the vesical venous plexus drains to the internal iliac
Term
where does the lymph from the bladder drain to
Definition
internal and external iliac nodes
Term
what types of innervation does the bladder recieve
Definition
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
where does the sympathetic stimulation for the bladder come from, where is the ganglia located
Definition
splanchnic nerves from the 1-2 lumbar ganglia send postganglionic fibers to the bladder
Term
where does the parasympathetic stimulation for the bladder come from, where is the ganglia located
Definition
S2-4 sacral nerves send preganglionic fibers to the bladder that go to the interanural genglia in the bladder and give off postganglonic fibers
Term
what type of pain can the bladder relay
Definition
visceral pain, distension
Term
what is sympathetic stimulation important in the bladder
Definition
spinctor vesicle constricts to stop the flow of semen into the bladder in ejaculation
Term
what do all the nerves of the bladder pass through
Definition
the inferior hypogastric plexus
Term
explain the steps of micturition
Definition
1. stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated (~300mL)
2. impulses transmitted to CNS give concous desire to mictrate? (i made that up)
3. efferent parasympathetics cause smooth muscle of the bladder to contract and spinchter vesicae to relax and pass to urethral spincter via the pudendal nerve causing relaxation
4. voluntary control develops at 2/3 yrs
Term
what is the vas deferens made of
Definition
muscle
Term
where does the vas deferens from from and to
Definition
spididymis tail through inguinal canal to the urethra
Term
in what order does the vas deferens go through the inguinal ring
Definition
superifical to deep
Term
describe the path of the vas deferens
Definition
deep inguinal ring > lateral to inferior epigastric artery > down and back on lateral wall of pelvis > crosses ureter by ischial spine > runs medially down on the posterior surface of the bladder > dilates > joins seminal vesicle > is not ejaculatory duct
Term
what is the dilated part of the vas deferens inferior to what is it called
Definition
the ampulla is inferior to the bladder
Term
what is anterior to the seminal vesicles
Definition
the bladder
Term
what do the seminal vesicles make
Definition
seminal fluid
Term
describe the location of the seminal vesicle in relation to the vas deferens
Definition
the vas deferens is on the medial side of each vesicle
Term
what happens right before the seminal vesicle joins the vas deferens
Definition
it narrows
Term
how does the seminal vesicle end
Definition
it joins the vas deferns make the ejaculatory duct
Term
where does the ejaculatory duct join the urethra
Definition
prostatic urethra close to the prostatic urticle
Term
what travels from the seminal vesicles to the urethra
Definition
seminal fluid
Term
what arteries supply the seminal vesicles
Definition
inferior vesicle, middle rectal
Term
what veins drain the seminal vesicles
Definition
internal iliac
Term
where does seminal vesicle lymph go to
Definition
internal iliac nodes
Term
what is the purpose of the postrate
Definition
makes seminal fluid
Term
what is the prostate between
Definition
bladder neck and urogenital diaphragm
Term
what is the prostate made of
Definition
glands embedded in smooth muscle and connective tissue
Term
where do the glands of the prostate lead to
Definition
prosthetic urethra
Term
what are the lobes of the prostate
Definition
median, anterior, posterior, r lateral, l lateral
Term
what arteries supply the prostate
Definition
inferior and middle rectal
Term
what veins drain the prostate
Definition
prostatic venous plexus
Term
where is the prostatic venous plexus located
Definition
outside the prostate capsule
Term
what covers the prostate
Definition
a fibrous capsule
Term
what veins does the prostatic venous plexus recieve
Definition
dorsal vein of penis and other
Term
what does the prostatic venous plexus drain into
Definition
internal iliac vein
Term
where does the prostate lymph drain to
Definition
internal iliac lymph nodes
Term
where do the nerves of the prostate come from
Definition
inferior hypogastric plexus
Term
what does sympathetic stimulation do to the prostate
Definition
controls smooth muscle during ejaculation
Term
what do the ovaries produce
Definition
ova and hormones
Term
what are the parts of the broad ligament
Definition
suspensitory ligament and mesovarium
Term
what does the suspensiroty ligament connect
Definition
mesovarium to lateral pelvic wall
Term
what does the mesovarium connect
Definition
ovary to suspensitory ligament
Term
what does the suspensitory ligament contain
Definition
ovarian bessels
Term
what is the thunica abalguina
Definition
thin fibrous capsule of the ovaries
Term
what is the germinal epithelium
Definition
capsule that covers the tunica albalguia of the ovaries
Term
where is the common site for ovarian cancer
Definition
germinal epithelium
Term
what happens to the ovaries due to many ovulations
Definition
scars and pits
Term
what arteries supply the ovary
Definition
ovarian artery
Term
why does the ovarian artery bein at L1
Definition
because it is where the ovary started off during development
Term
where does the right ovarian vein drain to
Definition
IVC
Term
where does the left ovarian vein drain to
Definition
l renal
Term
where does ovary lymph go
Definition
para aortic nodes at L1
Term
what nerves supply the ovary
Definition
aortic plexus
Term
what do the nerves of the ovary run along
Definition
ovarian artery
Term
what is the uterine tube in
Definition
the upper broad ligament
Term
what does the uterine tube connect
Definition
peritoneal cavity in region of ovary to the cavity of the uterus
Term
what are the parts of the uterine tube
Definition
infundibulum, ampula, isthmus, intramural,
Term
where is the infundibulum
Definition
funnel, overlays ovary has fimbrae
Term
where is the ampulla
Definition
widest part of uterine tube
Term
where is the isthmus
Definition
most narrow part of the uterine tube
Term
where is the intramural
Definition
part of uterine tube the pierces uterine wall
Term
what arteries supply the uterine tube
Definition
ovarian and uterine
Term
what veins drain the uterine tube
Definition
ovarian and uterine
Term
where does uterine tube lymph drain to
Definition
para-aortic lymph nodes and internal iliac nodes
Term
where do the nerves for the uterine tube come from, what type of innervation
Definition
from hypogastric plexus, sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
what is the shape of the uterus
Definition
pear
Term
what are the walls of the uterus made of
Definition
muscle
Term
what is the fundus of the uterus
Definition
part above uterine tube enterance
Term
what is the body of the uterus
Definition
part below enterance of the uterine tube
Term
what is the cervix of the uterus
Definition
narrow neck
Term
what is the cervical cavity
Definition
the triangular cavity of the cervix
Term
what are the two barriers of cervical cvity communication to the uterus
Definition
internal OS, external OS
Term
what does the external OS look like in someone who has kids
Definition
transverse slit
Term
what does the external OS look like in someone who has no kids
Definition
small circular hole
Term
what is anterior to the uterus
Definition
bladder, uterovesical pouch
Term
what is the uterovesical pouch between
Definition
uterus and bladder
Term
what is posterior to the uterus
Definition
rectouterine pouch, ileum, sigmoid colon
Term
what is lateral to the uterus
Definition
broad ligament, uterine arteries and veins, uterine tubes
Term
what is the antiverted position
Definition
position of the uterus that is normal, 90 deg to vagina
Term
what is the antiflexed position
Definition
position of the uterus that is not normal, less than 90 deg to vagina
Term
what covers the uterus
Definition
broad ligament
Term
where is the uterus not covered
Definition
anterior and below bladder
Term
what is the myopetrium
Definition
muscular wall of the uterus
Term
what is the endometrium
Definition
mucus membrane of the uterus
Term
what is the parametrium
Definition
supravaginal part of the uterus with a visceral pelvic fascia
Term
what does the round ligament connect
Definition
ovary to uterus.
Term
what is the mesosalpinx
Definition
that part of the broad ligament on the uterus
Term
what are the "mini mesentaries" of the uterus
Definition
mesovarium and mesosalpinx
Term
what is the parametrium
Definition
area of uterus devoid of peritonieum
Term
what artery supplies the uterus, where does it come from
Definition
uterine a comes from internal iliac
Term
describe the path of the uterine a
Definition
in base of broad ligament above ureter, reaches cervix lateral to internal OS and branches
Term
what are the branches of the uterine artery
Definition
cervix, vaginal
Term
what do the branches of the uterine artery anastamose with
Definition
ovarine artery
Term
what vein drains the uterus, where does it drain to
Definition
uterine vein drains to internal iliac
Term
where does the lymph from the fundus of the uterus go to
Definition
accompanies ovarian vein and then to para aortic nodes at L1
Term
where does the lymph from the body and cervix of the uterus go to
Definition
internal and external iliac nodes
Term
where does the "other" lymph of the uterus go to
Definition
follows round ligament to inguinal canal then superificial inguinal nodes
Term
where do the nerves of the uterus come from, what type of innervation
Definition
hypogastric plexus, sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
what is the perineal body
Definition
in both sexes but bigger in female, fibromuscular glob that maintains the pelvic floor
Term
how can the perineal body be damaged
Definition
child birth
Term
what happens if the perineal body is damaged
Definition
prolapse of the pelvic viscera (bascally anything in the pelvis can kinda fall out)
Term
what msucle supports the uterus
Definition
levator ani
Term
where does the levator ani attach to support the uterus
Definition
cervix and perineal body
Term
what is the levator ani composed of when it attaches to the cervix and perineal body
Definition
pelvic fascia
Term
what does the pelvic fascia do to support the uterus
Definition
keeps cervix in the right spot
Term
what are the parts of the pelvic fascia that support the uterus
Definition
transverse cervical, pubocervical, sacralcervical
Term
describe the location of the transverse cervical fascia
Definition
laterally comes to cervic and upper vagina
Term
what is another name for the transverse cervical fascia
Definition
cardinal ligament
Term
what is the transverse cervical fascia made of
Definition
fibromuscular
Term
describe the location of the pubocervical fascia
Definition
connects posterior pubis to cervix and bladder, also supports bladder
Term
what does the sacralcervical fascia connect
Definition
lower sacrum to cervic and upper vagin
Term
what is on either side of the sacralcarvical fascia
Definition
pouch of douglas
Term
describe the location of the round ligament
Definition
through deep inguinal ring, through supralateral angle, and to labia majora subcutanous tissue
Term
what happens to the round ligament during pregnacy
Definition
stretch
Term
what is the vagina made of
Definition
muscle
Term
what is the general direction of the vagina
Definition
up and back
Term
what are the walls of the vagina, where are the usually located in relation to eachother
Definition
anterior and posterior, usually apposed
Term
where does the vervix pierce the vagina
Definition
anterior wall
Term
what are the parts of the vaginal lumen
Definition
anterior, lateral, and posterior fornices
Term
in whom is the hyman located and where
Definition
virgins, at the vaginal oriface
Term
what is lateral to the vagina
Definition
upper: ureter
middle: levator ani
lower: urogenital diaphgram, bulb of vestibule
Term
what is anterior to the vagina
Definition
bladder, lower urethra
Term
what is poster to the vagina
Definition
upper 1/3: rectouterine pouch
middle 1/3: ampulla of rectum
lower 1/3: perineal body
Term
what binds the perineum, what side
Definition
pubic symphysis anteriorly, coccyx posteriorly, ischial tuberosity (laterally)
Term
what is the shape of the perineum
Definition
diamond
Term
what is above the perineum
Definition
levator ani
Term
what is the urogenital triangle
Definition
anterior part of the pubic symphysis
Term
what is the anal triangle
Definition
the posteior part of the pubic symphys
Term
in a male, what is the order of the openings in the perinerum from pubic symphysis to coccyx
Definition
urethra, perineal body, anus
Term
what forms the pelvic diaphragm
Definition
levator ant, coccygus, their fascia
Term
why is the pelvic diaphragm incomplete and where
Definition
anteriorly it has an opening for urethra or vagina
Term
what opening marks the midline of the pelvic diaphragm
Definition
anus
Term
what is the ischial recta fossa
Definition
fat filled fossa on each side of the anus
Term
what nerve supplies the skin by the anus
Definition
inferior rectal
Term
where does the lymph of the anus go to
Definition
medial superificial inguinal nodes
Term
what marks the lateral sides of the pelvic diaphragm
Definition
ischial tuberosity
Term
what is the sacrotuberous ligament
Definition
ligament that is by the ischial tuberosities and has the gluteus max msucle above it
Term
what is tposterior to the anal canal
Definition
anococcygeal body
Term
what is the anococcygeal body
Definition
mass of fibrous tissue that lies between anal canal and coccyx
Term
what is lateral to the anal canal
Definition
ischiorectal fossa
Term
what is anterior to the anal canal in male
Definition
perineal body, urogenital diaphragm, membranous urethra, blub of penis
Term
what is anterior to the anal canal in females
Definition
preineal body, urogenital diaphgram, lower vagina
Term
where is the muscosal lining of the upper half of the anal canal derived from
Definition
hind gut endoderm
Term
what is the endothelium type of the upper anal canal
Definition
simple columnar epithelium
Term
what is the anal columns
Definition
muscos in verticle folds joined at elower ends by anal valves in the muscos in the upper half of the anal canal
Term
what are the anal valves
Definition
semilunar folds ar teh ends of the anal columns in the mucosa of the upper half of the anal canal
Term
what are the remnents of the cloacal membrane
Definition
anal columns, anal valves
Term
what nerves supply the upper anal canal
Definition
autonomic hypogastric plexus
Term
what stimulation is the anal canal sensitive to
Definition
stretch
Term
what artery supplies the anterior upper anal canal, where does it come from
Definition
superior rectal artery, inferior mesenteric
Term
what vein drains the upper anal canal, where does it train to
Definition
superior recctal, inferior mesenteric and portal
Term
where does the lymph from the upper anal canal go
Definition
along superior rectal a to pararectal nodes and then inferior mestnteric nodes
Term
where is the mucosa from the lower anal canal derived from
Definition
ectoderm
Term
what type of epithelium is the lower anal canal
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
Term
what is the perianal epiderms
Definition
what the stratified squamous epithelium gradually merges with at the anus
Term
what are the lower anal canal anal columns
Definition
there are none HA
Term
what nerve supplies the lower anal canal
Definition
somatic inferior nectal nerve
Term
what stimulus is the lower anal canal sensitive to
Definition
pain, temp, touch, and pressure
Term
what arteries supply the lower anal canal, where does it come from
Definition
inferior rectal from the internal pudenal a
Term
what veins drain the lower anal canal, what does that drain into
Definition
inferior rectal vein to the internal pudendal vein to the internal iliac
Term
where does the lymph from the lower anal canal go
Definition
dow to the medial group of superificial inguinal nodes
Term
what is the pectinate line
Definition
level where the upper and lower anal canals join, where valves are located
Term
which anal spinctor is involuntary, what is it made of, where is it located
Definition
internal, smooth muscle, upper
Term
what anal sphinctor is voluntary, what is it made of, where is it located
Definition
external, skeletal muscle, lower
Term
what is the deep external sphinctor
Definition
upper anal canal
Term
what is the superificial external sphinctor
Definition
attached to coccyx in back and perineal body in front
Term
what is the subcutanous external sphinctor
Definition
lower, connected to skin
Term
what is the puborectalis
Definition
part of levator ani
Term
what is the relationship between the puborectalis and rectum
Definition
it makes a sling around the rectal junction on the external sphinctor
Term
where is the puborectalis attached, what is this called
Definition
to the pubic symphysis in the acute angle
Term
what is the analrectal ring
Definition
junction of the internal sphinctor, rectum, anal canal, deep external, puborectalis
Term
what does the ischiorectal fossa do
Definition
supports anal canal, fat allows for distension
Term
what forms the medial wall of the ischiorectal fossa
Definition
slope of levator ani and anal canal
Term
what forms the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa
Definition
lower obturator internus and pelvic fasica
Term
what is the pundendial canal also called
Definition
fasical canal
Term
what is in the pundendial canal
Definition
pudendial nerve, internal pudendial vessels,
Term
what do the pudendial NOT INTERNAL, and internal pudendial vessels have to cross to get into the anal canal
Definition
fossa
Term
where are the pudendial nerve and INTERNAL pudendial vessels located
Definition
on lateral wall of ischerorectal fossa
Term
where does the pudendial nerve originate
Definition
sacral plexus
Term
desscribe the path of the pudendial nerve
Definition
exits pelvic cavity > greater sciatic foramen > gluteal m > lesser sciatic foramen pudendial canal > skin, muscles, external anal sphinctor
Term
what are the main branches of the pudendial nerve
Definition
inferior rectal, dorsal, perineal
Term
where is the inferior rectal nerve located
Definition
ischiorectal fossa
Term
what does the inferior rectal nerve supply
Definition
external anal sphinctor, mucosa of lower anal canal, perineal skin
Term
what does the dorsal nerve of the penis supply
Definition
penis / clitoris
Term
what does the perineal nerve supply
Definition
urogenital triangle, skin of posterior scortum or labia majora
Term
where does the interior pudendial artery come from
Definition
internal iliac
Term
describe the path of the interior pudendial artery
Definition
pelvis > greater sciatic foramen > enters perineum at lesser sciatic foramen > branches
Term
what are the branches of the interior pudendial artery
Definition
inferior rectal artery, penis / labia clitoris
Term
what does the inferior rectal artery supply
Definition
lower anal canal
Term
what veins drain the pudendial canal
Definition
interior pudendial
Term
what arteries supply the pudendial canal
Definition
interior pudendial
Term
what are the boundries of the urogenital triangle
Definition
pubic arch in front and ischial tuberosities laterally
Term
what are the layers of the superficial fascia of the urogenital triangle
Definition
fatty and mambranous
Term
what is the name of the fatty layer of the urogenital triangle
Definition
camper's fascia
Term
what is the camper's fascia of the urogenital triangle continous with
Definition
fat of the ischiorectal fossa and superficial fascia of the thighs
Term
describe the camper's fascia of the scrotum
Definition
it was turned into smooth dartos muscle
Term
what is the function of the dartos muscle
Definition
contracts in response to cold and reduces the surface area of the scrotal skin
Term
what is the name of the membranous layer of the urogenital triangle
Definition
colle's fascia
Term
where does the colles fascia attach
Definition
posterior to the border of the urogenital diaphragm and laterally to the margins of the pubic arch, anteriorly it is continous with the membranous layer of the superficial fascia of the abdominal wall, it covers the sheath of the clitoris or penis and forms a layer in the scrotum or labia majora
Term
what forms the superficial perineal pouch
Definition
below is the mambranous superficial fascia, above is the urogenital diaphragm, behind is the fusion of these two layers, lateral it is closed by the membranous layer of the superficial fascia and urogenital diaphragm to the margins of the pubic arch, anterior it freely communicates with the potential space between the superficial fascia of the abdominal wall and anterior abdominal muscles
Term
what is the urogenital diaphragm made of
Definition
musculofascia
Term
what is behind the urogenital diaphragm
Definition
perineum
Term
what fills the gap of the pubic arch
Definition
urogenital diaphragm
Term
what is the inferior layer of fascia of the urogenital diaphragm called
Definition
perineal membrane
Term
anteriorly, at the pubic symphysis, what does the urogenital diaphragm do
Definition
the two layers of fascia (superior and inferior)fuse leaving a small gap beneath the symphysis
Term
how does the urogrnital diaphragm fascia end posteriorly
Definition
two layers fuse with eachother and with the membranous layer of the superificial fascia and perineal body
Term
how does the fascia of the urogenital diaphragm end laterally
Definition
attach to the pubic arch
Term
what is the deep perineal pouch
Definition
closed space that is contained between the superificial and deep layers of fascia
Term
in a male what does the urogenital triangle contain
Definition
penis and scrotum
Term
what is the root of the penis
Definition
three masses of erectile tissue called the bulb, left, and right cura that is fixed to the body at the urogenital diaphragm
Term
what muscle covers the bulb of the penis
Definition
bulbospongiosus
Term
what do the cura of the penis attach to
Definition
each side of the pubic arch
Term
what covers the curs of the penis
Definition
ischiocavernosus muscle
Term
what is the continuation of the bulb of the penis into the body of the penis called
Definition
corpus spongiosum
Term
what is the continuation of the cura of the penis into the body of the penis called
Definition
corpacavernosa, 2
Term
what forms the glans penis
Definition
distal corpus spongiosum
Term
what is the external urethral meatus
Definition
opening of the urethra at the tip of the glans penis
Term
what is another word for foreskin
Definition
prepuce
Term
what is the foreskin
Definition
fold of skin that covers the glans of the penis, usually removed via circumcision
Term
describe the attachments of the fascia that supports the body of the penis
Definition
extend from the linea alba and symphysis pubis and attach to the fascia of the penis
Term
what arteries supply the corpora cavernosa
Definition
deep arteries of the penis
Term
what arteries supply the corpus spongiosum
Definition
artery of the bulb
Term
what are the branches of the internal pudendal artery that supply the penis
Definition
deep arteries of the penis, artery of the bulb, dorsal artery of the penis
Term
where do the veins of the penis drain to
Definition
pudendal veins
Term
where does the lymph of the skin of the penis drain to
Definition
superificial inguinal lymph nodes
Term
where does the lymph of the deep penis drain to
Definition
internal iliac nodes
Term
what nerve supplies the penis
Definition
pudendal nerve and pelcivc plexus
Term
what does the superificial pouch contain in males
Definition
structures forming the root of the penis and their coverings, bulbosspongiosus, posterior corpus spongiosum, ischiocavernosus m,
Term
what is the function of the bulbosspongiosus muscle in males
Definition
compress penile part of urethra to empty it of residual urine or semen
Term
what is the function of the ischiocavernosus muscle
Definition
compress cura and assist in erection of penis
Term
where are the superificial transverse perineal muscles in a male
Definition
in the posterior portion of the superificial pouch of the male
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the transverse perineal muscles in males
Definition
ischial ramus and the perineal body
Term
what is the function of the superificial transverse perineal muscle in males
Definition
fix perineal body in the center of the perineum
Term
what vessels and nerve supply the muscles of the superificial pouch in males
Definition
pudendal
Term
where is the perineal body attached in males
Definition
center of the posterior margin of the urogenital diaphragm
Term
what is the function of the perineal body in males
Definition
point of attachment for the external anal sphinctor, bulbospongiosus, superificial transverse perineal muscles
Term
where does the perineal branch of the pudendial nerve terminate, what does it then supply
Definition
on each side of the superificial perineal pouch and supplies the muscles and skin
Term
what is the shortest part of the urethra
Definition
membranous
Term
what surrounds the membranous urethra, what does this cause
Definition
the sphincter urethrae muscle, cause it to the be least dilatable part
Term
what part of the urethre is above the below the membranous in males
Definition
prostatic and penile
Term
what is the sphincter urethrae muscle attached to
Definition
pubic arch on both sides
Term
what innervates the sphinctor urethrae
Definition
perineal branch of the pudendal nerve
Term
what is the function of the sphinctor urethrae
Definition
compress the membranous urethra and relax during micturition
Term
where are the bulbourethral glands located
Definition
beneath the sphincter urethrae muscle
Term
where is the opening of the duts of the bulbourethral glands located
Definition
pierce the perineal membrane to enter the penile urethra
Term
what is the function of the bulbourethal glands
Definition
secrete a thick alkaline fluid to neutralize the enivornment of the penile urethra prior to ejaculation
Term
what is the deep transverse perineal muscle posterior to
Definition
sphinctor urethrae muscle
Term
what is the origin and insertion of the transverse perineal muscle
Definition
ischial ramus and perineal body
Term
what arteries run through the deep pouch in th emale
Definition
internal pudendal
Term
what nerve passes through the deep pouch in the male, where does it end
Definition
dorsal nerve of the penis, skin of penis
Term
what are the steps of an erection
Definition
1. efferent impulses
2. parasympathetic outflow
3. S2-4 nerves
4. inferior hypogastric (synapse)
5. fibers join pudendal arteries
6. enter erectile tissue of the penis
7. vasodilation of the arteries occur
8. blood fills erectile tissue spaces
9. corpoa cavernosa and corpus spongiosum expand and compress veins
Term
what are the steps of ejaculation
Definition
1. nervous impulse
2. sympathetic outflow (T1-L2)
3. synapse in 1st and 2nd lumbar ganglia or sacral ganglia
4. inferior hypogastric plexus
5. postganglionic fibers go to smooth muscle: vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate
6. smooth muscle contracts
7. semen is ejected from urethra and the sphincter of the bladder contracts preventing reflux of semen into the bladder
Term
what is the widest and most able to dilate part of the male urethra
Definition
prostetic
Term
what part of the urethra is in the urogrnital diaphragm in males
Definition
mambranous
Term
what part of the urethra is in the bulb and corpus spongiosum of hte penis
Definition
penile
Term
what part of the urethra is in the glans penis
Definition
fossa terminalis (nacivular fossa) of the penile urethra
Term
what is in the female urogenital triangle
Definition
external genitalia, orifices of the urethra and vagina
Term
what structure corresponds to the penis
Definition
clitoris
Term
what marks the apex of the female urogenital triangle
Definition
clitoris
Term
what covers the glans of the clitoris
Definition
prepuce
Term
what is the root of the clitoris composed of
Definition
three masses of erectile tissue
Term
what structure corresponds to the bulb of the penis in a female
Definition
bulb of the vestibule
Term
what is different between the bulb of the penis and bulb of the vestible, why
Definition
the vestibule has two halves due to the presence of the vagina
Term
where is the bulb of the vestibule attached to
Definition
underside of the urogenital diaphragm
Term
what covers the bulb of the vestibule
Definition
bulbosspongiosus muscle
Term
what structure corresponds to the cura of the penis in females
Definition
cura of the clitoris
Term
what does the cura of the clitoris becone
Definition
corpora cavernosa
Term
what covers the cura of the clitoris
Definition
ischiocavernosus muscle
Term
what is the body of the clitoris composed of
Definition
two corpora cavernosa, some erectile tissue
Term
what is the cap on the top of the clitoris
Definition
the glans of the clitoris
Term
what is the blood supply and lymphatic drainage and nerves of the clitoris
Definition
same as male
Term
what is in the superificial perineal pouch in females
Definition
structures that form the root of the clitoris and the muscles that cover them
Term
where is the blubospongiosus muscle located in females
Definition
surroungs oriface of vagina and covers bulb of vestibule, fibers extend to corpora cavernosa
Term
what is the function of the bulbospongiosus in females
Definition
reduces size of the vaginal oriface and compresses the deep dorsal vein of the clitoris in erection
Term
what does contraction of the ischiocavernosus muscle in females cause
Definition
erection of the clitoris
Term
do females have a superificial transverse perineal muscle? compare it to the male
Definition
yes, identical
Term
what are the muscles in the female superificial pernieal pouch supplied by nerve wise
Definition
perineal branch of the pudendal nerve
Term
who has a bigger perineal body, male or female
Definition
female
Term
where is the perineal body located in females
Definition
between lower end of vagina and anal canal
Term
what attaches to the perineal body in females
Definition
perineal muscles, levator ani muscles
Term
what does the deep perineal pouch in the female contain
Definition
urethra, vagina, sphincter urethrae, deep transverse perineal muscles, internal pudendal vessels, dorsal nerve of clitoris
Term
what pierces the spinctor urethrae in females
Definition
urethra and vagina
Term
where is the urethra vestible located in relation to the clitoris
Definition
about an inch below
Term
what corresponds to the prostate in females
Definition
paraurethral glands
Term
where are the greater vestibular glands located
Definition
under posterior part of the bulb of vestibule and labia majora
Term
where do the greater vestibular glands drain into
Definition
vestibule via small duct
Term
what is the function of the greater vestibular glands
Definition
secrete lubricating mucus during sexual intercourse
Term
what vessels supply the vagina
Definition
vaginal branch of the internal iliac, vaginal branch of the uretine artery
Term
what drains the lymph of the upper third of the vagina
Definition
internal and external iliac nodes
Term
what drains the lymph of the middle third of the vagina
Definition
internal iliac nodes
Term
what drains the lymph of the lower third of the vagina
Definition
superificial inguinal nodes
Term
where do the nerves come from that innervate the vagina
Definition
from inferior hypogastric plexus
Term
what is the vulva
Definition
female external genitalia
Term
what does the vulva include
Definition
mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule of vagina, vestibular bulb, greater vestibular glands
Term
what vessels supply the vulva
Definition
external internal pudendal arteries on each side
Term
what drains the lymph of the vulva
Definition
medial group of the superificial inguinal nodes
Term
what nerve supplys the anterior vulva
Definition
ilioinguinal and genitofemoral
Term
what nerve supplys the posterior vulva
Definition
branches of the perineal nerves, posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Supporting users have an ad free experience!