Term
| What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle? |
|
Definition
| Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, anterior border of trapezius, and the superior border of the clavicle |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of the posterior triangle? |
|
Definition
| CN XI, cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus, external jugular, transverse cervical, suprascapular vessels, subclavian vein (occasionally) and artery, posterior belly of the omohyoid, roots and trunk of brachial plexus |
|
|
Term
| What divides the posterior triangle into occipital and subclavian triangles? |
|
Definition
| Posterior belly of omohyoid |
|
|
Term
| What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle? |
|
Definition
| Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid, anterior midline of the neck, inferior order of the mandible |
|
|
Term
| What forms the roof o the anterior triangle? |
|
Definition
| Platysma and investing layer of the deep cervical fascia |
|
|
Term
| What divides the anterior triangle into carotid and muscular triangles? |
|
Definition
| Anterior belly of omohyoid |
|
|
Term
| The spasmodic contraction or shortening of neck muscles (most often sterncleidomastoid) is known as what condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The styloid process of the temporal bone provides an attachment site for what structures? |
|
Definition
| Stylohyoid, styloglossus, and stylopharyngeus muscles, stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the platysma muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the sterncleidomastoid muscle? |
|
Definition
| CN XI motor, C3-8 sensory |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the digastric muscles? |
|
Definition
| Posterior belly by CN VII, anterior belly by mylohyoid branch of CN V |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the mylohyoid muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the stylohyoid muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the geniohyoid muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the infrahyoid muscles? |
|
Definition
| Ansa cervicalis except thyrohyoid which is innervated by C1 via CN XII |
|
|
Term
| What muscle depresses the lower jaw and lip and angles the mouth, wrinkling the skin of the neck? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle turns the face toward the opposite side and works in unison to flex the head and raise the thorax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle elevates the hyoid and floor of the mouth, depressing the mandible? |
|
Definition
| Digastric and mylohyoid muscles |
|
|
Term
| What muscle elevates the hyoid only, drawing it backwards? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscles depresses the hyoid and the larynx? |
|
Definition
| Sternohyoid and sternythyroid muscles |
|
|
Term
| What muscle depresses the hyoid and elevates the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle depresses and retracts the hyoid and the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the cranial root of CN XI arise from? |
|
Definition
| Medulla oblongata below the roots of the vagus |
|
|
Term
| Where do the spinal roots of CN XI arise from? |
|
Definition
| Lateral aspect of the cervical segment of the spinal cord between C1-C3 or C7 |
|
|
Term
| CN XI exits the cranium through what opening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the cervical plexus? |
|
Definition
| Ventral primary rami of C1-4 |
|
|
Term
| What is the root of the lesser occipital nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the root of the great auricular nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the root of the transverse cervical nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the root of the suprclavicular nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the motor branches of the cervical plexus? |
|
Definition
| Ansa cervicalis, phrenic nerve, accessory phrenic nerve |
|
|
Term
| What are the cervical roots of ansa cervicalis? |
|
Definition
| Superior root C1-2, inferior root C2-3 |
|
|
Term
| What are the cervical roots of the phrenic nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the phrenic nerve travel through the area of the neck? |
|
Definition
| On anterior surface of the anterior scalene behind the sternocleidomastoid |
|
|
Term
| Where does the subclavian artery arise from? |
|
Definition
| Brachiocephalic trunk on the right, arch of the aorta on the left |
|
|
Term
| What arises from the first part of the subclavian artery before it passes posterior to the anterior scalene? |
|
Definition
| Vertebral artery, thyrocervical trunk, internal thoracic artery |
|
|
Term
| What arises from the second part of the subcalvian artery as it passes posterior to the anterior scalene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk? |
|
Definition
| Inferior thyroid, transverse cervical, suprascapular artery |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the costocervical trunk? |
|
Definition
| Deep cervical artery, superior intercostal artery |
|
|
Term
| What arises from the third branch of the subclavian artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the carotid body at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and the carotid sinus at the origin of the internal carotid artery? |
|
Definition
| Nerve to the carotid body from the pharyngeal branch of CN X and by the carotid sinus branch of CN IX |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the internal carotid artery within the neck? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranium? |
|
Definition
| Carotid canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| What arteries are given off by the internal carotid and where? |
|
Definition
| Ophthalmic and anterior middle cerebral arteries in the middle cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches given off by the external carotid artery? |
|
Definition
| Superior thyroid, lingual, facial, ascending pharyngeal, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary, and superficial temporal artery |
|
|
Term
| What branches are given off by the ascending pharyngeal artery? |
|
Definition
| Pharyngeal, palatine, inferior tympanic, and meningeal branches |
|
|
Term
| What branch is given off by the superficial temporal artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the retromandibular vein? |
|
Definition
| Superficial temporal and maxillary veins |
|
|
Term
| What forms the external jugular vein? |
|
Definition
| Posterior branch of retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein |
|
|
Term
| What forms the common facial vein? |
|
Definition
| Facial vein and anterior branch of retromandibular vein |
|
|
Term
| What veins are received by the external jugular vein? |
|
Definition
| Suprascapular, transverse cervical, and anterior jugular vein |
|
|
Term
| Describe the course of the internal jugular vein |
|
Definition
| Begins in the jugular foramen as a continuation of the sigmoid sinus and descends in the carotid sheath, ends in the brachiocephalic vein |
|
|
Term
| The superficial lymph nodes of the head ultimately drain into what node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located? |
|
Definition
| Superior deep cervical node along the internal jugular vein in the carotid triangle, inferior deep cervical nodes on the internal jugular vein near the subclavian vein |
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the thyroid? |
|
Definition
| Superior and inferior thyroid arteries, thyroid ima arterty (inconsistent branch from the brachiocephalic trunk) |
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the parathyroid glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve is given off by CN X in the neck? |
|
Definition
| Superior laryngeal nerve which divides into external and internal laryngeal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Cricothyroid and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is innervated by the internal laryngeal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Sensory fibers to the larynx above the vocal cord and taste fibers to the epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| Where is the sympathetic trunk located? |
|
Definition
| Behind the carotid sheath covered by the prevertebral fascia |
|
|
Term
| What causes Horner's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Lesions of the cervical sympathetic trunk either by carcinoma or penetrating injury causes ptosis, miosis, enophthalmos, anhidrosis, and vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| Where is the thoracic duct located in the neck? |
|
Definition
| Arches laterally over the apex of the left pleura, posterior to the left carotid sheath anterior to the sympathetic trunk and vertebral and subclavian arteries |
|
|
Term
| What is the danger zone of deep cervical fascia? |
|
Definition
| Space between the anterior and posterior layers of prevertebral fascia because of its extension from the base of the skull to the diaphragm, providing a route for the spread of infection |
|
|
Term
| What is contained within the carotid sheath? |
|
Definition
| Common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular, vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
| A retropharyngeal abscess or infection may spread from the neck into what area? |
|
Definition
| Posterior mediastinum via retropharyngeal space |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the scalene muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What marks the site of the thyroglossal duct which connects the developing thyroid gland to the tongue during development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does CN VII emerge from to innervate the face and scalp? |
|
Definition
| Stylomastoid foramen posterior to the parotid gland |
|
|
Term
| What branches are given off by CN VII when it enters the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
| Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical branches |
|
|
Term
| What types of muscles are innervated by the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
| Muscles of facial expression |
|
|
Term
| What causes the corneal blink reflex? |
|
Definition
| Bilateral contraction of orbicularis oculi muscles via efferent limb reflex arc of the facial nerve and afferent limb via nasociliary nerve. Activated in response to blowing on the cornea |
|
|
Term
| What causes Bell's palsy? |
|
Definition
| Paralysis of lower facial muscles on contralateral side due to lesion of the facial nerve, no impairment of forehead wrinkling unlike in stroke or brain tumors |
|
|
Term
| What muscle elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle draws eyebrows downward and medially as in frowning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle closes the eyelids? |
|
Definition
| Orbicularis oculi - orbital part for winking, palpebral part for blinking |
|
|
Term
| What draws the medial eyebrows downward? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle compresses or flares the nostrils? |
|
Definition
| Transverse and alar parts of the nasalis muscle respectively |
|
|
Term
| What muscle closes the lips as in whistling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle depends the furrow between the nose and mouth and elevates the corners of the mouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle deepen the furrow between the nose and the corners of the mouth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle elevates the upper lip and helps flare nostrils? |
|
Definition
| Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi |
|
|
Term
| What muscle draws the angle of the mouth backward and upward as in a smile? |
|
Definition
| Zygomaticus major and minor |
|
|
Term
| What muscle depresses the lower lip? |
|
Definition
| Depressor labii inferioris |
|
|
Term
| What muscle depresses the angle of the mouth as in a frown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle is responsible for grinning? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle is used to compress the cheek as in trumpet playing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle elevates and protrudes the lower lip as in a pout? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscles retract and elevate the ear? |
|
Definition
| Anterior, superior, and posterior auricularis muscles |
|
|
Term
| What are the facial sensory nerves given off by the ophthalmic branch of CN V? |
|
Definition
| Supraorbital, supratrochlear, lacrimal, infratrochlear, and external nasal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What are the facial sensory nerves given off by the maxillary branch of CN V? |
|
Definition
| Zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofacial, and infraorbital nerve |
|
|
Term
| What are the facial sensory nerves given off by the mandibular branch of CN V? |
|
Definition
| Auriculotemporal, buccal, and mental nerves |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the scalp? |
|
Definition
| S-C-A-L-P, skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the scalp contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, and hair follicles? |
|
Definition
| Connect tissue (dense subcutaneous tissue) |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the scalp connects the occipital and frontal bellies of the occipitofrontal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the scalp contains emissary veins and is known as the danger area of the scalp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the loose connective tissue layer considered the danger area of the scalp? |
|
Definition
| Infection can spread easily in it or from the scalp to intracranial sinuses by way of the emissary veins |
|
|
Term
| What structures are found within the infratemporal fossa? |
|
Definition
| Lower portion of the temporalis muscle, lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, pterygoid venous plexus, mandibular nerve, maxillary artery, chorda tympani, and the otic ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
| Temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
| Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve |
|
|
Term
| The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve exits the skull through what opening? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is innervated by the mandibular branch of CN V? |
|
Definition
| Muscles of mastication, tensor veli palatini, tensory tympani muscles, anterior belly of the digastric, and mylohyoid muscles |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary branches of the mandibular branch of CN V? |
|
Definition
| Meningeal branch, muscular branch, buccal nerve, auriculotemporal nerve, lingual nerve, inferior alveolar nerve |
|
|
Term
| What is supplied by the meningeal branch of CN V3? |
|
Definition
| Meninges of the middle cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
| What is supplied by the buccal nerve of CN V3? |
|
Definition
| Skin and fascia overlaying the buccinator muscle, penetrates buccinator muscle to supply the mucous membrane of the cheek and gums |
|
|
Term
| What is innervated by the auriculotemporal nerve of CN V3? |
|
Definition
| Carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion and sympathetic general visceral efferent fibers to the parotid gland, also supplies GSA to the temporomandibular joint and the skin of the auricle and scalp |
|
|
Term
| What is supplied by the lingual nerve of CN V3? |
|
Definition
| Joins chorda tympani to convey parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to the submandibular ganglion, taste and sensory fibers from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What is innervated by the inferior alveolar nerve? |
|
Definition
| Tissues of the chin, lower teeth, and gums |
|
|
Term
| What branches are given off by the inferior alveolar nerve? |
|
Definition
| Mylohyoid, inferior dental, mental, and incisive branches |
|
|
Term
| The otic ganglion receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from what nerve? |
|
Definition
| CN IX, tympanic nerve, lesser petrosal nerve |
|
|
Term
| What gives off the maxillary artery and what are its three main divisions? |
|
Definition
| Given off by external carotid and gives off mandibular, pterygoid, and pterygopalatine divisions |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the mandibular division of the maxillary artery? |
|
Definition
| Deep auricular, anterior tympanic, middle meningeal, accessory meningeal, and inferior alveolar arteries |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the pterygopalatine division of the maxillary artery? |
|
Definition
| Posterior/superior alveolar, infraorbital, descending palatine, pterygoid canal, pharyngeal, and sphenopalatine arteries |
|
|
Term
| What receives venous blood from the branches of the maxillary artery and what does it drain into? |
|
Definition
| Pterygoid plexus of veins, drains into the maxillary vein |
|
|
Term
| The pterygoid plexus of veins has communicating branches with what other structures? |
|
Definition
| Cavernous sinus (via emissary veins), inferior opthalmic vein, and facial vein (via deep facial vein) |
|
|
Term
| What forms the retromandibular vein? |
|
Definition
| Superficial temporal and maxillary veins |
|
|
Term
| What forms the common facial vein? |
|
Definition
| Anterior branch of the retromandibular vein and facial vein |
|
|
Term
| What forms the external jugular vein? |
|
Definition
| Posterior branch of retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein |
|
|
Term
| Where is the parotid gland located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the route taken by the parotid duct |
|
Definition
| Crosses masseter, pierces the buccinator muscle, and opens into the vestibule of the oral cavity opposite the second upper molar |
|
|
Term
| Surgical removal of the parotid gland may damage what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the temporomandibular joint? |
|
Definition
| Auriculotemporal and masseteric branches of the mandibular nerve |
|
|
Term
| What ligamentous band lies between the buccinator muscle and the superior pharyngeal constrictor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What ligament extends from the styloid process to the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible, separating the parotid from the submandiublar gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the bones of the skull? |
|
Definition
| Frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid, parietal, and temporal bones |
|
|
Term
| What traverses the optic canal? |
|
Definition
| Optic nerve, opthalmic artery, and central artery/vein of the retina |
|
|
Term
| What is Josh Chong's patented mnemonic for recalling where cranial nerves exit the skull? |
|
Definition
Can Overweight Spider-man Still Stop Rampaging Octavius? Spidey Is Irredeemable J Jonah Jameson Hypothesizes:
Cribriform plate (CN I), Optic canal (CN II), Superior Orbital Fissure (CN III), Superior Orbital Fissure (CN IV), Superior Orbital Fissure (CN V1), Foramen Rotundum (CN V2), Foramen Ovale (CN V3), Superior Orbital Fissure (CN VII), Internal Acoustic Meatus (CN VII), Internal Acoustic Meatus (CN VIII), Jugular Foramen (CN IX), Jugular Foramen (CN X), Jugular Foramen (CN XI), Hypoglossal Canal (CN XII) |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the anterior cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
| Anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of CN V1 |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the middle cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
| Meningeal branches of CN V2 and CN V3 |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the posterior cranial fossa? |
|
Definition
| CN XII and meningeal branches of CN X |
|
|
Term
| What horizontal fold of dura forms the roof of the sella turcica and covers the pituitary gland and the hypophysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the straight sinus? |
|
Definition
| Great cerebral vein of Galen and the inferior sagittal sinus |
|
|
Term
| What sinus runs laterally from the confluence of sinuses along the edge of the tentorium cerebelli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What route does the transverse sinus take to the internal jugular vein? |
|
Definition
| Transverse sinus -> sigmoid sinus -> internal jugular vein |
|
|
Term
| What nerve runs alongside the internal carotid within the cavernous sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerves run along the wall of the cavernous sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the cavernous sinus located? |
|
Definition
| On each side of the sella turcica and the body of the sphenoid bone between meningeal and periosteal layers |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the internal carotid artery? |
|
Definition
| Ophthalmic, posterior communicating, anterior choroidal, anterior cerebral, and middle cerebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| What gives off the vertebral arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What arteries are given off by the vertebral arteries? |
|
Definition
| Anterior spinal, posterior spinal, and posterior inferior cerebellar artery |
|
|
Term
| What arteries are given off by the basilar artery? |
|
Definition
| Pontine, labyrinthine, anterior inferior cerebellar, superior cerebellar, and posterior cerebral artery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ganglion cells of the retina which converge at the optic disc |
|
|
Term
| How is CN II involved in the pupillary light reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CN III fibers provide preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to what ganglion? What is the final destination of the innervation? |
|
Definition
| Ciliary ganglion, run in postganglionic short ciliary nerves to supply the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle. Mediates the efferent limb of the pupillary light reflex |
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic parasympathetic GVE fibers of CN III originate from cell bodies located in what region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sole structure innervated by CN IV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesion of CN IV causes what abnormality? |
|
Definition
| Diplopia (double vision) when looking down due to paralysis of the superior oblique muscle |
|
|
Term
| Where is the trigeminal ganglion located? |
|
Definition
| Meckel's cave on the petrous portion of the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| CN V1 provides sensory innervation to what areas? |
|
Definition
| Eyeball, tip of the nose, skin of the face above the eye |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary branches of CN V1? |
|
Definition
| Lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, nasociliary nerve, meningeal branch |
|
|
Term
| What is supplied by the lacrimal nerve? |
|
Definition
| Lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, and skin of the uppe reyelid |
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the frontal nerve and what do they supply? |
|
Definition
| Supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves, medial and lateral portions of the forehead and scalp respectively, also the frontal sinus and upper eyelid |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the nasociliary nerve? |
|
Definition
| Communicating branch to the ciliary ganglion, short ciliary nerves, long ciliary nerves, posterior ethmoidal nerve, anterior ethmoidal nerve, infratrochlear nerve |
|
|
Term
| CN V2 provides innervation to what areas? |
|
Definition
| Midface below the eye but above the upper lip, palate, paranasal sinuses, and maxillary teeth |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary branches of CN V2? |
|
Definition
| Meningeal branch, pterygopalatine, posterior-superior alveolar, zygomatic, infraorbital nerves, also branches from the pterygopalatine ganglion |
|
|
Term
| The pterygopalatine ganglion relays parasympathetic innervation to what structures? |
|
Definition
| Mucous membrane of the nose, soft palate taste, tonsils, uvula, roof of the mouth, upper lip and gums, and upper part of the pharynx. Also carries sends fibers via the zygomatic nerve to the lacrimal nerve of CN V1 for lacrimal secretion |
|
|
Term
| CN V3 provides sensory innervation to what areas? |
|
Definition
| Face bellow the lip and mouth, scalp, jaw, mandibular teeth, anterior two thirds of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| CN V3 is involved in what reflex? |
|
Definition
| Mediates afferent and efferent limbs of the jaw jerk reflex |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary branches of the mandibular nerve? |
|
Definition
| Meningeal branches, muscular branches, buccal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves |
|
|
Term
| What reflex involves CN V2? |
|
Definition
| Afferent limb of the sneeze reflex |
|
|
Term
| What is the sole structure innervated by CN VI? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lesions of CN VI cause what abnormality? |
|
Definition
| Medial deviation of the affected eye |
|
|
Term
| What is the sensory ganglion formed by CN VII? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CN VII is involved in what reflex? |
|
Definition
| Efferent limb of the corneal blink reflex |
|
|
Term
| Lesions of CN VII cause what syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Bell's palsy, loss of taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue, loss of GVE to lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual, nasal, and palatine glands, loss of GVA to palate, nasal mucosa, carotid sinus, and carotid body, loss of mediation of the efferent limb of the corneal blink reflex |
|
|
Term
| What are the primary branches of CN VII? |
|
Definition
| Greater petrosal, communicating branch to lesser petrosal nerve, stapedial, chorda tympani, muscular branches, fine communicating branch, posterior auricular nerve, terminal branches |
|
|
Term
| The greater petrosal nerve is involved in SVA innervation with what structure? |
|
Definition
| SVA taste from hard palate and soft palate via pterygopalatine ganglion, lacrimal gland, glands of the palate and pharynx |
|
|
Term
| Where does the chorda tympani nerve exit the skull? |
|
Definition
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Term
| The chorda tympani nerve of CN VII is associated with what parasympathetic motor ganglion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the chorda tympani nerve? |
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Definition
| SVA taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue, preganglionic parasympathetic GVE innervation to submandibular and sublingual glands via submandibular ganglion |
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Term
| Hair cells of the cochlea supplied by CN VIII are known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| A lesion of CN VIII produces what effects? |
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Definition
| Hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus |
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Term
| What are the primary branches given off by CN IX? |
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Definition
| Tympanic nerve, communicating branch to auricular branch of CN X, pharyngeal branch, carotid sinus, tonsillar, motor, and lingual branches |
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Term
| What is innervated by the tympanic nerve of CN IX? |
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Definition
| Forms tympanic plexus, conveys GVA to tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum and air cells, and auditory tub, continues as lesser petrosal nerve to transmit preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to otic ganglion |
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|
Term
| What reflex involves CN IX? |
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Definition
| Afferent limb of gag reflex via pharyngeal branch |
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|
Term
| What is innervated by the motor branch of CN IX? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is supplied by the lingual branch of CN IX? |
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Definition
| GVA and SVA taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and the vallate papillae |
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|
Term
| CN X provides SVE innervation to what structures? |
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Definition
| All muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and palate except stylopharyngeus and tensor veli palatini |
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|
Term
| CN X is involved in what reflexes? |
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Definition
| Afferent and efferent limb of cough reflex, efferent limbs of the gag reflex and sneeze reflex |
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|
Term
| Lesion of CN X has what effect on the uvula? |
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Definition
| Deviation toward the opposite side of the lesion on phonation |
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|
Term
| What are the primary branches of CN X? |
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Definition
| Meningeal, auricular, pharyngeal, superior, middle, and inferior cardiac branches, superior laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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Term
| What are the divisions of the superior laryngeal nerve? |
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Definition
| Internal and external laryngeal nerves |
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Term
| What is supplied by the internal laryngeal nerve? |
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Definition
| GVA to the lower pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx above the vocal cord |
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|
Term
| What is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve? |
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Definition
| SVE motor to cricothyroid and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles |
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|
Term
| What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve loop around? |
|
Definition
| Subclavian artery on the right and around the arch of the aorta on the left |
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|
Term
| What is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve? |
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Definition
| GVA sensory to the larynx below the vocal cord and SVE motor to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid |
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Term
| CN XII supplies GSE fibers to what muscles? |
|
Definition
| All of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus, also innervates thyrohyoid and geniohyoid via C1 fibers |
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Term
| A lesions of CN XII will have what observable effect? |
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Definition
| Deviation of the tongue toward the injured side |
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Term
| What allows passage between the orbit and the middle cranial fossa? |
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Definition
| Superior orbital fissure and optic canal |
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|
Term
| What allows passage between the orbit and the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is transmitted through the inferior orbital fissure? |
|
Definition
| Maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch and the infraorbital vessels |
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|
Term
| What is transmitted through the optic canal? |
|
Definition
| Optic nerve an ophthalmic artery |
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Term
| What are the common consequences of fracture of the orbital floor? |
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Definition
| Most common orbital fracture, causes displacement of the eyeball, diplopia, injury to the infraorbital nerve and sensation loss of the skin of the cheek and gum, may also entrap the inferior rectus muscle, limiting upward gaze |
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|
Term
| What carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the ciliary muscles and sphincter pupillae from the ciliary ganglion? |
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Definition
| Short ciliary nerves from the nasociliary muscle |
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|
Term
| The short and long ciliary nerve transmits postganglionic sympathetic fibers to what structures? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What reflex involves CN I? |
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Definition
| Afferent limb of the pupillary light reflex |
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|
Term
| What are the divisions of the CN III and what do they innervate? |
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Definition
| Superior division for superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris muscles and inferior division for medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles, also carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus to the ciliary ganglion |
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|
Term
| What gives off the ophthalmic artery? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the ophthalmic artery? |
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Definition
| Central artery of the retina, long posterior ciliary, short posterior ciliary, lacrimal, medial palpebral, muscular branches, supraorbital, posterior and anterior ethmoidal, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal |
|
|
Term
| What artery pierces the optic nerve? |
|
Definition
| Central artery of the retina |
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|
Term
| Occlusion of the central artery of the retina results in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the superior ophthalmic vein? |
|
Definition
| Union of the supraorbital, supratrochlear, and angular veins, drains into cavernous sinus |
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|
Term
| What muscles are innervated by CN III? |
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Definition
| Superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae (sympathetic) |
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|
Term
| What muscles are innervated by CN IV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscles are innervated by CN VI? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the superior oblique muscle? |
|
Definition
| Rotates upper pole of eyeball medially so that cornea looks down and lateral |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the inferior oblique muscle? |
|
Definition
| Rotates upper pole of eyeball laterally so that the cornea looks upward and lateral |
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|
Term
| What is the site of origin for the four rectus muscles of the eye? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is transmitted through the common tendinous ring via superior orbital fissure? |
|
Definition
| CN III, CN VI, and the nasociliary nerve |
|
|
Term
| Where is the common tendinous ring located? |
|
Definition
| As a fibrous ring surrounding the optic canal and the medial part of the superior orbital fissure |
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|
Term
| What is transmitted through the common tendinous ring via the optic canal? |
|
Definition
| Optic nerve, ophthalmic artery, and central artery and vein of the retina |
|
|
Term
| What structures enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure but outside the common tendinous ring? |
|
Definition
| CN IV, frontal, and lacrimal nerves and superior ophthalmic vein |
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|
Term
| What causes crocodile tears syndrome (bogard's syndrome)? |
|
Definition
| Spontaneous lacrimation during eating, caused by misdirected regeneration of parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland that originally innervated salivary glands following a lesion of CN VII |
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|
Term
| The tough, white fibrous tunic enveloping the posterior 5/6 of the eye is known as what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What transparent structure is responsible for refraction of light entering the eye and forms the anterior 1/6 of the external coat of the eye? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What structure nourishes the retina and darkens the eye? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where is the ciliary ring, process, and muscles found within the eye? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the definition of an Argyll-Robertson pupil? |
|
Definition
| Miotic pupil that responds to accommodation but fails to respond to light, caused by midbrain lesion |
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|
Term
| What is the function of the pupillary light reflexes? |
|
Definition
| Constricts the pupil in response to light stimulation, also constricts contralateral pupil in a consensual reflex |
|
|
Term
| What is accommodation and how is it accomplished? |
|
Definition
| Adjustment of the eye to fovus on a nearby object. Occurs with contraction of the ciliary muscle causing relaxation of the suspensory ligament (ciliary zonular fibers), an increase in thickness, convexity, and refractory power of the lens |
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|
Term
| How are the intrinsic muscles found in the iris innervated? |
|
Definition
| Sphincter pupillae by parasympathetic fibers, dilator pupillae by sympathetic fibers |
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|
Term
| What causes Horner's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Injury to cervical sympathetic nerves |
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|
Term
| What are symptoms of Horner's syndrom? |
|
Definition
| Miosis, ptosis, enophthalmos, anhidrosis, vasodilation |
|
|
Term
| What creates the optic disk (blind spot)? |
|
Definition
| Optic nerve fibers formed by axons of the ganglion cells |
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|
Term
| What is the Macula of the eye? |
|
Definition
| Yellowish area near the center of the retina on the temporal side of the optic disc, contains fovea centralis |
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|
Term
| What nourishes the fovea centralis located in the macula? What is its function? |
|
Definition
| Nourished by choriocapillary lamina of the choroid, has no cones (only rods) and functions in detailed vision |
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|
Term
| What is the visual purple pigment found in rods and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| Rhodopsin, specialized for vision in dim light |
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|
Term
| What is the function of cones? |
|
Definition
| Visual acuity and color vision |
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|
Term
| What characterizes macular degeneration? |
|
Definition
| Age-related macular degeneration in the macula in the center of the retina. Can see the edges of images but has no central vision. Anti-angiogenesis therapy used for wet type, anti-oxidants, vitamins, and possibly stem cell therapy used for dry type |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased intraocular pressure resulting from impaired drainage of aqueous humor via the scleral venous sinus (Schlemm's canal), impairs retinal blood flow |
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|
Term
| What is the developmental origin of the retina, iris, and ciliary body? |
|
Definition
| Optic cup via optic vesicle from neuroectoderm of the diencephalon |
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|
Term
| What is the developmental origin of the optic nerve? |
|
Definition
| Optic stalk via optic vesicle from neuroectoderm of the diencephalon |
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|
Term
| What forms the lens and anterior epithelium of the cornea? |
|
Definition
| Lens placode from surface ectoderm |
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|
Term
| What is the developmental origin of the choroids, sphincter pupillae muscles, dilator pupillae muscle, and ciliary muscle? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What divides the tongue into anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 segments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the muscles of the palate? |
|
Definition
| All innervated by CN X via pharyngeal plexus except tensor veli palatini whichi s innervated by CN V3 |
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|
Term
| Where does the thyroglossal duct originate? |
|
Definition
| At the foramen cecum located at the apex of the sulcus terminalis |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the muscles of the tongue? |
|
Definition
| All by CN XII except palatoglossus which is innervated by CN X via pharyngeal plexus |
|
|
Term
| The funnel shaped fibromuscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage is known as what? |
|
Definition
| Pharynx, conducts food to the esophagus and air to the larynx and lungs |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
| Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngoparynx |
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|
Term
| The nasopharynx provides communication between what areas? |
|
Definition
| Pharynx and nasal cavities via nasal choanae, tympanic cavity via auditory tube |
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|
Term
| What structures are found in the oropharynx? |
|
Definition
| Palatine tonsils lodged in tonsillar fossae bounded by the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds |
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|
Term
| Where can swallowed foreign bodies potentially be lodged in the laryngopharynx? |
|
Definition
| Piriform recesses on each side of the opening of the larynx |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the pharyngeal plexus? |
|
Definition
| Pharyngeal branches of CN IX and CN X and the sympathetic branches from the superior cervical ganglion |
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|
Term
| What innervates the palatine tonsils? |
|
Definition
| Branches of CN IX and the lesser palatine branch of CN V2 |
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Term
| What is formed by the first (mandibular) pharyngeal arch? |
|
Definition
| Meckel's cartilage (develops into malleus, incus, maxilla, zygomatic and temporal squama, and mandible) and muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior digastric, tensor veli palatini, and tensor tympani muscles |
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|
Term
| What is formed by the second (hyoid) pharyngeal arch? |
|
Definition
| Reichert's cartilage (develops the stapes, styloid process, lessser cornu, upper half of hyoid), muscles of facial expression, posterior digastric, stylohyoid, and stapedius muscles |
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|
Term
| What is formed by the third pharyngeal arch? |
|
Definition
| Third arch cartilage (forms greater cornu and lower hyoid), and stylopharyngeus muscle |
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|
Term
| What is formed by the fourth pharyngeal arch? |
|
Definition
| Fourth arch cartilage (forms the laryngeal cartilages), muscles of the soft palate excluding tensor veli palatini, muscles of the pharynx excluding stylopharyngeus, and the cricopharyngeus muscle |
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|
Term
| What is formed by the sixth pharyngeal arch? |
|
Definition
| Sixth arch cartilage (forms laryngeal cartilages), intrinsic muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid, and upper muscles of the esophagus |
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|
Term
| Muscles formed from the first pharyngeal arch are innervated by what nerve? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Muscles formed by the second pharyngeal arch are innervated by what nerve? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Muscles formed by the third pharyngeal arch are innervated by what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscles of the fourth pharyngeal arch are innervated by what nerve? |
|
Definition
| Superior laryngeal branch of CN X |
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|
Term
| Muscles of the sixth pharyngeal arch are innervated by what nerve? |
|
Definition
| Recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X |
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|
Term
| What is formed by the first pharyngeal pouch? |
|
Definition
| Epithelium of the auditory tube and the middle ear cavity |
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the second pharyngeal pouch? |
|
Definition
| Epithelium and crypts of the palatine tonsil |
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the third pharyngeal pouch? |
|
Definition
| Inferior parathyroid gladns and thymus |
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the fourth pharyngeal pouch? |
|
Definition
| Superior parathyroid gland and ultimobranchial body |
|
|
Term
| What is formed by the first pharyngeal groove? |
|
Definition
| Epithelium of the external auditory meatus and the skin over the tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is formed by pharyngeal grooves 2, 3, and 4? |
|
Definition
| Obliterated during development |
|
|
Term
| What transmits the nasopalatine nerve and terminal branches of the sphenopalatine artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What divides the nose into two nasal pasages? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Posterior openings in the nasal passages are known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of the 3 scroll shaped nasal conchae on each lateral nasal wall? |
|
Definition
| Increase surface area of the nasal mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary function of the meatuses of the nose? |
|
Definition
| House openings for communication channels with the paranasal sinuses and the orbit |
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|
Term
| Olfactory mucosa is limited to what area of the nose? |
|
Definition
| Lining of the superior nasal concha |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of nasal cycling? |
|
Definition
| Allows other passage to repair from damage that results from conditioning of inspired air |
|
|
Term
| What supplies blood to the nasal cavities? |
|
Definition
| anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries, sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries, lateral nasal and superior labial arteries |
|
|
Term
| 90% of nosebleeds occur from what? |
|
Definition
| Kiesselbach's plexus (Little's area) |
|
|
Term
| The nasolacrimal duct drains opens into where? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is contained within the hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus? |
|
Definition
| Opening of the frontonasal duct, anterior ethmoidal air cells, and maxillary sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation of the nasal mucosa membrane cause dby allergies |
|
|
Term
| The ring of lymphoid tissue around the nasal and oral openings of the pharynx is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of CN V2 from the pterygopalatine ganglion? |
|
Definition
| Orbital, pharyngeal, posterior-superior lateral nasal, greater palatine, lesser palatine, and nasopalatine |
|
|
Term
| A lesion of the nerve of the pterygoid canal results in what abnormalities? |
|
Definition
| Vasodilation, lack of secretion of lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands, loss of general and taste sensation of the palate |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the inner ear? |
|
Definition
| Tympanic cavity and epitympanic recess |
|
|
Term
| What allows communication between the middle ear and the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tegmental wall separates what cavities? |
|
Definition
| Middle ear from middle cranial fossa |
|
|
Term
| Where is the the tympanic canaliculus located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chorda tympani and the lesser petrosal nerve exit the inner ear via what area? |
|
Definition
| Anterior wall of middle ear |
|
|
Term
| What separates the middle and inner ear and contains the prominence of the facial canal and the prominence of the lateral semicircular canal? |
|
Definition
| Labyrinthine wall (medial wall) |
|
|
Term
| What is found in the mastoid (posterior) wall of the inner ear? |
|
Definition
| Pyramidal eminence of stapedius tendon, opening for chorda tympani entering the ear |
|
|
Term
| What are the auditory ossicles? |
|
Definition
| Malleus, incus, and stapes |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship of the chorda tympani with nearby structures as it passes through the middle ear? |
|
Definition
| Between incus and malleus |
|
|
Term
| Surgical incision of the tympanic membrane should be made in what quadrant? |
|
Definition
| Posterior inferior quadrant |
|
|
Term
| What attenuates the tympanic membrane in cases of loud noises? |
|
Definition
| Tensor tympani and stapedius |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the bony labyrinth of the inner ear? |
|
Definition
| Vestibule, cochlea, semicircular canals |
|
|
Term
| What substance fills the bony labyrinth of the inner ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substance fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the inner ear makes up the vestibular apparatus? |
|
Definition
| Semicircular ducts of the membranous labyrinth |
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