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Anatomy BLOCK II Head and Neck Comprehensive Review
N/A
290
Anatomy
Graduate
03/13/2012

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Cards

Term
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?
Definition
Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, anterior border of trapezius, and the superior border of the clavicle
Term
What are the contents of the posterior triangle?
Definition
CN XI, cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus, external jugular, transverse cervical, suprascapular vessels, subclavian vein (occasionally) and artery, posterior belly of the omohyoid, roots and trunk of brachial plexus
Term
What divides the posterior triangle into occipital and subclavian triangles?
Definition
Posterior belly of omohyoid
Term
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?
Definition
Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid, anterior midline of the neck, inferior order of the mandible
Term
What forms the roof o the anterior triangle?
Definition
Platysma and investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
Term
What divides the anterior triangle into carotid and muscular triangles?
Definition
Anterior belly of omohyoid
Term
The spasmodic contraction or shortening of neck muscles (most often sterncleidomastoid) is known as what condition?
Definition
Torticollis
Term
The styloid process of the temporal bone provides an attachment site for what structures?
Definition
Stylohyoid, styloglossus, and stylopharyngeus muscles, stylohyoid and stylomandibular ligaments
Term
What innervates the platysma muscle?
Definition
CN VII
Term
What innervates the sterncleidomastoid muscle?
Definition
CN XI motor, C3-8 sensory
Term
What innervates the digastric muscles?
Definition
Posterior belly by CN VII, anterior belly by mylohyoid branch of CN V
Term
What innervates the mylohyoid muscle?
Definition
Mylohyoid branch of CN V
Term
What innervates the stylohyoid muscle?
Definition
CN VII
Term
What innervates the geniohyoid muscle?
Definition
C1 via CN XII
Term
What innervates the infrahyoid muscles?
Definition
Ansa cervicalis except thyrohyoid which is innervated by C1 via CN XII
Term
What muscle depresses the lower jaw and lip and angles the mouth, wrinkling the skin of the neck?
Definition
Platysma muscle
Term
What muscle turns the face toward the opposite side and works in unison to flex the head and raise the thorax?
Definition
Sternocleidomastoid
Term
What muscle elevates the hyoid and floor of the mouth, depressing the mandible?
Definition
Digastric and mylohyoid muscles
Term
What muscle elevates the hyoid only, drawing it backwards?
Definition
Stylohyoid
Term
What muscles depresses the hyoid and the larynx?
Definition
Sternohyoid and sternythyroid muscles
Term
What muscle depresses the hyoid and elevates the larynx?
Definition
Thyrohyoid
Term
What muscle depresses and retracts the hyoid and the larynx?
Definition
Omohyoid
Term
Where does the cranial root of CN XI arise from?
Definition
Medulla oblongata below the roots of the vagus
Term
Where do the spinal roots of CN XI arise from?
Definition
Lateral aspect of the cervical segment of the spinal cord between C1-C3 or C7
Term
CN XI exits the cranium through what opening?
Definition
Jugular foramen
Term
What forms the cervical plexus?
Definition
Ventral primary rami of C1-4
Term
What is the root of the lesser occipital nerve?
Definition
C2
Term
What is the root of the great auricular nerve?
Definition
C2-3
Term
What is the root of the transverse cervical nerve?
Definition
C2-3
Term
What is the root of the suprclavicular nerve?
Definition
C3-4
Term
What are the motor branches of the cervical plexus?
Definition
Ansa cervicalis, phrenic nerve, accessory phrenic nerve
Term
What are the cervical roots of ansa cervicalis?
Definition
Superior root C1-2, inferior root C2-3
Term
What are the cervical roots of the phrenic nerve?
Definition
C3-5
Term
How does the phrenic nerve travel through the area of the neck?
Definition
On anterior surface of the anterior scalene behind the sternocleidomastoid
Term
Where does the subclavian artery arise from?
Definition
Brachiocephalic trunk on the right, arch of the aorta on the left
Term
What arises from the first part of the subclavian artery before it passes posterior to the anterior scalene?
Definition
Vertebral artery, thyrocervical trunk, internal thoracic artery
Term
What arises from the second part of the subcalvian artery as it passes posterior to the anterior scalene?
Definition
Costocervical trunk
Term
What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk?
Definition
Inferior thyroid, transverse cervical, suprascapular artery
Term
What are the branches of the costocervical trunk?
Definition
Deep cervical artery, superior intercostal artery
Term
What arises from the third branch of the subclavian artery?
Definition
Dorsal scapular artery
Term
What innervates the carotid body at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and the carotid sinus at the origin of the internal carotid artery?
Definition
Nerve to the carotid body from the pharyngeal branch of CN X and by the carotid sinus branch of CN IX
Term
What are the branches of the internal carotid artery within the neck?
Definition
None
Term
Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranium?
Definition
Carotid canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone
Term
What arteries are given off by the internal carotid and where?
Definition
Ophthalmic and anterior middle cerebral arteries in the middle cranial fossa
Term
What are the branches given off by the external carotid artery?
Definition
Superior thyroid, lingual, facial, ascending pharyngeal, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary, and superficial temporal artery
Term
What branches are given off by the ascending pharyngeal artery?
Definition
Pharyngeal, palatine, inferior tympanic, and meningeal branches
Term
What branch is given off by the superficial temporal artery?
Definition
Transverse facial artery
Term
What forms the retromandibular vein?
Definition
Superficial temporal and maxillary veins
Term
What forms the external jugular vein?
Definition
Posterior branch of retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein
Term
What forms the common facial vein?
Definition
Facial vein and anterior branch of retromandibular vein
Term
What veins are received by the external jugular vein?
Definition
Suprascapular, transverse cervical, and anterior jugular vein
Term
Describe the course of the internal jugular vein
Definition
Begins in the jugular foramen as a continuation of the sigmoid sinus and descends in the carotid sheath, ends in the brachiocephalic vein
Term
The superficial lymph nodes of the head ultimately drain into what node?
Definition
Deep cervical nodes
Term
Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located?
Definition
Superior deep cervical node along the internal jugular vein in the carotid triangle, inferior deep cervical nodes on the internal jugular vein near the subclavian vein
Term
What supplies blood to the thyroid?
Definition
Superior and inferior thyroid arteries, thyroid ima arterty (inconsistent branch from the brachiocephalic trunk)
Term
What supplies blood to the parathyroid glands?
Definition
Inferior thyroid artery
Term
What nerve is given off by CN X in the neck?
Definition
Superior laryngeal nerve which divides into external and internal laryngeal nerves
Term
What is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve?
Definition
Cricothyroid and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Term
What is innervated by the internal laryngeal nerve?
Definition
Sensory fibers to the larynx above the vocal cord and taste fibers to the epiglottis
Term
Where is the sympathetic trunk located?
Definition
Behind the carotid sheath covered by the prevertebral fascia
Term
What causes Horner's syndrome?
Definition
Lesions of the cervical sympathetic trunk either by carcinoma or penetrating injury causes ptosis, miosis, enophthalmos, anhidrosis, and vasodilation
Term
Where is the thoracic duct located in the neck?
Definition
Arches laterally over the apex of the left pleura, posterior to the left carotid sheath anterior to the sympathetic trunk and vertebral and subclavian arteries
Term
What is the danger zone of deep cervical fascia?
Definition
Space between the anterior and posterior layers of prevertebral fascia because of its extension from the base of the skull to the diaphragm, providing a route for the spread of infection
Term
What is contained within the carotid sheath?
Definition
Common and internal carotid arteries, internal jugular, vagus nerve
Term
A retropharyngeal abscess or infection may spread from the neck into what area?
Definition
Posterior mediastinum via retropharyngeal space
Term
What innervates the scalene muscles?
Definition
C5-8
Term
What marks the site of the thyroglossal duct which connects the developing thyroid gland to the tongue during development?
Definition
Foramen cecum
Term
Where does CN VII emerge from to innervate the face and scalp?
Definition
Stylomastoid foramen posterior to the parotid gland
Term
What branches are given off by CN VII when it enters the parotid gland?
Definition
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical branches
Term
What types of muscles are innervated by the facial nerve?
Definition
Muscles of facial expression
Term
What causes the corneal blink reflex?
Definition
Bilateral contraction of orbicularis oculi muscles via efferent limb reflex arc of the facial nerve and afferent limb via nasociliary nerve. Activated in response to blowing on the cornea
Term
What causes Bell's palsy?
Definition
Paralysis of lower facial muscles on contralateral side due to lesion of the facial nerve, no impairment of forehead wrinkling unlike in stroke or brain tumors
Term
What muscle elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead?
Definition
Occipitofrontalis
Term
What muscle draws eyebrows downward and medially as in frowning?
Definition
Corrugator supercilii
Term
What muscle closes the eyelids?
Definition
Orbicularis oculi - orbital part for winking, palpebral part for blinking
Term
What draws the medial eyebrows downward?
Definition
Procerus
Term
What muscle compresses or flares the nostrils?
Definition
Transverse and alar parts of the nasalis muscle respectively
Term
What muscle closes the lips as in whistling?
Definition
Orbicularis oris
Term
What muscle depends the furrow between the nose and mouth and elevates the corners of the mouth?
Definition
Levator anguli oris
Term
What muscle deepen the furrow between the nose and the corners of the mouth?
Definition
Levator labii superioris
Term
What muscle elevates the upper lip and helps flare nostrils?
Definition
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
Term
What muscle draws the angle of the mouth backward and upward as in a smile?
Definition
Zygomaticus major and minor
Term
What muscle depresses the lower lip?
Definition
Depressor labii inferioris
Term
What muscle depresses the angle of the mouth as in a frown?
Definition
Depressor anguli oris
Term
What muscle is responsible for grinning?
Definition
Risorius
Term
What muscle is used to compress the cheek as in trumpet playing?
Definition
Buccinator
Term
What muscle elevates and protrudes the lower lip as in a pout?
Definition
Mentalis
Term
What muscles retract and elevate the ear?
Definition
Anterior, superior, and posterior auricularis muscles
Term
What are the facial sensory nerves given off by the ophthalmic branch of CN V?
Definition
Supraorbital, supratrochlear, lacrimal, infratrochlear, and external nasal nerves
Term
What are the facial sensory nerves given off by the maxillary branch of CN V?
Definition
Zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofacial, and infraorbital nerve
Term
What are the facial sensory nerves given off by the mandibular branch of CN V?
Definition
Auriculotemporal, buccal, and mental nerves
Term
What are the layers of the scalp?
Definition
S-C-A-L-P, skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, pericranium
Term
What layer of the scalp contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, and hair follicles?
Definition
Connect tissue (dense subcutaneous tissue)
Term
What layer of the scalp connects the occipital and frontal bellies of the occipitofrontal muscles?
Definition
Aponeurosis epicranialis
Term
What layer of the scalp contains emissary veins and is known as the danger area of the scalp?
Definition
Loose connective tissue
Term
Why is the loose connective tissue layer considered the danger area of the scalp?
Definition
Infection can spread easily in it or from the scalp to intracranial sinuses by way of the emissary veins
Term
What structures are found within the infratemporal fossa?
Definition
Lower portion of the temporalis muscle, lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, pterygoid venous plexus, mandibular nerve, maxillary artery, chorda tympani, and the otic ganglion
Term
What are the muscles of mastication?
Definition
Temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid
Term
What innervates the muscles of mastication?
Definition
Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
Term
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve exits the skull through what opening?
Definition
Foramen ovale
Term
What is innervated by the mandibular branch of CN V?
Definition
Muscles of mastication, tensor veli palatini, tensory tympani muscles, anterior belly of the digastric, and mylohyoid muscles
Term
What are the primary branches of the mandibular branch of CN V?
Definition
Meningeal branch, muscular branch, buccal nerve, auriculotemporal nerve, lingual nerve, inferior alveolar nerve
Term
What is supplied by the meningeal branch of CN V3?
Definition
Meninges of the middle cranial fossa
Term
What is supplied by the buccal nerve of CN V3?
Definition
Skin and fascia overlaying the buccinator muscle, penetrates buccinator muscle to supply the mucous membrane of the cheek and gums
Term
What is innervated by the auriculotemporal nerve of CN V3?
Definition
Carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion and sympathetic general visceral efferent fibers to the parotid gland, also supplies GSA to the temporomandibular joint and the skin of the auricle and scalp
Term
What is supplied by the lingual nerve of CN V3?
Definition
Joins chorda tympani to convey parasympathetic preganglionic fibers to the submandibular ganglion, taste and sensory fibers from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Term
What is innervated by the inferior alveolar nerve?
Definition
Tissues of the chin, lower teeth, and gums
Term
What branches are given off by the inferior alveolar nerve?
Definition
Mylohyoid, inferior dental, mental, and incisive branches
Term
The otic ganglion receives preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from what nerve?
Definition
CN IX, tympanic nerve, lesser petrosal nerve
Term
What gives off the maxillary artery and what are its three main divisions?
Definition
Given off by external carotid and gives off mandibular, pterygoid, and pterygopalatine divisions
Term
What are the branches of the mandibular division of the maxillary artery?
Definition
Deep auricular, anterior tympanic, middle meningeal, accessory meningeal, and inferior alveolar arteries
Term
What are the branches of the pterygopalatine division of the maxillary artery?
Definition
Posterior/superior alveolar, infraorbital, descending palatine, pterygoid canal, pharyngeal, and sphenopalatine arteries
Term
What receives venous blood from the branches of the maxillary artery and what does it drain into?
Definition
Pterygoid plexus of veins, drains into the maxillary vein
Term
The pterygoid plexus of veins has communicating branches with what other structures?
Definition
Cavernous sinus (via emissary veins), inferior opthalmic vein, and facial vein (via deep facial vein)
Term
What forms the retromandibular vein?
Definition
Superficial temporal and maxillary veins
Term
What forms the common facial vein?
Definition
Anterior branch of the retromandibular vein and facial vein
Term
What forms the external jugular vein?
Definition
Posterior branch of retromandibular vein and posterior auricular vein
Term
Where is the parotid gland located?
Definition
Retromandibular space
Term
Describe the route taken by the parotid duct
Definition
Crosses masseter, pierces the buccinator muscle, and opens into the vestibule of the oral cavity opposite the second upper molar
Term
Surgical removal of the parotid gland may damage what structure?
Definition
Facial nerve
Term
What innervates the temporomandibular joint?
Definition
Auriculotemporal and masseteric branches of the mandibular nerve
Term
What ligamentous band lies between the buccinator muscle and the superior pharyngeal constrictor?
Definition
Pterygomandibular raphe
Term
What ligament extends from the styloid process to the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible, separating the parotid from the submandiublar gland?
Definition
Stylomandibular ligament
Term
What are the bones of the skull?
Definition
Frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid, parietal, and temporal bones
Term
What traverses the optic canal?
Definition
Optic nerve, opthalmic artery, and central artery/vein of the retina
Term
What is Josh Chong's patented mnemonic for recalling where cranial nerves exit the skull?
Definition
Can Overweight Spider-man Still Stop Rampaging Octavius? Spidey Is Irredeemable J Jonah Jameson Hypothesizes:
Cribriform plate (CN I), Optic canal (CN II), Superior Orbital Fissure (CN III), Superior Orbital Fissure (CN IV), Superior Orbital Fissure (CN V1), Foramen Rotundum (CN V2), Foramen Ovale (CN V3), Superior Orbital Fissure (CN VII), Internal Acoustic Meatus (CN VII), Internal Acoustic Meatus (CN VIII), Jugular Foramen (CN IX), Jugular Foramen (CN X), Jugular Foramen (CN XI), Hypoglossal Canal (CN XII)
Term
What innervates the anterior cranial fossa?
Definition
Anterior and posterior ethmoidal branches of CN V1
Term
What innervates the middle cranial fossa?
Definition
Meningeal branches of CN V2 and CN V3
Term
What innervates the posterior cranial fossa?
Definition
CN XII and meningeal branches of CN X
Term
What horizontal fold of dura forms the roof of the sella turcica and covers the pituitary gland and the hypophysis?
Definition
Diaphragma Sellae
Term
What forms the straight sinus?
Definition
Great cerebral vein of Galen and the inferior sagittal sinus
Term
What sinus runs laterally from the confluence of sinuses along the edge of the tentorium cerebelli?
Definition
Transverse sinus
Term
What route does the transverse sinus take to the internal jugular vein?
Definition
Transverse sinus -> sigmoid sinus -> internal jugular vein
Term
What nerve runs alongside the internal carotid within the cavernous sinus?
Definition
CN VI
Term
What nerves run along the wall of the cavernous sinus?
Definition
CN III, IV, V1, V2
Term
Where is the cavernous sinus located?
Definition
On each side of the sella turcica and the body of the sphenoid bone between meningeal and periosteal layers
Term
What are the branches of the internal carotid artery?
Definition
Ophthalmic, posterior communicating, anterior choroidal, anterior cerebral, and middle cerebral arteries
Term
What gives off the vertebral arteries?
Definition
Subclavian artery
Term
What arteries are given off by the vertebral arteries?
Definition
Anterior spinal, posterior spinal, and posterior inferior cerebellar artery
Term
What arteries are given off by the basilar artery?
Definition
Pontine, labyrinthine, anterior inferior cerebellar, superior cerebellar, and posterior cerebral artery
Term
What forms CN II?
Definition
Ganglion cells of the retina which converge at the optic disc
Term
How is CN II involved in the pupillary light reflex?
Definition
Mediates afferent limb
Term
CN III fibers provide preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to what ganglion? What is the final destination of the innervation?
Definition
Ciliary ganglion, run in postganglionic short ciliary nerves to supply the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle. Mediates the efferent limb of the pupillary light reflex
Term
Preganglionic parasympathetic GVE fibers of CN III originate from cell bodies located in what region?
Definition
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Term
What is the sole structure innervated by CN IV?
Definition
Superior oblique muscle
Term
Lesion of CN IV causes what abnormality?
Definition
Diplopia (double vision) when looking down due to paralysis of the superior oblique muscle
Term
Where is the trigeminal ganglion located?
Definition
Meckel's cave on the petrous portion of the temporal bone
Term
CN V1 provides sensory innervation to what areas?
Definition
Eyeball, tip of the nose, skin of the face above the eye
Term
What are the primary branches of CN V1?
Definition
Lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, nasociliary nerve, meningeal branch
Term
What is supplied by the lacrimal nerve?
Definition
Lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, and skin of the uppe reyelid
Term
What are the divisions of the frontal nerve and what do they supply?
Definition
Supratrochlear and supraorbital nerves, medial and lateral portions of the forehead and scalp respectively, also the frontal sinus and upper eyelid
Term
What are the branches of the nasociliary nerve?
Definition
Communicating branch to the ciliary ganglion, short ciliary nerves, long ciliary nerves, posterior ethmoidal nerve, anterior ethmoidal nerve, infratrochlear nerve
Term
CN V2 provides innervation to what areas?
Definition
Midface below the eye but above the upper lip, palate, paranasal sinuses, and maxillary teeth
Term
What are the primary branches of CN V2?
Definition
Meningeal branch, pterygopalatine, posterior-superior alveolar, zygomatic, infraorbital nerves, also branches from the pterygopalatine ganglion
Term
The pterygopalatine ganglion relays parasympathetic innervation to what structures?
Definition
Mucous membrane of the nose, soft palate taste, tonsils, uvula, roof of the mouth, upper lip and gums, and upper part of the pharynx. Also carries sends fibers via the zygomatic nerve to the lacrimal nerve of CN V1 for lacrimal secretion
Term
CN V3 provides sensory innervation to what areas?
Definition
Face bellow the lip and mouth, scalp, jaw, mandibular teeth, anterior two thirds of the tongue
Term
CN V3 is involved in what reflex?
Definition
Mediates afferent and efferent limbs of the jaw jerk reflex
Term
What are the primary branches of the mandibular nerve?
Definition
Meningeal branches, muscular branches, buccal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves
Term
What reflex involves CN V2?
Definition
Afferent limb of the sneeze reflex
Term
What is the sole structure innervated by CN VI?
Definition
Lateral rectus
Term
Lesions of CN VI cause what abnormality?
Definition
Medial deviation of the affected eye
Term
What is the sensory ganglion formed by CN VII?
Definition
Geniculate ganglion
Term
CN VII is involved in what reflex?
Definition
Efferent limb of the corneal blink reflex
Term
Lesions of CN VII cause what syndrome?
Definition
Bell's palsy, loss of taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue, loss of GVE to lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual, nasal, and palatine glands, loss of GVA to palate, nasal mucosa, carotid sinus, and carotid body, loss of mediation of the efferent limb of the corneal blink reflex
Term
What are the primary branches of CN VII?
Definition
Greater petrosal, communicating branch to lesser petrosal nerve, stapedial, chorda tympani, muscular branches, fine communicating branch, posterior auricular nerve, terminal branches
Term
The greater petrosal nerve is involved in SVA innervation with what structure?
Definition
SVA taste from hard palate and soft palate via pterygopalatine ganglion, lacrimal gland, glands of the palate and pharynx
Term
Where does the chorda tympani nerve exit the skull?
Definition
Petrotympanic fissure
Term
The chorda tympani nerve of CN VII is associated with what parasympathetic motor ganglion?
Definition
Submandibular ganglion
Term
What is the function of the chorda tympani nerve?
Definition
SVA taste from anterior 2/3 of the tongue, preganglionic parasympathetic GVE innervation to submandibular and sublingual glands via submandibular ganglion
Term
Hair cells of the cochlea supplied by CN VIII are known as what?
Definition
Organ of Corti
Term
A lesion of CN VIII produces what effects?
Definition
Hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus
Term
What are the primary branches given off by CN IX?
Definition
Tympanic nerve, communicating branch to auricular branch of CN X, pharyngeal branch, carotid sinus, tonsillar, motor, and lingual branches
Term
What is innervated by the tympanic nerve of CN IX?
Definition
Forms tympanic plexus, conveys GVA to tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum and air cells, and auditory tub, continues as lesser petrosal nerve to transmit preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to otic ganglion
Term
What reflex involves CN IX?
Definition
Afferent limb of gag reflex via pharyngeal branch
Term
What is innervated by the motor branch of CN IX?
Definition
Stylogpharyngeus muscle
Term
What is supplied by the lingual branch of CN IX?
Definition
GVA and SVA taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and the vallate papillae
Term
CN X provides SVE innervation to what structures?
Definition
All muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and palate except stylopharyngeus and tensor veli palatini
Term
CN X is involved in what reflexes?
Definition
Afferent and efferent limb of cough reflex, efferent limbs of the gag reflex and sneeze reflex
Term
Lesion of CN X has what effect on the uvula?
Definition
Deviation toward the opposite side of the lesion on phonation
Term
What are the primary branches of CN X?
Definition
Meningeal, auricular, pharyngeal, superior, middle, and inferior cardiac branches, superior laryngeal nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve
Term
What are the divisions of the superior laryngeal nerve?
Definition
Internal and external laryngeal nerves
Term
What is supplied by the internal laryngeal nerve?
Definition
GVA to the lower pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx above the vocal cord
Term
What is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve?
Definition
SVE motor to cricothyroid and inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
Term
What does the recurrent laryngeal nerve loop around?
Definition
Subclavian artery on the right and around the arch of the aorta on the left
Term
What is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Definition
GVA sensory to the larynx below the vocal cord and SVE motor to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid
Term
CN XII supplies GSE fibers to what muscles?
Definition
All of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus, also innervates thyrohyoid and geniohyoid via C1 fibers
Term
A lesions of CN XII will have what observable effect?
Definition
Deviation of the tongue toward the injured side
Term
What allows passage between the orbit and the middle cranial fossa?
Definition
Superior orbital fissure and optic canal
Term
What allows passage between the orbit and the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae?
Definition
Inferior orbital fissure
Term
What is transmitted through the inferior orbital fissure?
Definition
Maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch and the infraorbital vessels
Term
What is transmitted through the optic canal?
Definition
Optic nerve an ophthalmic artery
Term
What are the common consequences of fracture of the orbital floor?
Definition
Most common orbital fracture, causes displacement of the eyeball, diplopia, injury to the infraorbital nerve and sensation loss of the skin of the cheek and gum, may also entrap the inferior rectus muscle, limiting upward gaze
Term
What carries postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the ciliary muscles and sphincter pupillae from the ciliary ganglion?
Definition
Short ciliary nerves from the nasociliary muscle
Term
The short and long ciliary nerve transmits postganglionic sympathetic fibers to what structures?
Definition
Dilator pupillae
Term
What reflex involves CN I?
Definition
Afferent limb of the pupillary light reflex
Term
What are the divisions of the CN III and what do they innervate?
Definition
Superior division for superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris muscles and inferior division for medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles, also carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus to the ciliary ganglion
Term
What gives off the ophthalmic artery?
Definition
Internal carotid
Term
What are the branches of the ophthalmic artery?
Definition
Central artery of the retina, long posterior ciliary, short posterior ciliary, lacrimal, medial palpebral, muscular branches, supraorbital, posterior and anterior ethmoidal, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal
Term
What artery pierces the optic nerve?
Definition
Central artery of the retina
Term
Occlusion of the central artery of the retina results in what?
Definition
Blindness
Term
What forms the superior ophthalmic vein?
Definition
Union of the supraorbital, supratrochlear, and angular veins, drains into cavernous sinus
Term
What muscles are innervated by CN III?
Definition
Superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae (sympathetic)
Term
What muscles are innervated by CN IV?
Definition
Superior oblique
Term
What muscles are innervated by CN VI?
Definition
Lateral rectus
Term
What is the function of the superior oblique muscle?
Definition
Rotates upper pole of eyeball medially so that cornea looks down and lateral
Term
What is the function of the inferior oblique muscle?
Definition
Rotates upper pole of eyeball laterally so that the cornea looks upward and lateral
Term
What is the site of origin for the four rectus muscles of the eye?
Definition
Common tendinous ring
Term
What is transmitted through the common tendinous ring via superior orbital fissure?
Definition
CN III, CN VI, and the nasociliary nerve
Term
Where is the common tendinous ring located?
Definition
As a fibrous ring surrounding the optic canal and the medial part of the superior orbital fissure
Term
What is transmitted through the common tendinous ring via the optic canal?
Definition
Optic nerve, ophthalmic artery, and central artery and vein of the retina
Term
What structures enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure but outside the common tendinous ring?
Definition
CN IV, frontal, and lacrimal nerves and superior ophthalmic vein
Term
What causes crocodile tears syndrome (bogard's syndrome)?
Definition
Spontaneous lacrimation during eating, caused by misdirected regeneration of parasympathetic fibers to the lacrimal gland that originally innervated salivary glands following a lesion of CN VII
Term
The tough, white fibrous tunic enveloping the posterior 5/6 of the eye is known as what?
Definition
Sclera
Term
What transparent structure is responsible for refraction of light entering the eye and forms the anterior 1/6 of the external coat of the eye?
Definition
Cornea
Term
What structure nourishes the retina and darkens the eye?
Definition
Choroid
Term
Where is the ciliary ring, process, and muscles found within the eye?
Definition
Ciliary body
Term
What is the definition of an Argyll-Robertson pupil?
Definition
Miotic pupil that responds to accommodation but fails to respond to light, caused by midbrain lesion
Term
What is the function of the pupillary light reflexes?
Definition
Constricts the pupil in response to light stimulation, also constricts contralateral pupil in a consensual reflex
Term
What is accommodation and how is it accomplished?
Definition
Adjustment of the eye to fovus on a nearby object. Occurs with contraction of the ciliary muscle causing relaxation of the suspensory ligament (ciliary zonular fibers), an increase in thickness, convexity, and refractory power of the lens
Term
How are the intrinsic muscles found in the iris innervated?
Definition
Sphincter pupillae by parasympathetic fibers, dilator pupillae by sympathetic fibers
Term
What causes Horner's syndrome?
Definition
Injury to cervical sympathetic nerves
Term
What are symptoms of Horner's syndrom?
Definition
Miosis, ptosis, enophthalmos, anhidrosis, vasodilation
Term
What creates the optic disk (blind spot)?
Definition
Optic nerve fibers formed by axons of the ganglion cells
Term
What is the Macula of the eye?
Definition
Yellowish area near the center of the retina on the temporal side of the optic disc, contains fovea centralis
Term
What nourishes the fovea centralis located in the macula? What is its function?
Definition
Nourished by choriocapillary lamina of the choroid, has no cones (only rods) and functions in detailed vision
Term
What is the visual purple pigment found in rods and what is its function?
Definition
Rhodopsin, specialized for vision in dim light
Term
What is the function of cones?
Definition
Visual acuity and color vision
Term
What characterizes macular degeneration?
Definition
Age-related macular degeneration in the macula in the center of the retina. Can see the edges of images but has no central vision. Anti-angiogenesis therapy used for wet type, anti-oxidants, vitamins, and possibly stem cell therapy used for dry type
Term
What causes glaucoma?
Definition
Increased intraocular pressure resulting from impaired drainage of aqueous humor via the scleral venous sinus (Schlemm's canal), impairs retinal blood flow
Term
What is the developmental origin of the retina, iris, and ciliary body?
Definition
Optic cup via optic vesicle from neuroectoderm of the diencephalon
Term
What is the developmental origin of the optic nerve?
Definition
Optic stalk via optic vesicle from neuroectoderm of the diencephalon
Term
What forms the lens and anterior epithelium of the cornea?
Definition
Lens placode from surface ectoderm
Term
What is the developmental origin of the choroids, sphincter pupillae muscles, dilator pupillae muscle, and ciliary muscle?
Definition
Neural crest cells
Term
What divides the tongue into anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 segments?
Definition
Sulcus terminalis
Term
What innervates the muscles of the palate?
Definition
All innervated by CN X via pharyngeal plexus except tensor veli palatini whichi s innervated by CN V3
Term
Where does the thyroglossal duct originate?
Definition
At the foramen cecum located at the apex of the sulcus terminalis
Term
What innervates the muscles of the tongue?
Definition
All by CN XII except palatoglossus which is innervated by CN X via pharyngeal plexus
Term
The funnel shaped fibromuscular tube that extends from the base of the skull to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage is known as what?
Definition
Pharynx, conducts food to the esophagus and air to the larynx and lungs
Term
What are the 3 subdivisions of the pharynx?
Definition
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngoparynx
Term
The nasopharynx provides communication between what areas?
Definition
Pharynx and nasal cavities via nasal choanae, tympanic cavity via auditory tube
Term
What structures are found in the oropharynx?
Definition
Palatine tonsils lodged in tonsillar fossae bounded by the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds
Term
Where can swallowed foreign bodies potentially be lodged in the laryngopharynx?
Definition
Piriform recesses on each side of the opening of the larynx
Term
What makes up the pharyngeal plexus?
Definition
Pharyngeal branches of CN IX and CN X and the sympathetic branches from the superior cervical ganglion
Term
What innervates the palatine tonsils?
Definition
Branches of CN IX and the lesser palatine branch of CN V2
Term
What is formed by the first (mandibular) pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Meckel's cartilage (develops into malleus, incus, maxilla, zygomatic and temporal squama, and mandible) and muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior digastric, tensor veli palatini, and tensor tympani muscles
Term
What is formed by the second (hyoid) pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Reichert's cartilage (develops the stapes, styloid process, lessser cornu, upper half of hyoid), muscles of facial expression, posterior digastric, stylohyoid, and stapedius muscles
Term
What is formed by the third pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Third arch cartilage (forms greater cornu and lower hyoid), and stylopharyngeus muscle
Term
What is formed by the fourth pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Fourth arch cartilage (forms the laryngeal cartilages), muscles of the soft palate excluding tensor veli palatini, muscles of the pharynx excluding stylopharyngeus, and the cricopharyngeus muscle
Term
What is formed by the sixth pharyngeal arch?
Definition
Sixth arch cartilage (forms laryngeal cartilages), intrinsic muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid, and upper muscles of the esophagus
Term
Muscles formed from the first pharyngeal arch are innervated by what nerve?
Definition
CN V (V2 and V3)
Term
Muscles formed by the second pharyngeal arch are innervated by what nerve?
Definition
CN VII
Term
Muscles formed by the third pharyngeal arch are innervated by what nerve?
Definition
CN IX
Term
Muscles of the fourth pharyngeal arch are innervated by what nerve?
Definition
Superior laryngeal branch of CN X
Term
Muscles of the sixth pharyngeal arch are innervated by what nerve?
Definition
Recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X
Term
What is formed by the first pharyngeal pouch?
Definition
Epithelium of the auditory tube and the middle ear cavity
Term
What is formed by the second pharyngeal pouch?
Definition
Epithelium and crypts of the palatine tonsil
Term
What is formed by the third pharyngeal pouch?
Definition
Inferior parathyroid gladns and thymus
Term
What is formed by the fourth pharyngeal pouch?
Definition
Superior parathyroid gland and ultimobranchial body
Term
What is formed by the first pharyngeal groove?
Definition
Epithelium of the external auditory meatus and the skin over the tympanic membrane
Term
What is formed by pharyngeal grooves 2, 3, and 4?
Definition
Obliterated during development
Term
What transmits the nasopalatine nerve and terminal branches of the sphenopalatine artery?
Definition
Incisive foramen
Term
What divides the nose into two nasal pasages?
Definition
Nasal septum
Term
Posterior openings in the nasal passages are known as what?
Definition
Choanae
Term
What is the primary function of the 3 scroll shaped nasal conchae on each lateral nasal wall?
Definition
Increase surface area of the nasal mucosa
Term
What is the primary function of the meatuses of the nose?
Definition
House openings for communication channels with the paranasal sinuses and the orbit
Term
Olfactory mucosa is limited to what area of the nose?
Definition
Lining of the superior nasal concha
Term
What is the purpose of nasal cycling?
Definition
Allows other passage to repair from damage that results from conditioning of inspired air
Term
What supplies blood to the nasal cavities?
Definition
anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries, sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries, lateral nasal and superior labial arteries
Term
90% of nosebleeds occur from what?
Definition
Kiesselbach's plexus (Little's area)
Term
The nasolacrimal duct drains opens into where?
Definition
Inferior meatus
Term
What is contained within the hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus?
Definition
Opening of the frontonasal duct, anterior ethmoidal air cells, and maxillary sinus
Term
What is rhinitis?
Definition
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa membrane cause dby allergies
Term
The ring of lymphoid tissue around the nasal and oral openings of the pharynx is called what?
Definition
Waldeyer's Ring
Term
What are the branches of CN V2 from the pterygopalatine ganglion?
Definition
Orbital, pharyngeal, posterior-superior lateral nasal, greater palatine, lesser palatine, and nasopalatine
Term
A lesion of the nerve of the pterygoid canal results in what abnormalities?
Definition
Vasodilation, lack of secretion of lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands, loss of general and taste sensation of the palate
Term
What are the two parts of the inner ear?
Definition
Tympanic cavity and epitympanic recess
Term
What allows communication between the middle ear and the nasopharynx?
Definition
Pharyngotympanic tube
Term
The tegmental wall separates what cavities?
Definition
Middle ear from middle cranial fossa
Term
Where is the the tympanic canaliculus located?
Definition
Jugular wall
Term
Chorda tympani and the lesser petrosal nerve exit the inner ear via what area?
Definition
Anterior wall of middle ear
Term
What separates the middle and inner ear and contains the prominence of the facial canal and the prominence of the lateral semicircular canal?
Definition
Labyrinthine wall (medial wall)
Term
What is found in the mastoid (posterior) wall of the inner ear?
Definition
Pyramidal eminence of stapedius tendon, opening for chorda tympani entering the ear
Term
What are the auditory ossicles?
Definition
Malleus, incus, and stapes
Term
What is the relationship of the chorda tympani with nearby structures as it passes through the middle ear?
Definition
Between incus and malleus
Term
Surgical incision of the tympanic membrane should be made in what quadrant?
Definition
Posterior inferior quadrant
Term
What attenuates the tympanic membrane in cases of loud noises?
Definition
Tensor tympani and stapedius
Term
What makes up the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?
Definition
Vestibule, cochlea, semicircular canals
Term
What substance fills the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?
Definition
Perilymph
Term
What substance fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear?
Definition
Endolymph
Term
What part of the inner ear makes up the vestibular apparatus?
Definition
Semicircular ducts of the membranous labyrinth
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