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Anatomy and Physiology - Urinary System
Chapter 42-44
48
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/16/2017

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Cards

Term
What are the principal organs of the urinary system?
Definition
Kidneys
Term
Name the accessory organs of the kidneys
Definition

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

Term
What does the urinary system regulate and why?
Definition

Regulates the content of blood plasma to maintain

'dynamic constancy' or homeostasis, of the

internal fluid environment

within normal limits.

Term
Describe the shape, size & location of the kidneys
Definition
  • Roughly oval with a medial indentation (lima bean)
  • Approx. 11 cm x 7 cm x 3 cm
  • Left kidney often larger than right
  • Right located a little lower
  • Both kidneys in retroperitoneal position
  • Between T12 and L3
Term
Describe the Hilum on the kidneys
Definition

Concave notch on medial surface where

vessels and tubes enter kidney

Term
Describe the Renal Pyramids
Definition
Comprise much of the medullary tissue; papilla is at the tip of each pyramid and releases urine through multiple ducts
Term
Describe the Calyx
Definition
Cuplike structure at each renal papilla to collect urine;  minor calyces join to form major calyces, which in turn join to form the renal pelvis
Term
What is the ureter formed from?
Definition

The renal pelvis narrows as it exits the kidney

to become the ureter.

Term

True or False

 

The renal pelvis acts as a collection basin to drain urine from the kidney

Definition
True
Term
How much of all blood pumped by the heart per minutes goes to the kidneys?
Definition
Approximately one-fifth
Term
Describe the ureter
Definition

A tube running from each kidney to the urinary bladder

 

* about 28-24 cm in length, composed of 3 layers: mucous lining, muscular middle layer, & fibrous outer layer

Term
How many openings are on the bladder floor?
Definition

3 openings

 

2 ureters & the urethra (the trigone)

Term
Describe the functions of the urinary bladder
Definition
  • Reservoir for urine before it leaves the body
  • Aided by the urethra, it expels urine from the body
Term
Describe the urethra
Definition

Small mucous membrane

 

lined tube extending from the trigone to the

exterior of the body

Term
What are 2 other terms for urination?
Definition

Voiding

Micturition

Term
Describe the urethra in males
Definition

After leaving the bladder, passes through the prostrate gland where it is joined by two ejaculatory duct, ending at the urinary meatus.

 

Approx. 20 cm long and is part of the urinary and reproductive system

Term

How much urine can the average bladder hold before it causes a moderately distended sensation

& the desire to void?

Definition
250 ml
Term

How many nephrons are there in each kidney

in a normal person?

Definition

1.25 million

 

(2.5 million in a body)

Term
Describe the proximal convoluted tubule
Definition

First part of the renal tubule nearest to Bowman's capsule, follows a winding, convoluted course

 

** also known as the proximal tube

Term
Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?
Definition
Where the afferent arteriole brushes past the distal convoluted tubule
Term
What is a cortical nephron?
Definition

A nephron with a Henle loop that does not dip into the medulla but remains almost entirely within the cortex; 

they constitute approx. 85% of the total nephrons

Term
List the 3 processes urine is formed from
Definition
  1. Filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
Term
Describe the kidney filtration process
Definition
Movement of water and protein-free solutes from plasma in the glomerulus into the capsular space of Bowman capsule
Term
Describe the kidney Tubular Reabsorption process
Definition
Movement of molecules out of the tubule and into peritubular blood
Term
Describe the kidney Tubular Secretion process
Definition
Movement of molecules out of peritubular blood and into the tubule for excretion
Term
Filtration occurs as a result of ___________ ____________
Definition
Pressure Gradiant
Term
How is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) determined?
Definition
Mainly by glomerular hydrostatic pressure and therefore directly related to systemic blood pressure
Term
What does GFR stand for?
Definition
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Term

Which 2 hormones reduce water loss

(or less urine is produced)?

Definition

ADH

Aldosterone

Term
Which hormone causes a kidney to produce more urine?
Definition
Atrial natriuretic hormone
Term
Describe what urine volume means
Definition

Related to the total amount of solutes other than sodium excreted in urine; in general,

the more solutes, the more urine

 

Term

What % of water is contained in the composition of urine?

 

What composes the other %?

Definition

95%

 

* other substances are Nitrogenous Wastes:

 

Urea

Uric acid

Ammonia

Creatinine

Term
Glycosuria
Definition
glucose (sugar) in urine
Term
Dysuria
Definition
painful urination
Term
Anuria
Definition
Absence of urine
Term
Oliguria
Definition
scanty (limited) amount of urine
Term
Nephritis
Definition
general term for kidney disease
Term
Hydronephrosis
Definition

obstruction of urine flow causing backup and

swelling of the renal pelvis

 

Term
Define where Aldosterone is secreted from and what it is responsible for
Definition

Secreted by the adrenal cortex

 

Increases distal tubule absorption of sodium, thereby raising the sodium concentration of blood and thus promoting reabsorpotion of water (less urine produced)

Term
What is the Glomerulus?
Definition

Network of fine capillaries surrounded by

the Bowman capsule

Term
Describe a Juxtamedullary Nephron
Definition
A nephron with a renal corpuscle near the medulla and a Henle that dips far into the medulla
Term
Pyelonephritis
Definition
Inflammation of the renal pelvis and connective tissue of the kidney; usually caused by bacteria
Term
Cystitis
Definition
Inflammation of the bladder commonly caused by calculi, tumors, and bacteria;  more common in females
Term
Hematuria
Definition
Blood in urine
Term
Nephrons
Definition

The microscopic functional unites, comprise the

bulk of the kidney

 

* each nephron is made of 2 regions (renal corpuscle & renal tubule) & connects to a shared collecting duct

Term
What anchors the kidneys?
Definition
Renal fasciae anchor the kidneys to surrounding structures
Term
Know the location of the renal artery
Definition
See diagram on Blackboard
Term
Urine Composition
Definition

95% water

 

Balance consists of:

  1. Nitrogenous wastes
  2. Electrolytes
  3. Toxins
  4. Pigments
  5. Hormones
  6. Abnormal constituents
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