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Anatomy and Physiology Test 1
Anatomy and Physiology Test 1
93
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/12/2013

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Term
4 Types of Physiology
Definition
molecular, cellular, organ system, pathological
Term
What Homeostasis can regulate
Definition
temperature, water level, calcium level, blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen and CO2 levels, blood glucose
Term
Receptor
Definition
sensor that recognizes stimulus or environmental change
Term
Control center
Definition
processes information from the sensor
Term
Effector
Definition
produces an activity
Term
Intrinsic Autoregulation
Definition
cells, tissues, or organ systems; can sense various environmental changes; can activate response mechanisms that adjust activity; typically LOCALIZED response
Term
Extrinsic regulation
Definition
sense various environmental changes, send signals to cells, tissues, or organs causeing activation of response mechanisms; WIDESPREAD response
Term
symptom
Definition
subjective; experience; not easily measurable
Term
sign
Definition
objective; physically observable or measurable
Term
elements of the human body by percent body weight
Definition
oxygen (65), carbon (19), hydrogen (10), nitrogen (3) trace elements (3)
Term
elements of the human body by percent of total atoms
Definition
hydrogen (62), oxygen (26), carbon (10), nitrogen (1.5), trace elements (.5)
Term
trace elements
Definition
calcium, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, sulfurm chlorine, magnesium, iron, iodine
Term
electrolyte
Definition
soluble inorganic molecule whose ions can conduct electrical current in solution (NaCl)
Term
physiologically important ions
Definition
Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, HPO4 2-, H+, OH-
Term
normal blood pH range, acidosis, alkalosis
Definition
7.35-7.45, low pH, high pH
-can alter protein structures
Term
4 major classes of organic compounds
Definition
1. carbs 2. lipids 3. proteins and amino acids 4. nucleic acids and nucleotides
Term
molecular composition of the human body
Definition
water>proteins>lipids>carbs
Term
monosaccharides
Definition
glucose, fructose, galactose
Term
disaccharides
Definition
sucrose, lactose
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
starch, glycogen, cellulose
Term
lipids
Definition
CHO with less O; also contain P,N,S; phospholipids, glycolipids, prostglandins(local), leukotrines, steroids
Term
steroids
Definition
cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, corticosteroids, etc.
Term
glycoproteins
Definition
antibodies, hormones, mucus, large protein + CHO
Term
proteoglycans
Definition
large polysaccharides linked by polypeptide chains; important thickening agent in tissue fluids
Term
four types of cells in the human body
Definition
eukaryotic, prokaryotic, parasites, viruses (not cells)
Term
glycocalyx on extracellular surface
Definition
smaller groups attached to membrane lipids and membrane proteins
Term
rough ER
Definition
contains ribosomes; synthesis of proteins
Term
smooth ER
Definition
lipid and carbohydrate synthesis
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
processes and packages products
Term
proteasomes
Definition
digest DAMAGED or ABNORMAL PROTEINS
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
enzymatic BREAKDOWN of LIPIDS and TOXINS
Term
lysosomes
Definition
vesicles with multiple types of digestive enzymes; responsible for removal of damaged cells
Term
Do all somatic cells contain the same genes?
Definition
yes
Term
stem cells
Definition
produces populations of specialized calls with limited capabilities
Term
undifferentiated/embryonic cells
Definition
can form any type of cell
Term
neural, muscle, connective, epithelical
Definition
4 tissue types
Term
connective tissue proper
Definition
fibroblasts, reticular and elastic fibers, adipose, aerolar, tendons, ligaments
Term
fluid connective tissue
Definition
specialized cells in fluid matrix
Term
supportive connective tissue
Definition
cartilage and bone
Term
exocrine glands
Definition
secrete products onto SURFACE of epithelium
Term
endocrine glands
Definition
release HORMONES onto surrounding interstitial fluid or bloodstream
Term
merocrine action
Definition
exocytosis
Term
apocrine action
Definition
loss of product and cytoplasm
Term
holocrine
Definition
destroys cells
Term
cutaneous membrane
Definition
dermis, epidermis
Term
subcutaneous layer
Definition
hair follicles, nails, exocrine glands
Term
stratified squamous epithelium
(epidermis)
-cell types
-vascular or avascular?
Definition
keratinocyes, melanocytes, langerhans, merkel, avascular
Term
subcutaneous/superficial fascia
Definition
loose fibrous, contains fat for padidng and insulation, vascular
Term
functions of integumentary system (6)
Definition
nutrient storage, temperature regulation, vitamin D3 synthesis, sensory detection, protection, excretion
Term
cholecalciferol
Definition
vitamin D3, epidermal cells ecposed to UV light produce it
Term
calcitriol
Definition
hormone affecting bone growth
-produced by KIDNEY
-stimulates Ca2+ and PO4 2- absorption
-regulates Ca2+ ion conc. in body
Term
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
increases calcium absorption
Term
oldest cells in stratum _______ layer eventually flake off
Definition
corneum
Term
__-__ days from germinativum layer to cells being shed
Definition
30-45
Term
thick skin has __ layers and thin skin has __ layers
Definition
5, 4
Term
fingerprints
Definition
made from epidernal ridges of s. germinativum are interlocked with dermal papillae; improve grip
Term
calcitriol
Definition
hormone affecting bone growth
-produced by KIDNEY
-stimulates Ca2+ and PO4 2- absorption
-regulates Ca2+ ion conc. in body
Term
skin disorders(6)
Definition
hyperkeratosis, xerosis, psoriasis, herpes, warts, cancers
Term
types of skin cancers (4)
Definition
actinic keratinosis (pre-cancerous), basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcionma, melanoma
Term
hair matrix
Definition
germinative layer, produces keratinocytes, has cyclic growth pattern
Term
types of glands (5)
Definition
apocrine, sebaceous, ceruminous, sudoriferous (2), mammary
Term
sebaceous
Definition
oil producing, onto hair shaft or epidermal surface, inhibits bacterial growth, conditions hair and skin
Term
apocrine
Definition
open into HAIR FOLLICLE, primarily in armpits an dpubic regions, sudoriferous sweat gland, active after puberty
Term
merocrine
Definition
sensible perspiration/evaporative cooling, open directly to SKIN SURFACE, palms and soles
Term
mammary
Definition
anatomically similar to apocrine, use apocrine actions, produce milk
Term
ceruminous
Definition
wax-producing, in ear canals
Term
sudoriferous sweat glands
Definition
merocrine/apocrine, both use merocrine action (exocytosis)
Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition
collagen fibers and ground substance
-provides stiff but flexible support, reduces friction between bony surfaces
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
collagen and elastic fibers
-provides support but tolerates distortions
Term
fibrocartilage
Definition
dense collagen little ground substance
-resists sompression,prevents bone-to-bone contact, limits movement
Term
interstital growth
Definition
growth from within
Term
appositional growth
Definition
growth at surface; inner layer of perichondrium divides
-increases bone diameter
Term
osseous tissue components
Definition
2/3 hydroxyapetite (Ca2+ salts)
1/3 collagen (protein fiber framework)
Term
osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts
Definition
builds, cuts-down via osteolysis
Term
growth order of bone cells
Definition
osteoprogenitor>osteoblast>osteogenesis>osteocytes (in lacunae w/ cannaliculi)
Term
1. "dense" vs. "cancellous bone"
2. "cortex" vs. "diploe"
Definition
1. compact vs. spongy
2. same but in skull
Term
trabeculae
Definition
in spongy bone only
Term
locations of compact and spongy bone
Definition
compact: stresses are limited in direction
spongy: where stresses are weaker or multi-directional
Term
a typical long bone includes (5)
Definition
diaphysis, metaphyses, epiphyses, articular cartilage, marrow cavity
Term
periosteum
Definition
covers outer surface of bone
-fibrous outer layer, inner layer of stem cells
Term
endosteum
Definition
lines inner surface of bone
-layer of stem cells and osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Term
ossification
Definition
converting other tissue to bone
-ossification centers are at epiphyseal plates
Term
intramembraneous ossification
Definition
bone develops within mesenchymal (embryonic) connective tissue
Term
endochondral ossification
Definition
cartilage model gradually replaced by bone; cartilage remains as articular cartilage at ends of bones
Term
vitamin D deficiency
Definition
rickets
Term
vitamin C needed for _______ ________
Definition
collagen synthesis
-defeciency=scurvy
Term
growth hormone
(location, purpose, defeciency)
Definition
pituitary, protein synthesis, dwarfism/gigantism
Term
thyroxine
(location, purpose)
Definition
thyroid gland, increases bone mass by stimulating osteoblast activity
Term
sex hormones
(two types, purpose)
Definition
estrogens and androgens, epiphyseal plate closure due to increased osteoblast activity
Term
parathyroid hormone
Definition
increases blood calcium levels
Term
calcitonin
Definition
"tones down" blood calcium levels
Term
osteopenia
Definition
natural loss of bone mass
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
pathological loss of bone mass due to osteoclasts degrading bone
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