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Anatomy and Physiology of Respiration
The organs and functions of those organs in regard to respiration
58
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/10/2014

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Term
Respiratory Organs
Definition
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs
Term
Respiratory Organs
Definition
act in concert with the cardiovascular system to supply O2 and remove CO2 from the blood
Term
Nose
Definition
composed of bone and cartilage covered by skin and is lined with mucous membranes
Term
Nose
Definition
openings to the exterior are called external nares or nostrils and are lined with coarse hairs to filter dust
Term
Nose
Definition
the internal portion communicates with the paranasal sinuses and throat through the internal nares
Term
Nasal Cavity
Definition
divided into left and right sides by the nasal septum
Term
Nose
Definition
adapted for warming, moistening and filtering air; detects olfactory stimuli; provides large, hollow sinuses as resonance chambers for speech sounds
Term
Pharynx
Definition
serves as a passageway for air and food and provides a resonance chamber speech sounds; divided into 3 anatomical regions
Term
Pharynx
Definition
AKA the throat; houses the tonsils; is a 5-inch funnel-shaped muscular tube lined with mucous membranes
Term
Nasopharynx
Definition
posterior to the nasal cavity; contains the pharyngeal tonsils
Term
Nasopharynx
Definition
there are 5 openings in its wall- 2 internal nares, 2 eustachian tubes and the opening to the oropharynx
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
from the soft palate to the hyoid bone; contains the palatine and lingual tonsils
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
only one opening- the fauces or throat
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
begins at the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
AKA the hypopharynx
Term
Uvula
Definition
v-shaped fleshy pendant that descends from the soft palate; moves upward when swallowing to prevent foods and liquids from entering the nasal cavity
Term
Larynx
Definition
AKA the voice box; lies anterior to the esophagus at the level of C4-C6; contains vocal cords
Term
Larynx
Definition
passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea; composed of 9 pieces of cartilage
Term
Thyroid Cartilage
Definition
AKA the adam's apple
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
widens and moves down during swallowing to form a lid over the glottis to keep foods and liquids out of the airways
Term
Cricoid Cartilage
Definition
provides attachments for muscles, cartilages and ligaments involved in air passage and speech
Term
Paired Cartilages
Definition
arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate
Term
Trachea
Definition
AKA the windpipe; extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi at the level of T5 where it divides into right and left primary bronchi
Term
Trachea
Definition
tubular passageway for air about 5 inches long and 1 inch in diameter; lined with mucous membranes
Term
Trachea
Definition
consists of pseudostratified cilitaed epithelium, smooth muscle and hyaline cartilage; C-shaped rings accomodate for slight expansion of the esophagus during swallowing
Term
Trachea
Definition
made up of 16-20 horizontal C-rings of hyaline cartilage stacked one on top of the other that provide semi-rigid support to keep the wall from collapsing
Term
Tracheotomy
Definition
AKA tracheostomy; operation to make a short longitudinal incision into the trachea just inferior to the cricoid cartilage
Term
Tracheotomy
Definition
could need this if airflow is blocked in the trachea by a crushing injury, tumor, foreign object or inflamamtion
Term
Intubation
Definition
inserting a tube into the mouth or nose and passing it inferiorly through the larynx and trachea
Term
Bronchial Tree
Definition
functions in transporting air from the trachea to the alveoli of the lungs; resembles an inverted tree
Term
Bronchial Tree
Definition
consists of the trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
Term
Primary Bronchi
Definition
consists of C-shaped rings of cartilage; right side is more vertical, shorter and wider than the left making it more likely to lodge aspirated objects
Term
Primary Bronchi
Definition
divided into left and right bronchus by the carina
Term
Carina
Definition
bronchi divider; most sensitive area of mucous membranes which can trigger the cough reflex
Term
Secondary Bronchi
Definition
AKA lobar; one for each lung; consists of cartilage rings
Term
Tertiary Bronchi
Definition
AKA segmental; one for each segment in each lobe of the lung; consists of smaller cartilage rings
Term
Bronchioles
Definition
cartilage disappears and the amount of smooth muscle increases at the distals of these
Term
Terminal Bronchioles
Definition
consists of smooth muscle and no cartilage; branch into the respiratory bronchiles which contain the alveolar ducts to supply the alveolar sacs
Term
Exercise
Definition
causes the smooth muscle in the bronchioles to relax and the airways to dilate during cardiovascular activities; allergic reaction have the opposite effect
Term
Lungs
Definition
paired organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by paired pleural membranes
Term
Parietal Pleurae
Definition
lines the thoracic cavity
Term
Visceral Pleurae
Definition
covers each lung
Term
Pleural Cavity
Definition
contains a lubricating serous fluid that reduces friction between the two pleurae
Term
Right Lung
Definition
has 3 lobes separated by 2 fissures (oblique and horizontal)
Term
Left Lung
Definition
has 2 lobes separated by the oblique fissure and a depression called the cardiac notch
Term
Lung Lobe
Definition
contains its own secondary bronchi, which give rise to to branches called tertiary bronchi
Term
Lung Lobe
Definition
divided into smaller segments which consist of many small compartments called lobules
Term
Lobule
Definition
contains lymphatic tissure, arterioles, venules, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli
Term
Alveoli
Definition
small hollow cup-shaped sacs filled with air; lined by simple squamous epithelium
Term
Alveoli
Definition
the lung contains 300 million of these
Term
Alveolar Sac
Definition
consists of 2-3 clusters of alveoli
Term
Alveolar Wall
Definition
consists of 2 types of epithilial cells and macrophages
Term
Type 1 Epithelial Cells
Definition
made up of simple squamous epithelial cells which are the main site of gas exchange
Term
Type 2 Epithelial Cells
Definition
AKA septal cells; made up of cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete alveolar fluid (eg. surfactant) to keep the surface between the cells and air moist
Term
Alveolar Macrophages
Definition
AKA dust cells; remove fine dust particles and other debris from the alveolar spaces via phagocytosis
Term
Surfactant
Definition
mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins; produced by septal cells in the lungs and keep the alveoli open, reducing the tendency for collapse
Term
Respiratory Membrane
Definition
site of gas exchange via diffusion
Term
Respiratory Membrane
Definition
consists of 2 single layers of simple squamous epithelium (1 alveolar epithelium and 1 capillary epithelium) between which lie alveolar and capillary basement membranes
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