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Anatomy and Physiology of Integumentary System (Secondary)
The structures and functions of hair, nails, glands and skin color
37
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/28/2014

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Term
Skin Color
Definition
melanin, carotene and hemoglobin are the three main factors in this
Term
Melanin
Definition
causes the skin's color to vary from pale yellow to tan to black
Term
Melanocytes
Definition
most plentiful in the epidermis of the penis, nipples, areola, face and limbs
Term
Melanocytes
Definition
everyone has the same number of these but the amount of pigment they produce and transfer to keratinocytes determines differences in skin color
Term
Melanin
Definition
freckles and age spots can form when this accumulates in patches
Term
Albinism
Definition
inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin
Term
Carotene
Definition
yellow-orange pigment that gives egg yolk and carrots their color
Term
Vitamin A
Definition
has carotene as its precursor and is used to synthesize pigments needed for vision
Term
Carotene
Definition
found in the stratum corneum and fatty areas of the dermis and subcutaneous layer
Term
Hemoglobin
Definition
oxygen-carrying pigment inside rbc's
Term
Hair
Definition
located on most areas of the skin with the exception of the palms, palmer surfaces of the fingers, soles and plantar surfaces of the toes
Term
Hair
Definition
each one is made up of a thread of dead keratinized cells with two parts, the shaft and root; AKA pili
Term
Shaft
Definition
superficial portion of the hair seen projecting out from the skin
Term
Root
Definition
below the surface of the skin and penetrates into dermis and even subcutaneous layer
Term
Hair Follicle
Definition
surrounds the root and surrounded by a nerve ending called a hair root plexus
Term
Hair Follicle
Definition
composed of 2 layers of epidermal cells- external and internal root sheaths surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
Term
Bulb
Definition
the base of each hair follicle
Term
Arrector Pili
Definition
smooth muscle that extends from the upper dermis to the side of each hair follicle
Term
Hair Color
Definition
comes from melanin, variants result in different color hair; grey hair is the result of a decline in melanin, white hair is from an accumulation of air bubbles in the shaft
Term
Glands
Definition
single or group of epithelial cells that secrete specialized substances
Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
oil glands in the dermis that open into hair follicles or directly onto skin surface; increased activity in adolescence
Term
Sebum
Definition
oily substance secreted from sebaceous gland; pimples can form if it is nutritive to certain bacteria
Term
Sebum
Definition
keeps hair from drying out, prevents excess evaporation of water from skin, and inhibits bacterial growth
Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
enlarged these with an accumulation of sebum can cause blackheads (color is from melanin and oxidized oil)
Term
Sudoriferous Glands
Definition
sweat glands of 2 different groups- eccrine and apocrine
Term
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Definition
most common type, located throughout skin
Term
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Definition
found in axilla, groin, areolae of breasts and bearded regions of face
Term
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Definition
do not begin to function until puberty
Term
Ceruminous Glands
Definition
located in external auditory meatus (ear canal); secretes cerumen (ear wax)
Term
Nails
Definition
plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells of the epidermis
Term
Nails
Definition
average growth is about 1 mm per week
Term
Nail Body
Definition
portion of the nail that is visible
Term
Free Edge
Definition
part that extends past end of finger or toe
Term
Nail Root
Definition
portion that is not visible
Term
Lunula
Definition
whitish semilunar area near the nail root
Term
Nail Matrix
Definition
nail growth is caused by the transformation of the superficial cells of this into nail cells
Term
Cuticle
Definition
made up of stratum corneum
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