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Anatomy and Physiology II: Unit 1 Special Senses
Vision, Hearing, Equilibrium, Taste, Smell
93
Anatomy
11th Grade
04/10/2015

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Term
vision
Definition
when light rays entering the eye are converted into electrical impulses and are sent to the brain, and you are able to see
Term
accommodation
Definition
the adjusting of the eye in order to focus on near objects and far objects and objects in bright light and in dim light
Term
amacrine cells
Definition
interneurons in the retina, stimulated by photoreceptor cells, synapse with receptor cells and bipolar cells
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
watery fluid that nourishes the eye
Term
bipolar cells
Definition
synapse with rods, cones, and horizontal cells and transmit signals to the ganglion via amacrine cells
Term
choroid
Definition
middle tunic between retina and sclera, composed of blood vessels and connective tissue
Term
ciliary body
Definition
holds and controls the shape of the lens
Term
ganglion cells
Definition
receives information from photoreceptors and horizontal cells through amacrine cells and bipolar cells
Term
horizontal cells
Definition
regulate what visual information is sent to the brain
Term
iris
Definition
wall in the eye that creates the pupil with its circularly and radially arranged smooth muscles
Term
lens
Definition
refracts light, changes shape to change the focal distance so that things can be seen at different distances
Term
macula lutea
Definition
yellow oval at center of the retina, allows central vision
Term
opsin
Definition
G-protein activated by light, transport ions
Term
optic nerve
Definition
carries impulses from the retina to the brain
Term
photon
Definition
particle of light
Term
photoreceptors
Definition
specialized neurons in the retina: rods and cones, help to convert light into nerve signals
Term
primary visual cortex
Definition
part of brain that receives impulses from the optic nerve
Term
pupil
Definition
the hole created by the iris
Term
pupillary reflexes
Definition
pupil’s reflex to different amounts of light
Term
receptive field
Definition
field in which a stimulus could trigger a reflex
Term
refraction
Definition
bending of the light rays
Term
retina
Definition
inner-most tunic of the eye, contains the photoreceptors
Term
retinal
Definition
form of vitamin A, binding protein
Term
rhodopsin
Definition
pigment in the photoreceptor cells
Term
rods
Definition
photoreceptors in the eye, function in less intense light
Term
sclera
Definition
outermost tunic of the eye
Term
cornea
Definition
clear, central, anterior portion of the sclera through which the light enters the eye
Term
transducin
Definition
G-protein activated by the change in rhedopsin
Term
vitreous humor
Definition
holds the shape of the eye
Term
auditory reflexes
Definition
reflex to sound
Term
auditory tube
Definition
tube running from middle ear to pharynx, usually flat, opens when you yawn or swallow, equalizes pressure within the ear
Term
basilar fibers
Definition
fibers that make up the basilar membrane
Term
basilar membrane
Definition
vibrated by sound waves, move the hair cells on it so that they move against the tympanic membrane
Term
cochlea
Definition
one of the three divisions of the inner ear
Term
cochlear branch of CN8
Definition
branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve that deals with hearing
Term
ear ossicles
Definition
transmit vibratory motion of eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear
Term
external auditory canal
Definition
short narrow chamber carved into the temporal bone of the skull
Term
incus
Definition
also called anvil, anvil shaped bone in the middle ear, in the middle of the stapes and malleous, receives vibrations from the malleous and passes them to the stapes
Term
inner ear
Definition
maze of bony chambers (bony labyrinth), divided into cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals
Term
malleous
Definition
also known as hammer, receives vibrations from the tympanic membrane and passes them along to the incus
Term
middle ear
Definition
tympanic cavity, air filled cavity within the temporal bone, flanked laterally by the eardrum and medially by a bony wall with a oval window opening and a inferior, membrane covered round window opening
Term
organ of corti
Definition
contains the hearing receptors (hair cells), receives soundwaves from vibrations of the eardrum, the ossicles, and oval window that reach the cochlea and put the cochlear fluids in motion
Term
outer ear
Definition
outermost part of ear, contains pinna and the ear canal
Term
oval window
Definition
membrane covered opening that leads to the vestibule in the inner ear from the middle ear
Term
perilymph
Definition
plasma-like fluid which fills the bony labyrinth
Term
pinna
Definition
shell shaped structure around the auditory canal opening, collects and directs sound waves into the auditory canal
Term
primary auditory cortex
Definition
part of the brain in the temporal lobe where interpretation of sound occurs
Term
round window
Definition
closed off from the middle ear by the round window membrane, allows the fluid in the cochlea to move
Term
scala media
Definition
also called cochlear duct, endolymph filled cavity within the cochlea of the inner ear
Term
scala vestibuli
Definition
also called vestibular duct, perilymph filled cavity within the cochlea of the inner ear, conducts sound vibrations to the scala media
Term
scale tympani
Definition
also called tympanic duct, perilymph filled cavity within the cochlea of the inner ear, communicates with the scala vestibuli through an opening at the apex of the cochlea
Term
sound wave
Definition
compression of air molecules
Term
stapes
Definition
also known as stirrup, receives vibrations from the incus and passes them to the oval window
Term
stereocilia
Definition
mechanosensing organelles of hair cells that respond to the motion of fluids in the ear in order to perform functions such as hearing and balance
Term
tectorial membrane
Definition
moved up and down by the movementsof the stereocilia
Term
tympanic membrane
Definition
eardrum, hit by sound waves entering the external auditory canal which make it vibrate, separates the outer and middle ear
Term
ampulla
Definition
in the semicircular ducts, contains fluid that moves the cupula when the head moves
Term
auditory nerve (CN 8)
Definition
transmits auditory information to the brain to be processed, helps with balancing and hearing
Term
cupula
Definition
cluster of sensitive hairs that are bent by the pressure of the fluid in the ampulla when the head moves, helps detect movement
Term
endolymph
Definition
fluid within the membranous labyrinth in the inner ear, waves are sent through it and it vibrates the basilar membrane
Term
hair cells
Definition
on the basilar membrane within the organ of Corti, when the basilar membrane vibrates the hair cells move against the tympanic membrane
Term
otoconia
Definition
small crystals of calcium carbonate, when the head moves the crystals move, moving the hair cells
Term
saccule
Definition
larger of vestibular sacs (otolith organs), detects up an down motion
Term
semicircular canals
Definition
lined with cilia, filled with endolymph, when head moves endolymph moves, causing one to feel motion
Term
utricle
Definition
smaller of the vestibular sacs (otolith organs), detects forward, backward, left, and right motion
Term
vestibular branch of CN8
Definition
deals with balance, transmits sensory information from the hair cells of the utricle and saccule
Term
vestibule
Definition
contains the saccule and utricle, central portion of osseous labyrinth, one of the three divisions of the inner ear
Term
bitter
Definition
taste mediated by G-protein dependent mechanisms, causes the release of Ca+ from intracellular stores
Term
gustatory cortex
Definition
the brain structure responsible for the perception of taste
Term
gustducin
Definition
G-protein that mediates transduction of bitter tastes
Term
papillae
Definition
peg-like projections on the tongue mucosa that give the surface of the tongue an abrasive feeling
Term
saliva
Definition
dissolves chemicals so that they may be tasted
Term
salty
Definition
Na+ influx through apically located Na+ channels, directly depolarizes the gustatory cell
Term
sour
Definition
mediated by H+, either directly enters the cells through a channel, opens channels that allow other cations to enter, or blockades K+ channels
Term
sweet
Definition
taste mediated by G-protein dependent mechanisms, causes the closure of K+ channels
Term
taste bud
Definition
sensory receptor organ for taste, located in oral cavity (most are on tongue, some on inner cheeks, papillae of tongue, soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis)
Term
taste pore
Definition
the small openings of the taste buds
Term
taste sensations
Definition
different taste sensations are salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami
Term
umami
Definition
taste mediated by G-protein dependent mechanisms
Term
amygdala
Definition
almond-shape neurons in the medial temporal lobe of the brain, helps with memory of smells
Term
frontal cortex
Definition
inferior region of the frontal lobe, controls smell
Term
glomerulus
Definition
receive information and send it to the brain, produce odorant patterns that the brain interprets as smell
Term
hippocampus
Definition
functions in the storage of memories of smells
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
part of brain that regulates many body functions one of which is smell
Term
mitral cells
Definition
principle neurons in the olfactory bulb that obtain information from other cells carrying olfactory receptors and process it
Term
nasal epithelium
Definition
olfactory epithelium, in the roof of the nasal cavity, epithelium specialized for smelling, provide metabolic and physical support for olfactory cells
Term
nasal mucus
Definition
slimy secretion produces by mucous membranes, prevents tissue from drying and protects it, traps bacteria and dust so that it doesn’t enter the body
Term
odorant
Definition
a substance with a distinctive smell
Term
odorant receptor
Definition
attract odorant molecules
Term
olfactory bulb
Definition
receives input about odors from cells in the nasal cavity that detect these odors
Term
olfactory cortex
Definition
portion of the cerebral cortex that deals with olfaction or smelling, identifies odors, receives sensory information about odors
Term
olfactory nerve
Definition
cranial nerve number one, functions in smelling, relays sensory data to the brain
Term
olfactory receptor cell
Definition
bowling pin shaped cells that cover the olfactory epithelium, bipolar neurons
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