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Anatomy and Physiology I exam 3
NA
91
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/12/2014

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Cards

Term
What are the Major functions of the Nervous System?
Definition

Integration of information

Generation of memory

control of various systems

Mental Activity

Term
2 major components of nervous system
Definition
barin and spinal cord
Term
what is sensory receptors?
Definition
they detect sensations
Term
what is cranial nerve?
Definition
conduits between sensory and receptors and CNS
Term
what is the spinal nerve?
Definition
nerves formed by the joining of the dorsal and central roots that arose form the spinal cord
Term
what is the ganglion?
Definition
nerve cells outside of the spinal cord
Term
what is the plexus?
Definition
network of neirons and axons outside of CNS
Term
what is PNS?
Definition
consists of all the nervous tissue outside the CNS
Term
what are the components of the PNS?
Definition

sensory receptors

nerves

ganglia

plexus

Term
function of the sensory receptors?
Definition
endings of the neuron, specialized cells that detect temp, pain, touch , pressure, light, sound, and others
Term
function of the nerves?
Definition
bundle of nerve fibers called axons and their sheaths. connects CNS to sensory receptros, muscles, and glands
Term
funciton of Ganglia?
Definition
collection of neiron cell bodies located outside of CNS
Term
function of plexus?
Definition
extensive network of axons and cell bodies located outside of CNS
Term
what is synapse?
Definition
junction between 2 cells. communicate between the nerve cell and effector organ
Term
how is SNS different from ANS?
Definition

ANS is a structural composition of the systed. it integrates information and generates a reaction

SNS (somatic) allows us to consciously control movements of our skeletal muscles through AP

Term
What are the 2 subdivisions of ANS?
Definition
sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
what are the cellular components of the CNS
Definition

dendrites

cell body

axon

Term
what do dendrites do?
Definition
collect information
Term
what does the cell body do?
Definition
generated information
Term
what does the axon do?
Definition
transports the information
Term
what are the 3 types of neurons?
Definition

multipolar

bipolar

unipolar

[image]

Term
What are the types of glial cells?
Definition
schwann and satellite cells
Term
what is the function of the schwann cell?
Definition
myelin sheath production
Term
what is the function of the satellite cell?
Definition
support and protection of the cell body
Term
what are the similarities between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?
Definition
both contain neural cell and dendrites for transmission
Term
what are the differences between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?
Definition
neurons with myelinate axons have a faster signal conduction than an unmyelinated neuron. Myelination: AP generated only at node of ranvier. Unmyelinated: AP same as muscle.
Term
how is the AP across a muscle similar to the AP on an axon?
Definition
is it only similar if the axon is umyelinated. propagation across the entire length of the axon in one direction
Term
what are 2 refractory periods?
Definition
absolute and relative
Term
what is the role of the absolute refractory period of one way conduction of the neural impulse?
Definition
guarantees that once an AP has begun, both depolarization and repolarization phases will be completed, or close before another AP can begin
Term
what is the role of the relative refractory period of one way conduction of the neural impulse?
Definition
stronger than threshold stimulus can initiate another AO during period, but before the relative period is completed, strong stimulus can produce another AP.
Term
What is AP frequancy?
Definition
# of AP predicted per unit of time in response to a stimulus
Term
subthreshold stimulus
Definition
any stimulus not strong enough to produce a graded potential that reaches threshold
Term
threshold stimulus
Definition
any stimulus not strong enough to produce a graded potential that reaches threshold
Term
maximal stimulus
Definition
just strong enough to produce maximum frequency of AP
Term
supramaximal stimulus
Definition
any stimulus stronger than maximal
Term
what is the relationship between strength of stimulus and AP frequency?
Definition
the stronger the strength of the stimulus, the higher the frequency of AP is
Term
define saluatory conduction
Definition
AP jumps between nodes of Ranvier causing them to go from positive to negative
Term
Type A nerve fiber
Definition
rapid transmission (motor neuron)
Term
Type B/C nerve fiber
Definition
homeostasis/ANS (unmyelinated)
Term
what are 2 types of synapse?
Definition
Electrical and chemical
Term
what is the function of electrical synapse
Definition
rare; conduct signals via ion flow from one cell to the next
Term
what is the funciton of chemical synapse
Definition
common; conduct signals via neurotransmitters
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
small biological molecules
Term
neuromodulator
Definition
influence generation of postsynaptic AP. affects type of neurotransmitter being released
Term
Exitatory postsynaptic potential
Definition
depolarization
Term
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Definition
hyperpolarization; presynaptic neuron
Term
facilitation
Definition
increases the release of neurotransmitters
Term
spatial summation
Definition
AP from multiple axons
Term
temporal summation
Definition
multiple AP from single presynaptic terminal
Term
what are the types of neural pathway
Definition

convergent

divergent

circulatory

Term
how is convergent involved in integration of neural signals?
Definition
activiation/inhibition of neural activity by combining various information
Term
how is divergent involved in integration of neural signals?
Definition
simultaneous control of different system by a single neural input
Term
how is circulatory involved in integration of neural signals?
Definition
repeated stimulation/inhibition of the same pathway by a single neural input
Term
what are some examples of neurotransmitters?
Definition

AC: myasthenia gravis

biogenic amines: antidepressant therapy

serotonin: hallucinogens

dopamin: drug addiction, parkinson disease

Term
What is the central nervous system?
Definition
it consists of the brain and spinal cord and is encased in the bone. the CNS processes, integrates, stores, and responds to information fromt he peripheral nervous system
Term
What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
Definition
the nercous tissue outiside the CNS, it consists of sensory receptors, nerves, ganglia, and plexuses. PNS detects stimuli and transmits information to and receives information from the CNS.
Term
What is the Reflex Arc?
Definition
the afferent (receptors), efferent (effectors), the excited neurons, and the AP in response to stimulus together form the reflex arc.
Term
Somatic motor nervous system
Definition
innervates skeletal muscle and is responsible for VOLUNTARY movement, generally subject to conscious control.
Term
Autonomic Nervous System
Definition
its function is to regulate the involuntary functions of the body, including heart, blood vessels, GI tract, urogenital organs, structures onvolved in respiration, and the muscles of the eye. Only innervates glands and smooth muscle, NOT skeletal muscle
Term
How is ANS different from Sensory system
Definition
sensory neurons are not classified as somatic or autonomic. these neurons propagate AP from sensory receptors to the CNS and can provide for reflexes mediated through the SNS.
Term
define sympathetic nervous system
Definition

Pre-ganglionic: cell body located within the CNS. lateral horns of spinal cord gray matter

Post-ganglionic: cell body located within the ganglia, paravertebral ganglia

 

Term
Parasympathetic nervous system
Definition

Pre-ganglionic: cell body located within CNS. brainstem and lateral parts of spinal cord gray matter

Post-ganglionic: cell body located within the ganglia, on teh surface of the effector

Term
What does the cholinergic neuron secrete?
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
What does the Adrenergic neuron secrete?
Definition
norepinephrine
Term
What type of neurotransmitter receptors are involved in signal transduction?
Definition

Nicotine

muscarinic

alpha

Beta

Term
what is the respectic location for nicotine?
Definition
binds to acetylcholine (all post-ganglionic neurons)
Term
what is the respectic location for muscarinic receptors?
Definition
binds to acetylcholine (found in ALL parasympathetic and SOME sympathetic effectors)
Term
what is the respectic location for alpha and beta receptors?
Definition
bind to norepinephrine and epinephrine (found in MOST sympathetic effectors)
Term
Sympathetic chain ganglia
Definition
connected to each other and form a chain along the left and right sides of the vertebral column.
Term
Collateral Ganglia
Definition
unpaired ganglia located in the abdominopelvic cavity. they are anterior to the vertebral column.
Term
Terminal Ganglia (parasympathetic)
Definition

where they synapse with postganglionic neurons.

 

Term
List the 4 different destination of sympathetic postganglionic neurons
Definition

1. spinal nerves (back to the spinal cord via gray ramus)

2. sympathetic nerves (paravertebral ganglia and prevertebral ganglia)

3. splanchnic

4. Adrenal Medulla (systemic effects of symp stimulations)

Term
What are the 3 types of enteric neurons
Definition

1. enteric sensory neurons

2. enteric motor neurons

3. enteric interneurons

Term
Enteric sensory neurons
Definition
detech changes int eh chemical compositions of the contents of the digestive tract or detect stretch of the digestive tract wall
Term
enteric motor neuron
Definition
stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction and gland secretion; alter function of the GI response to sensory input
Term
enteric interneurons
Definition
connect enteric sensory and motor neurons to each other; capeable of monitoring and controlling the digestive tract independently of CNA through local reflex
Term
sympathomimetic drugs
Definition
act on adrenergic effector organs, induce identical/similar response to endogenous epinephrine or norepinephrine
Term
indirect sympathomimetic drugs
Definition
causes release of epinephrin/norepinephrine
Term
receptor agonist
Definition
activators
Term
receptor antagonist/blockers
Definition
inactivates chemical
Term
examples of parasympathomimetic drugs
Definition
cholinergic, acts like acetylcholine, inhibits choline
Term
anti-muscrarinic drugs
Definition
inhibits cholinergic activity at effector organs
Term
what are the physiological changes associated with fight/flight response
Definition
increased heart rate, increased breakdown of stored energy, dilation of air passageways, etc.
Term
what is the fight/flight response and how is it generated?
Definition

exposure to stress processed by higher CNS.

generated by sympathetic response in prep for anticipated vigorous physical activities

Term
what is stress?
Definition
state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances
Term
what is the role of the adrenal medulla?
Definition
makes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
how is the coordinated ANS response generated?
Definition
one stimulus can trigger response by multiple organs. coordinated response of different structure by simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation
Term
What determines the response of the effector to the ANS stimulation?
Definition
the type of receptor that the effector has
Term
How are adrenic receptors are classified?
Definition
agonist and antogonist
Term
Agonists
Definition
binds to specific receptors and activates them
Term
antagonist
Definition
binds to specific receptors and prevent them from being activated
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