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Anatomy and Physiology
Digestive System/Nutrition
60
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/06/2017

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Segmentation
Definition
  • Mixing movement; digestive relexes cause a forward and backward movement with a single segment of the GI tract
  • Helps break down food particles, mixes food and digestive juices, and brings digested food in contact iwth intestinal mucosa to facilitate absorption.
Term
Hemorrhoids
Definition
Dilated veins resulting from irritation or increased venous pressure
Term
Diarrhea
Definition
Result of increased motility of the small intestine, causing decreased absorption of water and electrolytes and a watery stool.
Term
Mumps
Definition

Acute viral disease characterized by swelling and inflammation of the parotid gland

 

SX: fever, loss of appetite, weakness, pain with chewing

Term
Cholesterol
Definition
  • A component of bile
  • Products of detoxification, and bile pigments are waste excreted by the liver and eventually eliminated in the feces.
Term
Gingivitis
Definition
  • Inflammation or infection of the gums
  • Results from poor oral hygiene; inadequate brushing and no flossing
  • Can result in periodontitis if left untreated; spreading to surrounding bony tissue
Term
Pyloric sphincter (and its location)
Definition

Controls the outlet of the pyloric portion of the stomach into the duodenum

 

(Looks like a "C" coming off the stomach)

Term
Absorption
Definition
  • Movement of nutrients through the GI mucosa into the internal environment
  • Most absorption occurs in the small intestines (food and nutrients)
  • Water is adsorbed in the large intestines
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
Wavelike ripple of the muscle layer of a hollow organ; progressive motility that produces forward movement of matter along the GI tract.
Term
Pepsin
Definition
Begins the digestion of proteins
Term
Name 3 Salivary glands and how much saliva do they secrete each day?
Definition
  • subliguals, parotids, submandibulars
  • 1 L or 2 bottles of water
Term
Uvula
Definition
Suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of the arch
Term
Parietal cells
Definition
Secretes hydrochloric acid
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
Process where a compound (food/chyme) mixes with water and splits into simpler compounds
Term
Cementum
Definition
covering of the tooth at the neck and the root
Term

Know that affects carbohydrate metabolism

Definition
Term

Know the alimentary canal and its openings.      

Definition
The mouth and the anus
Term

The structure of the hard palate:

Definition
Consists of portions of bones:  2 maxillae and 2 palatine
Term

The layers of the walls of the GI tract, from anterior to posterior

Definition
In her notes, outer to inner: Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
Term

Divisions of the colon, including all of the flexures:

Definition
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon (joins the descending colon to the rectum)
  • Rectum
  • Hepatic flexure (right)
  • Splenic (left)
Term
Gallbladder: know everything about it, what it can hold, where it is located, its walls, and its function
Definition
  • Pear-shaped sac 7-10 cm long and 3 cm wide at its broadest point.
  • Holds 30-50 mL of bile
  • Lies on the undersurface of the liver
  • Functions:

Storage of bile

Concentration of bile fivefold to tenfold

Ejection of the concentrated bile into the duodenum

Term

Function of the liver"

Definition

Detoxification by liver cells

and

Bile secretion by liver: bile salts are formed in the liver from cholesterol and are the most essential part of bile; liver cells secrete approx. 1 pint of bile a day

Term

Know all about digestion and what occurs in which part of the digestive system.

Definition
Term

The definition of Deglutition and the steps: 

Definition

Process of swallowing; complex process requiring coordinated, rapid movements.

 

  • Oral stage (mouth to oropharynx) Only voluntary stage
  • Pharyngeal stage (oropharynx to esophagus
  • Esophageal stage (esophagus to stomach)
Term
Functions and location of the pancreas
Definition
  • Acinar units secrete digestive enzymes
  • Beta cells secrete insulin
  • Alpha cells secrete glucagons
  • Runs from the duodenum, behind the stomach, to the spleen
Term
What does gastric juice contain?
Definition
 It contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes, such as pepsin, that aid in digestion.
Term

Know the phases of gastric secretion.

Definition
  • Cephalic phase
  • Gastric phase
  • Intestinal phase
Term
Another name for oral cavity:
Definition
Buccal cavity
Term
3 parts of the tongue:
Definition
Root, tip, and body
Term
Lingual frenulum
Definition
Anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth
Term
Smallest of the salivary glands and what kind of saliva do they produce?
Definition
Sublingual, mucous type
Term
Dentin
Definition
Comprises the greatest portion of the tooth shell; covered by enamel at the crown and by cementum at the neck and the root.
Term
Decidous teeth:
Definition

Baby teeth, which appear early in life

 

(20 of them)

Term
Permanent teeth
Definition

Replace deciduous teeth 

(32 of them)

Term
Cardia
Definition

Collarlike region at junction with esophagus

 

(Stomach)

Term
Fundus
Definition

Enlarged portion to the left and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach.

 

Term
Body
Definition
Central portion of the stomach
Term
Pyloris
Definition
Lower part of the stomach
Term
Gastric muscularis
Definition

Thick later of muscle with 3 distinct sublayers of smooth muscle tissue arranged in a crisscrossing pattern.

 

Allows the stomach to contract strongly at many angles.

Term
Duodenum
Definition
Uppermost portion of the small intestine; approx. 25cm long, shaped roughly like the letter "C"
Term
Jejunum
Definition
Portion of the small intestine; approx. 2.5 m long
Term
Ileum
Definition
Portion of the small intestine; approx 3.5 m long
Term
2 lobes of the liver are separated by:
Definition
Falciform ligament
Term
Lobes of the liver:
Definition

Left 1/6 of the liver

Right 5/6 of the liver, divides into right lobe proper, caudate lobe, and quadrate lobe

Term
Small bile ducts form the right and left _______ _______.
Definition
Hepatic ducts
Term

True/False

 

There are 2 main types of motility produced by the smooth muscle of the GI tract and can occur together in an alternating fashion.

Definition
True
Term
Hydrochloric acid
Definition
Secreted by parietal cells
Term
Constipation
Definition
Contents of the lower port of the colon and rectum move at a slower than normal rate; extra water is absorbed from the feces, resulting in a hardened stool.
Term
Cholecystectomy
Definition
Surgical procedure removing the gallbladder
Term
Anal fissures
Definition
Minor lacerations in the lining of the anus or anal canal
Term
Anal Fistula
Definition
Passageway that develops between the rectal wall and the surrounding skin.
Term
Cecum
Definition
First 5-8 cm of the large intestine; blind pouch located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.
Term
Intrinsic factor
Definition
  • Secreted by parietal cells
  • Protects vitamin B12 and later facilitates its absorption
Term

True/False

 

Ingested food material passing through the lumen of the GI tract is outside the internal environment of the body

Definition
True
Term
Vermiform appendix
Definition
  • Accessory organ of the digestive system
  • 8-10 cm in length
  • Communicates with the cecum
Term
Exocrine portion of the pancreas
Definition
The majority of the pancreas; tiny ducts unit to form the main pancreatic duct, which empties in the duodenum
Term
Endocrine portion of the pancreas
Definition
  • Embedded between exocrine units; called pancreatic islets, only 2% of total mass of pancreas.
  • Made up of alpha cells and beta cells
  • Passes secretions into capillaries
Term

True/False

 

The digestive tract is functionally an extension of the external environment; material does not truly enter the body until it is absorbed in the the internal environment

Definition
True
Term
Gastric motility
Definition
  • Emptying of the stomach takes 2-6 hours
  • Chyme is ejected approx. every 20 seconds into the duodenum
Term

True/False 

 

Hydrochloric Acid decreases the pH of chyme for activation and optimum function of pepsin

Definition
True
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