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Anatomy and Physiology
Respiratory System
54
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/04/2017

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Term
Surfactant
Definition
A component of the fluid coating the respiratory membrane that reduces surface tension.
Term
Cribiform plate
Definition
Separates the roof of the nose from the cranial cavity.
Term
Another name for Pharynx and describe the structure:
Definition
  • AKA throat
  • A tubelike structure, about 12.5 cm (5") long, extending from the base of the skull to the esophagus.
  • Made of muscle and divided into 3 parts.
Term
Pneumonia
Definition
  • Characterized by acute inflammation of the lungs
  • Alveoli & bronchi become plugged with thick fibrin & neutrophil exudate (pus).
  • Majority of infections result from strep 
Term
Pressure gradient
Definition
  • The pulmonary ventilation mechanism must establish 2 gas pressure gradients:

-One in which pressure within the alveoli of the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure to produce inspiration.

 

-One in which pressure in the alveoli of the lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure to produce expiration.

Term
Bronchitis
Definition
  • Excessive tracheobronchial secretions are produced obstructing air flow; bronchial mucous glands are enlarged.
Term
Elastic recoil
Definition
  • Tendency of pulmonary tissues to return to a smaller size after having been stretched.
  • Occurs passively during expiration
Term
COPD
Definition
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: term to describe conditions of progressive irreversible obstruction of expiratory air flow.
  • Symptoms include productive cough and intolerance of activity.
  • Bronchitis, asthma and emphysema are disorders observed in COPD patients
Term
Emphysema
Definition
  • Air spaces distal to the bronchioles enlarge as a result of connective tissue damage.
  • Alveoli enlarge, rupture, and fuse into large irregular spaces destroying air/gas exchange
Term
Epistaxis
Definition
Commonly referred to as a "nose bleed", can be caused by violent sneezing, nose blowing, chronic infection (rhinits), hypertension, trauma/injury
Term
Lung cancer
Definition
  • A malignancy of pulmonary tissue.
  • Destroys vital lung tissue and invade other body parts (metastasis)
  • Most common cause is smoking, but also asbestos, coal and petroleum products.
Term
Pharyngitis
Definition
AKA Sore throat, inflammation or infection of the pharynx.
Term
Septum
Definition
Separates the nasal cavity into right and left cavities.
Term
Rhinitis
Definition
Inflammation of the nasal cavity mucosa commmonly caused by a  viral infection.
Term
Residual volume
Definition
Amount of air that cannot be forcibly exhaled (1.2L)
Term
Primary structures of the respiratory system:
Definition
  • Upper respiratory tract: Organs that are located outside the thorax and consist of the Nose, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx.
  • Lower respiratory tract: Organs that are located within the thorax and consist of the trachea, the bronchial tree, and the lungs.
Term
Secondary structures of the respiratory system:
Definition
?
Term

What structures are included in the upper respiratory tract, their lengths and functions?

Definition
  • Nose-provides a passageway for air traveling to and from the lungs and filters air, aids speech, and makes possible sense of smell.
  • Pharynx-12.5cm (5") long: is the pathway for the respiratory and digestive tracts.
  • Larynx-positioned between the root of the tung and the upper end of the trachea: voice box.
Term
What structures are included in the lower respiratory tract?
Definition
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi and alveoli
  • Lungs
  • Thorax
Term

Function of alveoli:

Definition
  • Sacs that serve as gas exchangers
  • All other parts of respiratory system serve as air distributors
Term
The divisions of the thoracic cavity:
Definition
  • 3 divisions divided by the pleura.
  • Pleural divisions: The part occupied by the lungs
  • Mediastinum: Part occupied by the esophagus, trachea, large blood vessels, and heart.
Term

Explain expiration and how it occurs:

Definition
A passive process that begins when the inspiratory muscles are relaxed, which decreases the size of the thorax.
Term

How is carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system?

Definition
  • A small amount of CO2 dissolves in plasma and is transported as a solute (10%)
  • More than 2/3 of the CO2 is carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions (70%)
Term

What fills paranasal sinuses?

Definition
  • Air-containing spaces that open or drain into the nasal cavity
  • They are lined with respiratory mucosa
Term
How much oxygen is in arterial blood?
Definition
  • 20 ml (20%) of oxygen per 100 ml of blood
Term
How much of the blood’s hemoglobin unites with oxygen and at what point?
Definition
97% by the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart.
Term
Cleft palate:
Definition
The palatine bones fail to unite completely and only partially separate the nose and the mouth, thereby producing difficulty swallowing.Wha
Term
Anterior Nares
Definition
External openings to the nasal cavities; open into the vestibule.
Term
3 parts of the pharynx:
Definition
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
Term
The pharynx is the pathway for the ________ and _______ tracts.
Definition
Respiratory and digestive.
Term
2 parts of the larynx:
Definition
  • Vestibular folds (false vocal folds)
  • Vocal folds
Term
Trachea
Definition
  • AKA windpipe
  • Extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi.
  • About 11 cm (4.5 inches) long.
Term
Left lung:
Definition
  • 2 lobes, superior and inferior
Term
Right lung:
Definition
3 lobes, superior, middle and inferior
Term
Definition of Respiratory Physiology:
Definition
Complex, coordinated processes that help maintain homeostasis.
Term
Technical term for breathing:
Definition
Pulmonary Ventilation
Term
Spirometer
Definition
Instrument used to measure the volume of air.
Term
What acts like an oxygen sponge?
Definition
Hemoglobin (Hb)
Term
Laryngitis
Definition
Inflammation of the mucous lining of the larynx, characterized by vocal cord edema
Term
Tuberculosis (TB)
Definition
  • Chronic bacillus infection caused by mycrobacterium tuberculosis.
  • Highly contagious, transmitted airborne.
  • Symptoms: non-productive cough, fatigue, chest pain weight loss, fever, night sweats.
Term
Pneumothorax
Definition
  • Potential medical emergency caused by accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity, occurring as a result of disease, injury, or spontaneously.
Term
The respiratory system also _______, _______, and _______ air.
Definition
Warms, filters, and humidifies
Term
What are respiratory organs involved in?
Definition
Speech, homeostasis of body pH, and olfaction (smell)
Term
How are pressure gradients established?
Definition
By changes in the size of the thoracic cavity that are produced by contraction and relaxation of muscles.
Term
Name the accessory structures associated with the respiratory system:
Definition
Oral cavity, ribcage, and diaphragm.
Term
Describe the structure of bronchi:
Definition
  • Lower end of the trachea divided into 2 primary bronchi (left and right)
  • The primary bronchi enter the lung and divide into secondary bronchi, which branch into bronchioles and eventually divide into alveolar ducts and alveoli.
Term
Respiratory membrane:
Definition
The barrier between which gases are exchanged by alveolar air and blood.
Term
Name the 4 factors that determine the amount of oxygen that diffuses into blood:
Definition
  1. The oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air and blood
  2. The total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane
  3. The respiratory minute volume: volume moved per minute
  4. Alveolar ventilation: Alveoli must be properly ventilated for adequate gas exchange
Term

True/False

 

The walls of the alveoli and capillaries form only a very thin barrier for gases to cross.

Definition
True
Term
Respiratory control centers:
Definition
The main integrators controlling the nerves that affect the inspiratory and expiratory muscles are located in the brainstem (breathing center)
Term
Cerebral cortex influences breathing by:
Definition
Increasing or decreasing the rate and strength of respirations.
Term
Alveolar ventilation:
Definition
Air flow to the alveoli
Term
Alveolar perfusion:
Definition
Blood flow tot he alveoli
Term
Acute Bronchitis:
Definition
  • Common condition characterized by acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree.
  • Part of or preceded by and acute URI.
  • Protective functions of the bronchial epithelium are disturbed and excessive fluid accumulates in the bronchi.
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