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Anatomy and Physiology
Lymphatic System
37
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/11/2017

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Lingual tonsils
Definition
Located near the base of the tongue
Term
Thymus
Definition
  • Single, unpaired organ located in the mediastinum
  • Extends upward to the lower edge of the thyroid
  • Extends inferiorly as far as the 4th costal cartilage

 

Term
Inguinal lymph nodes
Definition
Located in the groin
Term
Pharyngeal tonsils 
Definition
  • Located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity.
  • AKA adenoids
Term
Axillary nodes
Definition
Found under the arm and in the chest.
Term
Lymphoma
Definition
  • Refers to a tumor of the cells of lymphoid tissue.
  • Often malignant and in rare cases benign.
Term
Filaria
Definition

 

  • Lymphedema can be caused by small parasitic worms called filaria.
  • Infest the lymph vessels.
  • They are mainly seen in the tropics.
Term
Lymphangitis
Definition
  • An acute inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, stems from invasion of an infection of an organism.
  • Characterized by thin, red streaks extending from an infected region up the arm or leg.
Term
Lymphedema
Definition
An abnormal condition in which swelling of tissues in the extremities occur because of an obstruction of the lymphatics and accumulation of lymph.
Term
  • Lymphatic vessels
Definition
Begin blindly in the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues; do not form a closed circuit.
Term

How much lymph from the breast enters the nodes of the axillary region?

 

And where does the remainder of lymph enter the nodes?

Definition

85%

 

Along the lateral edges of the sternum.

Term
Percentage Of total proteins that leak out of the capillaries into the tissue fluid?
Definition
50%
Term
Describe the substance that makes up the lymphatic fluid:
Definition
  • Clear, watery fluid found in lymphatic vessels
  • Closely resembles blood plasma in composition but has a lower percentage of protein.
Term

Referring to the general circulation rate of lymph and how it is maintained.

 

How does lymph move through the system?

Definition
  • In the right direction because of the large number of valves.
  • Breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions establish a fluid pressure gradient, as with venous blood.
  • Lymph flows through the thoracic duct and reenters the general circulation at the rate of 3 liters a day.
Term
Describe the substance that makes up the interstitial fluid:
Definition
  • Complex, organized fluid that fills the spaces between the cells and is part of the ECM.
  • Resembles blood plasma in composition with a lower percentage of protein.
Term

What happens to the thymus in advanced old age?

 

Definition
Becomes yellowish as lymphoid tissue is replaced by fat.
Term
Describe the structure of lymphatic vessels and what are they similar to?
Definition
Similar to veins except lymphatic vessels have thinner walls, have more valves, and contain lymph nodes.
Term
The 2 functions of lymph nodes:
Definition
Defense and Hematopoiesis
Term
Structure and size of a lymph node:
Definition
  • Oval-shaped enclosed by fibrous capsule
  • May range in size from 1mm to more than 20mm in diameter.
Term
Function of the spleen:
Definition
  1. Defense-macrophages lining the sinusoids of the spleen remove microorganisms from the blood and phagocytose them.
  2. Hematopoiesis-monocytes and lymphocytes complete their development in the spleen.
  3. Red blood cell and platelet destruction-macrophages remove worn-out RBCs and imperfect platelets and destroy them phagocytosis; also salvage iron and globin from destroyed RBCs
  4. Blood reservoir-pulp of spleen and its sinuses store blood

Too wordy??  Probably knowing the functions of the spleen would be sufficient :)

Term
How much blood can the pulp of the spleen and its sinuses store?
Definition
Up to 350mL
Term
The function of the lymphatic system:
Definition

2 most important:

  1. Maintain fluid balance in the internal environment
  2. Immunity

Third function is to collect absorbed fat from the intestines and transport it to the systemic veins.

 

Term
Lymph from ____________ empties into _________ and then into __________.
Definition

Upper right quadrant

Right lymphatic duct

Right subclavian Vein

Term
Lymph from rest of the body empties into the __________, which then drains into the _______; thoracic duct originates as the _________.
Definition

Thoracic duct

left sublavian vein

cisterna chyli.

Term
The thymus secretes:
Definition
Thymosin and other regulators, which enables lymphocytes to develop into T cells.
Term
Name the lymph organs and other structures that contain lymphoid tissue:
Definition
Lymph nodes, aggregated lymphoid nodules, thymus, spleen, tonsils, and bone marrow.
Term
Referring to the structure of lymphatic vessels, one-way valves are present every _________ in large lymphatics and even ________ in smaller lymphatics.
Definition

few millimeters

more frequently in smaller lymphatics

Term
Nodes are a type of ________ filter.
Definition
Biological
Term

Name the groups of lymph nodes with greatest clinical importance:

(7 of them)

Definition
  1. Submental
  2. Submaxillary
  3. Superficial cervical
  4. Superficial cubital
  5. Axillary
  6. Iliac
  7. Inguinal lymph nodes
Term
What is mechanical filtration?
Definition
Physically stopping particles from progressing further in the body.
Term
What is biological filtration?
Definition
Biologic activity of cells destroys and removes particles.
Term
Phagocytosis:
Definition

Reticuloendothelial cells remove microorganisms and other injurious particles from lymph and phagocytose them (biological filtration).

(If overwhelmed, lymph nodes can become infected or damaged)

Term
Hematopoiesis:
Definition
Lymphoid tissue is the site for the final stages of maturation of some lymphocytes and monocytes.
Term
Name the 2 sets that drain the lymphatic vessels:
Definition
  1. Lymphatics that drain the skin over the breast with the exception of the areola and nipple.
  2. Lymphatics that drain the underlying substance of the breast, as well as the skin of the areola and nipple.
Term
Location of palatine tonsils:
Definition
On each side of the throat
Term
What is the primary central organ of the lymphatic system? (It drains the majority of the body's lymph)
Definition
Thymus
Term
Adenitis
Definition
An infection of a lymph node that occurs when microorganisms enter the nodes and phagocytes cannot destroy enough of them to prevent injury to the node.
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