Term
| Effects of hormones work more ________ and last _______ than those of neurotransmitters. |
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Definition
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Term
| Endocrine are "_________ glands" |
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Definition
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Term
| The 2 classifications of hormone are: |
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Definition
| General function and chemical structure. |
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Term
| The 3 classifications by general function are: |
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Definition
- Tropic hormones
- Sex hormones
- Anabolic hormones
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Term
| The 2 classifications by chemical structure are: |
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Definition
- Steroid hormones
- Nonsteroid hormones
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Term
| Steroid hormones are synthesized from: |
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Definition
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Term
| Steroid hormones are ________ soluble |
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Definition
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Term
| Definition of Lipid soluble: |
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Definition
| Easily pass through the phospholipid plasma membrane of target cells. |
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Term
| Nonsteroid hormones are synthesized primarily from: |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the action of a hormone: |
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Definition
| Signal cells by binding to the target cell's specific receptors in a "lock and key" mechanism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combinations of hormones acting together have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects each would have alone. |
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Term
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Definition
- One hormone produces the opposite effects of another hormone
- Used to fine tune the activity of target cells with great accuracy
- Example insulin and glucagon
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Term
| Control of hormone secretion is usually part of a _________ and is called _______. |
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Definition
Negative feedback loop
endocrine reflexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased number of hormone receptors increases sensitivity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreased number of hormone receptors decreases sensitivity. |
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Term
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Definition
- Called tissue hormones because the secretion is produced in tissue and diffuses only a short distance to the other cells within the same tissue.
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 separate glands that compose the pituitary gland |
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Definition
- Adenohypophysis-Anterior
- Neurohypophysis-Posterior
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Term
| Adenohypophysis function: |
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Definition
| Growth hormone AKA somatotropin |
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Term
| How does Adenohypophysis Promote growth of bone, muscle, and other tissues? |
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Definition
| By accelerating amino acid transport into the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| During pregnancy, promotes the development of the breasts, anticipating milk secretion; after the baby is born, stimulates the mother's mammary glands to produce milk. |
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Term
| Tropic hormones have...... |
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Definition
| A stimulating effect on other endocrine glands. |
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Term
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)(thyrotropin): |
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Definition
- Promotes and maintains the growth and development of the thyroid
- Causes the thyroid to secret its hormones.
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Term
| Andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)(corticotropin): |
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Definition
| Promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the cortex of the adrenal gland. |
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Term
Luteinizing hormone (LH):
For females |
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Definition
- Stimulates the formation of activity of the corpus luteum of the ovary which secretes progesterone and estrogens when stimulated.
- Also supports follicle-stimulation hormone in the stuimulating maturation of follicles.
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Term
Luteinizing hormone (LH):
In males |
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Definition
- Stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to develop and secrete testosterone
- Both hormones are called gonadotropins because they stimulate the growth and maintenance of the gonads.
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Term
| Function of Neurohypophysis (Posterior pituitary): |
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Definition
| Serves as storage and release site for antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin, which are synthesized in the hypothalamus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents the formation of a large volume of urine thereby helping the body conserve water. |
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Term
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Definition
- Causes milk ejection from the lactating breast; regulated by positive feedback mechanism; cooperates with prolactin.
- Stimulates contraction of uterine muscles that occurs during childbirth, regulated by positive feedback mechanism
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pineal gland supports the body's _______ through secretion of _______. |
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Definition
Biological clock
Melatonin |
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Term
| Calcitonin (Thyroid gland) Subtly influences the processing of calcium by bone cells by...... |
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Definition
| Decreasing blood calcium levels and promoting conservation of hard bone matrix. |
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Term
| Describe the structure of the parathyroid glands: |
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Definition
| 4-5 parathyroid glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid's lateral lobes. |
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Term
| The 2 portions of the adrenal glands: |
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Definition
- Adrenal cortex (outer)
- Adrenal medulla (middle)
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Term
| Where are the adrenal glands located? |
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Definition
| On top of kidneys, fitting like caps. |
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Term
| Name the only mineralocorticoid: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Maintains sodium homeostasis in the blood by increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys
- INcreases water retention and promotes the loss of potassium and hydrogen ions.
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Term
| What are glucocorticoids essential for? |
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Definition
| Maintaining normal blood pressure by aiding norepinephrine and epinephrine to have their full effect, causing vasoconstriction. |
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Term
| 3 examples of glucocorticoids: |
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Definition
| Cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone. |
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Term
| What are the 2 important secretions of the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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Term
| Epinephrine accounts for _____ % of the medullas secretions. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Elongated gland
- Its head lies in the duodenum, extends horizontally behind the stomach, and then touches the spleen.
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Term
| What kind of tissue is the pancreas composed of? |
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Definition
| Endocrine and exocrine tissues |
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Term
| Endocrine portion of pancreas: |
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Definition
| Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) |
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Term
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Definition
- Pancreatic hormone
- Lowers blood concentration of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and promotes their metabolism by tissue cells.
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Term
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Definition
- Secreted by corpus luteum
- Maintains the lining of the uterus necessary for successful pregnancy
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Term
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Definition
| Serves as a temporary endocrine gland that produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), estrogens, and progesterone. |
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Term
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Definition
- Hormone secreted by endocrine cells in gastric mucosa
- Stimulates hypothalamus to boost appetite
- Slows metabolism and fat burning
- May contribute to obesity
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Term
| The heart has a _______ endocrine role. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary effect of the atrial natriuretic hormone? |
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Definition
- To oppose increases in blood volume or blood pressure.
- Also and antagonist to antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone.
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Term
| Cycle of life of the endocrine system for males: |
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Definition
| Secretion of male reproductive hormones is continuous from puberty, slight decline in late adulthood. |
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Term
| Cycle of life of the endocrine system for females: |
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Definition
| Secretion fo female reproductive hormones decline suddenly and completely in middle adulthood. |
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