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Anatomy and Physiology
Sense Organs-Week 2
55
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/17/2017

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Cards

Term
Regulates size of pupil (colored part)
Definition
Iris
Term
Describe the Iris
Definition
  • Colored part of the eye
  • Consists of circular and radial smooth muscle fibers that form doughnut-shaped structure
  • Attaches to the ciliary body
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
  • Fills both chambers of anterior cavity
  • Clear watery fluid that often leaks out when the eye is injured
  • Formed from blood in capillaries located in the ciliary body
Term
The transparent anterior portion that lies over the iris; no blood vessels are found here
Definition
Cornea
Term
Retina
Definition
Composed of an outer layer of pigmented epithelium and an inner layer of nervous tissue.
Term
Sclera
Definition
Tough, white, fibrous tissue
Term
# of layers of tissue in the eyeball:
Definition
3
Term
Name the 3 layers of the eyeball:
Definition

1.  Fibrous layer

2.  Vascular layer

3.  Inner layer

Term
Cones
Definition
Responsible for day vision
Term
Rods
Definition
Responsible for night vision
Term
Conjunctivitis
Definition
  • Pink-eye
  • Infection of the conjunctiva
  • Caused by numerous pathogens
Term
Cataracts
Definition
  • Cloudy spots on lens that develop with age
  • May interfere with focusing
  • Accounts for the trouble with night vision in older adults.
Term
Anterior Chamber
Definition
Space anterior to the iris and posterior to the cornea
Term
Posterior Chamber
Definition
Small space posterior to the iris and anterior to the lens.
Term
Glaucoma
Definition
  • Condition that causes excessive intraocular pressure caused by abnormal accumulation of aqueous
  • Reduced blood flow due to pressure causes degeneration of the retina leading to loss of vision.
Term
Nearsightedness
Definition
  • AKA myopia
  • Problems seeing with distance
Term
Describe how myopia occurs....
Definition
  • Results when the eyeball is elongated causing an incoming image to be focused on the front of the retina rather than on it.
Term
How is myopia corrected?
Definition
By using concave contact lenses, glasses or refractive surgery.
Term
Sensory receptors
Definition
Allow the body to respond to stimuli caused by changes in our internal or external environment.
Term
Auricle
Definition
  • Or pinna
  • Visible portion of ear
Term
Static equilibrium
Definition
Ability to sense head position relative to gravity or acceleration/deceleration.
Term

How many openings are there in the middle ear?

Definition
4
Term
What are the 4 openings of the middle ear:
Definition
  1. Opening from the external acoutstic meatus covered with tympanic membrane
  2. Oval window
  3. Round window
  4. Opening into the auditory (eustachian) tube
Term

What are gustatory cells?

Definition
  • Sensory cells in taste buds; threadlike hairs extend from each cell into the taste pore.
Term
What happens when a threshold is reached regarding sensory receptor potential?
Definition
An action potential in the sensory neuron's axon is triggered.
Term
How are receptors grouped?
Definition
Receptors for special senses of smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium are grouped into localized area or complex organs.
Term
Visceroceptors
Definition
  • AKA intereoceptors
  • Located internally, often within body organs, or viscera
Term
6 classifications by stimulus detected:
Definition
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Chemoreceptors
  3. THermoreceptors
  4. Nociceptors
  5. Photoreceptors
  6. Osmoreceptors
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
Activated when "deformed" to generate receptor potential or movement.
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
Activated by amount or changing concentration of certain chemicals (e.g. taste and smell)
Term
Nociceptors
Definition
Activated by intense stimuli that may damage tissue; sensation produced is pain.
Term
Describe 3 things regarding free nerve endings:
Definition
  1. Most widely distributed sensory receptor
  2. Primary receptors for pain, heat and cold
  3. Tactile sensations
Term
Tactile sensations
Definition
Skin movement, itch, tickle, discriminative touch
Term
Which receptors are responsible for a sense of smell?
Definition
Olfactory receptors
Term
Where is the olfactory pathway located?
Definition
  • Within the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone.
Term
What are the 5 primary taste sensations?
Definition
  1. Sour 
  2. Sweet
  3. Bitter
  4. Umami
  5. Salty
Term
External acoustic meatus
Definition
Auditory tube leading from auricle into the temporal bone and ending at the tympanic membrane.
Term
Name the 3 auditory ossicles of the middle ear in order:
Definition
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
Term
Malleus
Definition
  • Hammer
  • Attached to the inner surface of the tympanic membrane
Term
Incus
Definition
  • Anvil
  • Attached to the malleus and stapes
Term
Stapes
Definition
  • Stirrups
  • Attached to the incus
Term
Vestibule and semicircular canal organs
Definition
  • Structure of the inner ear involved with balance
Term
Endolymph
Definition
  • Structure of the inner ear composed of clear, potassium-rich fluid filling the membranous labyrinth
Term
Vestibular membrane
Definition
The roof of the cochlear duct
Term
In regards to the sense of hearing, what kind of bones are related and where are they located?
Definition
3 semicircular canals found in each temporal bone.
Term
How are the canals situated in the temporal bone?
Definition
Each canal is at a right angle to the other.
Term
Describe the angle or canthus of the eye:
Definition
Where the upper and lower eyelids join.
Term
Lacrimal glands
Definition
They are the size and shape of an almond.
Term
Describe the large interior space of the eyeball:
Definition
  • Divided into 2 cavities, anterior and posterior
Term
Anterior cavity
Definition
  • Lies in front of the lens and is further divided into anterior and posterior chambers.
Term
Posterior cavity
Definition
  • Larger than the anterior cavity
  • Occupies all the space posterior to the lens, suspensory ligament, and ciliary body.
Term
Vitreous humor
Definition
  • Fills the posterior cavity
  • semisolid material
  • helps maintain sufficient intraocular pressure, with aqueous humor, to give eyeball its shape
Term
Presbycusis
Definition
  • Progressive hearing loss usually associated with aging
  • Results from degeneration of nerve tissue in the ear and vestibulocochlear nerve
Term
Meniere disease
Definition
  • Chronic inner ear disease of unknown cause
  • Characterized by tinnitus, progressive nerve deafness, and vertigo.
Term
Thermoreceptors
Definition
Activated by changes in temperature.
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