Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy and Physiology
Exam 1
102
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/08/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Anatomy
Definition
Studies the structures of the body.
Greek:ana=up; tome=to cut
Term
Physiology
Definition
Studies the function of our organs.
Greek physis=nature; logia=to study
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Maintains a stable internal environment within a normal range.
Term
Characteristics of Life
Definition
A. Responsiveness B. Reproduction C. Respiration D. Growth & Development E. Assimilation F. Excretion
Term
5 Requirements of life.
Definition
Water- Essential for transportation and metabolic processes.
Food- Provides a source of energy, provides us with building blocks for growth and repair.
Oxygen- Required to release energy from metabolism.
Heat- form of energy, drives chemical reactions.
Pressure- a force required for breathing and circulatory -Atmospheric Pressure
-Hydrostatic Pressure
Term
Levels of Organization
Definition
Subatomic Particles-Atom-Molecule-Macromolecule-Organelle-Cell-Tissue-Organ-Organ System-Organism
Term
Subatomic Particles
Definition
Proton, Neutron, Electron
Term
Atom
Definition
Smallest functional unit of an element (hydrogen atom, lithium atom)
Term
Molecule
Definition
A particle of 2 or more atoms bonded together H20 (Water) C6H1206 (glucose)
Term
Macromolecule
Definition
Large, well-organized molecule (protein, DNA, etc.)
Term
Organelle
Definition
Carries out specific activities within a cell. (Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Nucleus)
Term
Cell
Definition
Basic unit of life. Humans contain 50-100 trillion of these
Term
Tissue
Definition
Group of similar cells that perform a function (Epithelia, connective, muscle & nerve)
Term
Organ
Definition
Complex structure of two or more tissues with a specialized function (Skin, femur, heart, kidney)
Term
Organ System
Definition
Group of organs coordinated to perform a function
Term
Organism
Definition
Individual living thing
Term
Give 3 examples of homeostatic mechanisms
Definition
Body Temp 98.6, BP 120/80 mmHg, HR 72 BPM
Term
List 3 requirements for a homeostatic mechanism
Definition
Receptor, Control Center, Effector
Term
Define Negative Feedback
Definition
Reduces the stimulus, returns conditions toward the set-point.
Term
What is the role of Negative Feedback in a homeostatic mechanism
Definition
return towards the set-point
Term
Define Positive feedback
Definition
Reinforces the stimulus, drives condition further away from the set-point
Term
Example of positive feedback
Definition
Giving birth. (Only short lived)
Term
Biochemistry
Definition
Chemistry of living things
Term
Matter
Definition
has mass or takes up space (solids, liquids, gasses)
Term
Element
Definition
Fundamental substance of matter, large group of identical (atoms, carbons, hydrogen, oxygen)
Term
Compound
Definition
Combination of 2 or more elements H20 (water) C6h1206 (glucose)
Term
What are bulk elements?
Definition
99.9% of the body is composed of bulk elements
Term
List 11 bulk elements and atomic symbols
Definition
Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Chlorine (Cl) Phosphorus (P)
Term
What are trace elements?
Definition
Essential to the body, but occur in such small quantities, they make up <0.1% of body mass.
Term
List 7 trace elements and atomic symbols.
Definition
Cobalt (Co) Zinc (Zn) Manganese (Mn) Iron (Fe) Iodine (I) Copper (Cu) Florine (F)
Term
List 3 Subatomic Particles and their locations within an atom
Definition
1. Proton carries a single positive charge-inside the nucleus
2. Neutron carries no electrical charge-inside the nucleus
3. Electron-carries a single negative charge-located on the shell.
Term
Proton
Definition
1 atomic weight, +1 charge
Term
Neutron
Definition
1 atomic weight, no charge
Term
Electron
Definition
no atomic weight, -1 charge
Term
Define Atomic Number
Definition
Number of protons in the nucleus of one atom. Each element has a unique atomic number
Term
Define Atomic Weight
Definition
Number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom. Electrons have no weight.
Term
What is an Isotope?
Definition
Different number of neutrons in one atom. Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weight. # of neutrons may vary between atoms.
Term
Give an example of an Isotope
Definition
Carbon 12 and Carbon 14 are both Isotopes of carbon, one with 6 neutrons and one with 8 neutrons (both with 6 protons).
Term
Define Molecule
Definition
Particle of 2 or more atoms chemically joined together.
Term
Give 2 examples of molecules and their molecular formulas.
Definition
Oxygen 02
Hydrogen H2
not compounds molecules are the same
Term
What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?
Definition
Compounds have different atoms ex H20 Co2
Term
1st electron shell
Definition
2 electrons
Term
2nd electron shell
Definition
up to 8 electrons
Term
3rd electron shell
Definition
up to 8 electrons
Term
What is the octet rule?
Definition
maximum number of electrons in 2nd & 3rd shell
Term
Electrons are most stable when they are paired
Definition
When shells are full elements with a full shell are inert (do not react)
Term
Proteins have complex 3-dimensional shapes called
Definition
Helix
Term
Primary Structure
Definition
includes the amino acid sequence.
Term
Secondary Structures
Definition
includes alpha helices and pleated sheets.
Term
Tertiary Structures
Definition
include the 3 dimensional shape of polypeptides
Term
What does it mean to denature a protein?
Definition
change protein shape so its function, basically it has died
Term
What is the primary function of nucleic acids?
Definition
Carry instructions in the form of genes, controls cell activity by encoding amino acid seq. of proteins.
Term
The monomers of nucleic acids are.
Definition
Nucleotides
Term
RNA
Definition
Single stranded
Term
DNA
Definition
Double stranded, genetic material, held together by hydrogen bonds.
Term
Deoxyribose
Definition
is one less oxygen
Term
Definition of ion
Definition
Atom that can either gain or lose an electron
Term
Definition of a cation
Definition
loses an electron so have a positive charge
Term
Example of Cation
Definition
Net positive charge
Term
Definition of anion
Definition
Net negative charge
Term
Example of an Anion
Definition
Oxide (02-) Sulfide (S2-) Flouride (F-)
Term
Ionic bond definition
Definition
complete change of e- opposite charges cause them to attract
Term
Example of an ionic bond:
Definition
Na+ +Cl-===NaCl
Term
Do ionic bounds form compounds?
Definition
Ionic bonds form crystals (arrays) they do not form molecules
Term
Covalent Bond:
Definition
Atoms share e-
Term
Nonpolar Bond:
Definition
equals sharing of the e- ex. H2 (Hydrogen)
Term
Polar Bond:
Definition
unequal sharing of the e-
Term
Hydrogen Bond:
Definition
Weak bonds between positive H and neg O
Term
A hydrogen bond is usually formed between Hydrogen and ________
Definition
Oxygen
Term
State the importance of hydrogen bonds in protein structures:
Definition
Stabilizes DNA and protein.
Term
Define an acid:
Definition
has a pH less than 7
Term
The pH scale measures:
Definition
Hydrogen concentration
Term
A solution with pH = 7.0 is
Definition
Neutral
Term
A solution with pH > 7.0 is
Definition
Alkaline
Term
A solution with pH < 7.0 is
Definition
Acidic
Term
What is the major functions of carbohydrates?
Definition
Create energy in form of sugar
Term
What is the major functions of carbohydrates?
Definition
Create energy in form of sugar
Term
Carbohydrates contain elements and they are:
Definition
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Term
________ (also called _______) are the monomers of carbohydrates, and an example is ___________
Definition
Carbohydrate, Monosacharide,glucose
Term
Complex carbohydrates are also called _________
Definition
polysaccharides
Term
Lipids are hydrophobic, which means:
Definition
Avoid water or does not dissolve
Term
What are the three most common lipids?
Definition
Fats, phospholipids, steroids
Term
What are the three most common lipids?
Definition
Fats, phospholipids, steroids
Term
Lipids are composed of 3 elements:
Definition
Hydrogen, carbon, oxygen
Term
The normal pH range of blood is between
Definition
7.35-7.45
Term
Alkalosis occurs when blood pH >
Definition
7.45
Term
Acidosis occurs when blood pH <
Definition
7.35
Term
How do inorganic chemicals differ from organic chemicals?
Definition
Organic has carbon and hydrogen. inorganic compounds do not usually non-living things.
Term
How do inorganic chemicals differ from organic chemicals?
Definition
Organic has carbon and hydrogen. inorganic compounds do not usually non-living things.
Term
How do inorganic chemicals differ from organic chemicals?
Definition
Organic has carbon and hydrogen. inorganic compounds do not usually non-living things.
Term
What two elements are found in almost all organic chemicals?
Definition
Carbon & hydrogen
Term
List 4 inorganic substances:
Definition
H20 water, 02 Oxygen, Sodium, Calcium
Term
How do inorganic chemicals differ from organic chemicals?
Definition
Organic has carbon and hydrogen. inorganic compounds do not usually non-living things.
Term
What two elements are found in almost all organic chemicals?
Definition
Carbon & hydrogen
Term
List 4 inorganic substances:
Definition
H20 water, 02 Oxygen, Sodium, Calcium
Term
List 4
Definition
Term
How do inorganic chemicals differ from organic chemicals?
Definition
Organic has carbon and hydrogen. inorganic compounds do not usually non-living things.
Term
What two elements are found in almost all organic chemicals?
Definition
Carbon & hydrogen
Term
List 4 inorganic substances:
Definition
H20 water, 02 Oxygen, Sodium, Calcium
Term
List 4 organic substances:
Definition
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
Term
Each carbon element can make ____ single bonds, or _______ double bonds.
Definition
4, 2
Term
Monomers:
A. Proteins
B. Carbohydrates
C. Lipids
D Nucleic Acids
Definition
Polymers
A. Amino Acids
B. Monosaccharide
C. Fatty Acids
D. Nucleotides (Sugar phosphate & base)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!