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Anatomy and Physiology
BB3101
139
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/19/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
digestive system
Definition
takes in nutrients, breakdown, eliminated absorbed matter
Term
respiratory system
Definition
oxygen take in, CO2 eliminated
Term
cardiovascular
Definition
via blood, distributes O2, and nutrients to all body cells, and delievers waste and CO2 to disposable organs
Term
urinary system
Definition
eliminates nitrogenous waste and excessions
Term
integumentary system
Definition
protects body from external environment
Term
homestasis
Definition

matinence of relativley stable internal conditions despite environmental changes

maintained by contributions from all organs

 

Term
how does homeostasis work?
Definition
communication via nerve signals (nervous system) and hormone signals (endocrine system)
Term
receptor (sensor)
Definition

monitors environment

responds to stimulus

signals control center via afferent pathways

Term
control center (homeostasis)
Definition

determines set point where variable is maintained

recieves receptor input

determines response

sends response signal to effector via efferent pathway

Term
effector (homeostasis)
Definition

gets output from control center

responds with negative or positive feedback

Term
positive feedback
Definition
enhances stimulus
Term
negative feedback
Definition
reduces stimulus (this is what most feedback tends to be)
Term
homeostatic response to body temp rising
Definition

receptors: temp sensitive cells in skin send message to brain via afferent pathways

control ceneter: thermoregulatory center in brain- signals via efferent pathway

effectors: recieve message and get sweat glands to work

Term
positive feedback:
Definition

response enhances stimulus ( more for infrequent events)

ex-enhanced labor by oxytocin

Term
anatomical position
Definition
body erect, feet apart, palms forward
Term
tissue
Definition

group of cells similar in structure that perform a common or related function

 

(histology)

Term
4 tissue types
Definition

epithelial: provides cover: skin, lining, glands

connective: structure: bone, cartilage, fat, blood

muscle: allows movement: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

nervous: provides control: spinal cord, brain, nerves

organ systems: have all 4 types

Term
serosa
Definition

thin double layered membrane, makes walls of the ventral body cavity and outer surface of organs

 

(AKA serous membrane)

Term
Serosa compared to balloon
Definition

ouside: parietal serosa

inner wall: visceral serosa

 

Term
Five characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
Definition

Polarity

specialized contacts

supported by connective tissue

avascular, but innervated

can regenerate

Term
Polarity in Epithelial Tissue:
Definition

Apical Surface: (upper, free) exposed to exterior or cavity. usually microvilli

Basal Surface (Lower) attached to noncellular

Term
specialized contacts in epithelial tissue
Definition

covering and lining epithelial tissue fit close together to form continuous sheets.

 

Bind adjacent cells (tight junctions and desmosomes) bind cells at many points- help maintain epithelial polarity.

Term
connective tissue support in epithelial tissue
Definition

all epithelial sheets rest on connective tissue.

 

reticular lamina: (under basal lamina) network of collagen fibers.

 

basement membrane: basal lamina + reticular lamina

reinforces epithelial sheet, resists stretch and tear.

Term
epithelial tissue is avascular but innervated
Definition

No blood vessels in epithelial tissue

Nourished by diffusion from underlying connective tissue.

 

Supplied by nerve fibers (sense hot/cold, pressure)

Term
Regeneration in Epithelial tissue
Definition

High regenerative capacity

Stimulated by loss of apical-basal/lateral contacts

lost cells replaced by cell division

Term

Epithelial description

(2)

Definition

Numer of layers:

simple: single layer

stratified: 2 or more layer

 

shape:

squamous: flat

cuboidal: cube shaped

columnar: tall and narrow

Term
epithelial functions
Definition

protect

absorb

filtrate

excretion

secretion

sensory reception

Term
cilia
Definition
(trachea) tiny hairlike projection: propel substances
Term
basal lamina
Definition

acts as selective filter-chooses what molecules can and cant enter epithelium

scaffold where cells migrate to repair wound

Term
psudeostratified columnar
Definition

1 layer of epithelial tissue but appears as many

cells and nuclei at varying heights

Term
transitional epithelial
Definition

lining of hollow urinary organs-stretches

 

(allows bladder to fill-6 layers to 3)

Term
gland
Definition

one or more cells that make and secrete a product.

 

secretion=water + protein

Term
gland classification
Definition

1.where product is released

2.endocrine: in, exocrine: out

3.relative cell #: uni/multi-cellular

4.structure: simple, branched, tubular, aveolar

Term
goblet cells
Definition

integrated into epithelial linings of gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts

 

produce and secrete mucin: glycoproten component in mucus

Term
connective tissue
Definition

provides structure and support for organ systems, insulation, energy, and water storage.

 

most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues

Term
4 classes of connective tissue
Definition

connective tissue proper

cartilage

bone

blood

Term
charateristics of connective tissue
Definition

varied degrees of vascularity

composed primarily of extracellular matrix

Term
vascularity in connective tissue
Definition

loose connective proper (bone) highly vascularized

 

dense connective proper- poorly vascularized because fibers are close together.

Term
connective tissue composition
Definition

ground substance: fluid, cell adhesion, proteins, proteoglycans, trap and store water.

 

fibers: collagen, elastic, retucular

 

cells: 'blasts, 'cytes, fat cells, mast cells, WBCs, macrophages

Term
blast cells
Definition

miotically active- secrete ground substance & fibers

 

fibroblasts: connective tissue proper

chondroblasts: in cartilage

osteoblasts: in bone

 

hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

Term
cyte cells
Definition

Mature, less active form; maintain matrix

 

-chondrocytes: cartilage

-osteocytes: bones

-adipocytes: in fat

Term
fat cells
Definition
store nutrients
Term
white blood cells
Definition
ex. lymphocytes; tissue response to injury
Term
mast cells
Definition
initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect
Term
macrophages
Definition
phagocytic cells that "eat" dead cells, microorganisms; function in immune system
Term
Cutaneous membrane
Definition

skin

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis)

Term
mucosae
Definition

line body cavities open to the exterior

 

bathed by secretions (mucous) or urine

 

epithelium lies over layer of loose areolar connective tissue, lamina propria

Term
serosae
Definition

lines closed body cavities

 

two layers: parietal and visceral

 

simple squamous epithelium over thin areolar connective tissue

Term
epidermis
Definition

superficial region

 

stratified squamous epithelial tissue.

Term
dermis
Definition

deep to epidermis

loose and dense connective tissue proper

Term
hypodermis
Definition

deep to dermis

 

not part of skin, mostly apidose

Term
stratum corneum [epidermis]
Definition

most superficial layer; 20-30 layers of dead cells, essentially flat membranous sacs filled with keratin.

glycolipids in extracellular space.

Term
stratum granulosum [epidermis]
Definition

typically 5 layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating

cytoplasm full of lamellar granules (glycolipids) and keratohyaline granules (keratin)

Term
stratum spinosum [epidermis]
Definition

several layers of keratinocytes joined by desmosomes.

cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin.

appear spiny.

Term
stratum basale
Definition

one row of activley miotic stem cells; newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers.

melanocytes compose 10-25% of this layer.

Term
melanocytes
Definition

produce the pigement, melanin-packaged into melanosomes, released and phagocytosed by keratinocytes

protects apical surface of keratinocyte nucleus from UV damage.

Term
dendritic [langerhans] cells
Definition

a type of macrophage

key activators of the immune system

Term
tactile [merkel] cells
Definition

sensory touch receptors

associated with a sensory disc (nerve ending) in the dermis

Term
dermis
Definition

two layers of connective tissue

papillary: loose areolar

reticular: dense irregular

 

contains nerve fibers; blood and lymphatic vessels; hair follicles; oil and sweat glands

Term
hair [pili]
Definition

dead keratinized cells

everywhere except palms, soles, lips, nipples, and portions of genetalia

 

hair shaft has three layers:

medulla (middle)- cells with soft keratin and air spaces

cortex- many layers of flattened cells, contain pigment

cuticle-single layer, flat, scale like cells, hard keratin

 

Term
function of hair
Definition

-warm of insects on skin

-protect against physical trauma, heatloss, and sunlight

-guard eyes and nose from particles

 

Term
hair bulb
Definition

expanded deep end

hair fillicle receptor:sensory nerve endings-touch receptors

hair matrix: activley dividing

Term
arrector pili [hair]
Definition

smooth muscle attached to follicle

"goose bumps" and sebaceous gland secretion

Term
hair papilla
Definition
dermal tissue-blood supply
Term
vellus hair
Definition
pale, fine body hair of children and adult femles
Term
terminal hair
Definition

-coarse, long hair of eyebrows, scalp

 

-at puberty

apears in axillary and public regions of both sexes

face and neck of males

Term
hair pigement
Definition

deposited by meanocytes in hair bulb

-melanins (yellow, rust, brown, black); trichosiderin in red hair

-gray/white- decreased melanin production, increased air bubbles in shaft

Term
hair related conditions
Definition

alopecia:hair thinning, shedding outpaces growth (~40)

 

male pattern baldness: genetic, changes in follicle response to DHT result in shortened hair follicular cycles, vellus hair replaces terminal

 

Term
nail
Definition

scalelike modification of epidermis

protective cover for distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes

Term
nail growth
Definition
hard keratin fills cells of the nail matrix and pushes nail distally, nail slides over nail bed as it grows
Term
eccrine sweat glands
Definition

-most numerous

-merocrine glands

-abundant on palms, soles, and forehead

-ducts connect to pores

Term
eccrine sweat gland function
Definition

function in thermoregulation

-sympathetic nervous system

 

secretion is sweat

99% water, salt, vitamin c, antibodies, waste

Term
apocrine sweat glands
Definition

specialized sweat glands confined to axillary and anogenital areas.

sweat+fatty substance+proteins --> viscous, ordorless until bacterial interaction (body ordor)

ducts empty into hair follicles; begin functioning at puberty -acts as pheremone (unknown)

 

Term
apocrine gland example
Definition

ceruminous gland- lining of external canal; secretes earwax

mammary gland- secretes milk

 

Term
sebaceous (oil) gland
Definition

associated with & secrete into hair follicles

-arrector pili helps to move it out

 

secretes sebum

-oily holocrine secretion

-bactericidal; softens hair and skin

Term
Integumentary functions
Definition

1.protection

2.body temp regulation

3.cutaneous sensation

4. metabolic functions

5.blood reservior

6.excretion

Term
tissue repair
Definition

needed when barries are penetrated

cells divide + migrate

 

Term
regeneration:
Definition
same kind of tissue replaces damaged tissue
Term
fibrosis
Definition
connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue
Term
Inflammation [tissue reapir]
Definition

release of inflammatory chemicals

-signals to the rest of the body that there is damage.

 

-blood vessel dialation-> allows blood cells and platlets to go to damaged area

increase vessel permeability

 

clotting occurs

Term
organization restores blood supply
Definition

blood clot replaced with granulation tissue

 

epithelium begins regeneration

 

fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge the gap

 

debris is phagocytized

Term
regeneration and fibrosis
Definition

scab detaches

 

fibrous tissue matures, epithelium thickens and begins to

 

reassemble adjacent tissue

 

results in fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue.

Term
tissues that regenerate well
Definition
epithelial tissues, bones, areolar connective tissue, dense irregualr connective tissue, blood forming tissue
Term
tissues that regenerate moderatley
Definition
smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue
Term
tissues with no regenerative capacity
Definition
cardiac muscle, nervous tissue of the bain and spinal cord
Term

Burns: Partial Thickness

1st degree

Definition

epidermal damage only

localized redness, swelling (edema) and pain

Term

Burns: Partial Thickness

2nd degree

Definition

epidermal and upper dermal damage

blisters appear

Term

Burns: full thickness

3rd degree

Definition

entire thickness of skin involved

skin: white-gray, cherry red, or blackened

not painful-nerve damage

skin grafting usually needed

Term
Severe burns: immediate threat
Definition
dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, circulatory shock
Term
Severe burns:secondary threat
Definition

after 24 hours

infection

Term
Severe burns: patient needs tremendous calorie intake
Definition
IV or G-tube supplementation
Term
treatment for severe burns (3rd degree)
Definition

-debridement (removal) of burned skin

-antibiotics

-temorary covering

-skin grafts

Term
skin cancer types & tumors
Definition

-Basal cell carcinoma (bad)

-squamous cell carcinoma (worse)

-melanoma (worst)

 

most skin tumors do not metastasize (spread)

most skin tumors are benign (not cancerous)

Term
risk factors for skin cancer
Definition

over exposure to UV radiation

frequent skin irritation

genetics (melanomas)

Term
basal cell carcinoma
Definition

least malignant; most common; on UV exposed aread of the face

stratum basale keratinocytes proliferate and slowly invade dermis and hypodermis

 

cured by surgical excision in 99% of cases

Term

squamous cell carcinoma

 

Definition

2nd most common

involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

-scaly, reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands

-good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

Term
melanoma
Definition

cancer of melanocytes

-occurs whereever melanocytes are found

-most dangerous, highly metastatic, resistent to chemotherapy

-treated by wide surgical excision with immunotherapy.

Term
skeletal cartilage
Definition

no blood vessels or nerves

perichondrium (dense connective tissue)

-all contains chondrocytes in lacunae and extracellular matrix

Term
hyaline cartilage [skeletal]
Definition

-provides support, flexibility and resistence

-Fine collagen fibers only

-most abundant type

-articular, costal, respiratory, nasal cartilage

Term
elastic cartilage [skeletal]
Definition

-similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers (elastin) in addition to collagen

-external ear and epiglottis only

Term
fibrocartilage [skeletal]
Definition

thick collagen fibers- has great tensile strength

-menisci of knee; vertebral discs

Term
appostional growth [cartilage]
Definition

grow from the outside

cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage

Term
interstitial growth [cartilage]
Definition
-chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix, expanding cartilage from within
Term
calcification of cartilage
Definition

occurs during normal bone growth

calcified cartilage is not bone

Term
classification of bones
Definition

206 bones

divided into two groups

Term
axial skeleton
Definition

long axis of body

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition

bones of upper and lower limbs

gridles attacing limbs to axial skeleton

Term
long bones
Definition

limbs longer than they are wide

limb, hand, foot bones

Term
short bones
Definition

cube-shaped bones (wrist and ankle)

sesamoid bones (in tendons e.g. patella)

vary in size and number in different individuals

Term
flat bones
Definition

thin, flat, slightly curved

sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

Term
irregular bones
Definition

complicated shapes

-vertebrae, coxal bones

Term
Bone Functions
Definition

support

protection

movement

mineral and growth factor storage

blood cell formation in red marrow cavities of certain bones

triglyceride (fat) storage in bone cavities

hormone prodction

Term
compact bone
Definition

lamellar

-sense bone; smooth and solid

Term
spongy bone
Definition

(cencellous or trabecular)

-honeycomb of flat pieces of bone called trabeculae

-specifically arranged along lines of stress

-Solid

Term
diaphysis
Definition

-tubular shaft forms long axis

-compact bone surrounding medullary cavity

Term

epiphyses

 

Definition

-bone ends

-external (compact bone); internal (spongy bone)

-articular cartilage covers articular surfaces

-between epiphyseal line [remnant of childhood bone growth at epiphyseal plate]

Term
periosteum
Definition

white, double layered membrane

covers external surfaces except joint surfaces

outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue

-perforating fibers secure to bone matrix

osteogenic layer abuts bone

-contains primative stem cells-osteogenic cells

many nerve fibers and blood vessels

Term
endosteum
Definition

delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface

 

covers trabeculae of spongy bone

 

lines canals that pass through compact bone

 

contains osteogenic cells

Term
structure of short, irregular, and flat bones
Definition

thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone

 

no shaft or epiphyses

 

bone marrow throughout spongy bone; no marrow cavity

 

hyaline cartilage covers articular surfaces

Term
red marrow
Definition

hematopoetic= blood production

 

hematopoetic stem cells, fat cells, extensive vasculature

 

adult= in trabecular cavity ofspongy bone (sternum, coxal bone)

 

newborns: all marrow is red

Term
yellow marrow
Definition

fat storage

 

adult long bones have little red marrow, converted to fat as a demand for hematopoesis decreases

 

fills adult medullary cavities

 

can convert to red, if needed

Term
osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitors)
Definition

miotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum

 

diferentiate into osteoblasts

Term
osteoblasts
Definition

bone forming cells

 

secrete unmineralized bone matrix

(osteoid= collagen and calcium binding proteins)

Term
osteocytes
Definition

mature bone derived from osteoblasts

 

become "walled in" to bone spaces (lacunae)

 

maintain bone matrix in response to stress via communication with osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Term
bone lining cells
Definition

flattened dervatives of osteoblasts, line surfaces where no bone remodelling is occuring

 

may help maintain matrix

 

internal bone surface=endosteal cells

external= periosteal cells

Term
osteoclasts
Definition

bone resorbing cells

 

derived from hematopoetic (blodd) stem cells

 

giant, multinucleate cells

 

create resorption bay

Term
osteon
Definition

hollow tubes of bone matrix = lamelle

-collagen fibers in adjacent rings run in different directons

 

central canal

-nerves and vasculature

Term
perforating canals
Definition

-canals lined with endosteum at right angles to central canal

 

-cannect periosteum, meduallry cavity, and central canal

Term
lacunae
Definition
small cavities that contain osteocytes
Term
canaliculi
Definition

connect lacunae

 

osteoblasts secreting bone matrix get "boxed in"

 

allow communication

 

permit nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one osteocyte to another throughout osteon

Term
intersitital lamellae
Definition

incomplete lamellae

 

fill gaps between forming osteons

 

remnants of osteons cut by bone remodeling

Term
circumferential lamellae
Definition

extend around entire diaphysis

 

surround osteons

 

resist twisting of long bone

Term
organic  components in bones
Definition

cells and osteoids

-osteogenic cells, osteobasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, and osteoclasts

 

-resilience of bone due to sacrificial bones between collagen molecules, stretch and break easily on impact to dissipate energy and prevent fracture

Term
inorganic components in bone
Definition

hydroxyapatites

 

-mineral salts

-65% of bone by mass

-mainly of tiny calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers

Term
osteiod
Definition

organic bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

 

ground substance (proteoglycans and glycoproteins)

collagen fibers

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