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| Descriptive or Systemic Anatomy |
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| the method of studying the body by systems, such as auditory and respiratory systems |
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| • the study of the body by regions, such as the thorax and abdomen |
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| Applied or Clinical Anatomy |
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| emphasizes structure and function as they relate to diagnosis and treatment |
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| the visualization of structures that lie beneath the skin. It is an essential part of the study of regional anatomy and the primary means by which clinicians use anatomical knowledge in treating patients |
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| the study of anatomy from conception to adulthood |
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| study of anatomy across the animal kingdom, animal models, etc. |
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| study of abnormal structures or systems |
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| study of structure and function of cells |
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| microscopic study of cells and tissue |
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| study of structure and function of bones |
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| study of structure and function of muscles |
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| study of structure and function of joints |
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| study of structure and function of blood vessels and lymph system |
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| Divides the body into right and left halves. |
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| • Transverse (Horizontal) plane |
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| Divides the body into superior and inferior halves. |
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| • Frontal (Coronal) plane |
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| Divides the body into anterior or ventral and posterior or dorsal halves |
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| • Superficial (external): |
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| Describes spatial relationships of 2 points of reference |
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| Bending a joint in the sagittal plane |
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| Movement away from the midline in the coronal plane. |
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| Movement toward the midline in the coronal plane. |
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a group of atoms that perform a specific funtion
• DNA, RNA, proteins, hormones, neurotransmitters… |
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a portion of a cell that performs a specific function
• Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus… |
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structural and functional unit of all known living organisms
• Neuron, myocyte, osteoblast, oocyte… |
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a collection of cells that perform a function
• Epithelial, connective, muscle, Neural |
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a group of tissues that perform a function
• Brain, liver, heart, kidney… |
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a combination of different organs that perform a function
• Nervous system, Skeletal system, Muscular system, Systems of Speech… |
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the collection of organ systems that constitute an individual
• Mouse, monkey, human … |
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| Membrane-bound organelle which contains the DNA molecule |
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| Site of protein production |
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| A flattened membrane forming a series of channels. Protein manufacturing and folding. |
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| A flattened membrane forming a series of channels. Sort and packages protein molecules for secretion out of the cell. |
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| Powerhouse of the cell. Consumes glucose and oxygen to produce ATP. |
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• Impervious barrier (epidermis, urinary bladder)
• Secretion (exocrine glands)
sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver and pancreas
• Adsorptive (intestinal mucosa)
• Transport (motile cilia)
• Sensory (photoreceptor cells, outer hair cells, etc.)
• a.2 Epithelial Tissue |
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| Connective Tissue Functions |
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• Support
• Anchor
• Connect |
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| basic structural elements of tissue |
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• Cells
• Fibroblasts most common
• Fibers
• Collagen (strength), elastin (elasticity) most common
• Intracellular substance (matrix)
• extra cellular matrix (ECM) secreted by individual cells within the tissue |
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• Areolar– elastic, fills interstitial space between muscles and organs
• Adipose – Areolar tissue containing fat cells
• White fibrous – strong (ligaments, tendons, fascia)
• Yellow elastic – trachea, cartilage, lungs
• Lymphoid – associated with the lymphatic system (lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoid,…)
• Cartilage – dense connective tissue (ear, nose,…)
• Blood – corpuscles (RBCs, WBCs), platelets, plasma
• Bone - provides rigidity, nutritive, blood |
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| Cartilage: Common features |
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• chondrocytes
• lacunae
• rigid matrix |
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• Hyaline: (adults) found in articulating surfaces of bones
• nose, trachea, bronchi, ends of the ribs, and the articulating surfaces of most joints
• Fibro-cartilage: Dense, flexible
• Intervertebral disks of the spine, between knee joints
• Yellow (elastic): Firm, elastic
• Pinna, epiglottis |
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o movement
o support, and
o Protection of the various organs
o produce red and white blood cells
o store minerals |
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| Types of bones in the human body |
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• Long bones
• Short bones.
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
• Sesamoid bones |
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• Striated – skeletal, voluntary
• Smooth – internal organs, involuntary
• Cardiac – combination of striated and smooth, involuntary |
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| Flat bone characteristics |
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• thin and generally curved
• two parallel layers of compact bones sandwiching a layer of spongy bone
• Most of the bones of the skull and the sternum |
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| Irregular bone characteristics |
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• do not fit into the above categories.
• consist of thin layers of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior.
• Irregular shapes
• the bones of the spine and hips are irregular bones |
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| Sesamoid bone characteristics |
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• usually resemble sesame seed
• bones embedded in tendons
• act to hold the tendon further away from the joint to increase the force of muscle contraction
• the patella (Knee), pisiform (wrist), and sesamoid of the foot |
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collagenous fibers that connect muscle to bone or cartilage
aponeurosis: sheet-like tendon |
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| Point of attachment of the least mobile element |
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| Point of attachment that moves |
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| Muscles that move a structure |
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| Muscles that oppose movement of a structure |
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| Muscles that stabilize a structure |
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• Neurons – transfer of information
• Glial cells – support, nutritive |
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| studies structures visable without the aid of a microscope |
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| the electrical activity of single cels or groups of cells |
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| head and trunk with sinal colum being the axis |
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| includes lower and upper limbs |
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