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Anatomy and Phys. Lesson 1
lesson one of my anatomy and phys class
78
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
01/25/2009

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
study of structure
Term
Physiology
Definition
study of function
Term
Descriptive or Systemic Anatomy
Definition
 the method of studying the body by systems, such as auditory and respiratory systems
Term
Regional Anatomy
Definition

               the study of the body by regions, such as the thorax and abdomen

Term
Applied or Clinical Anatomy
Definition
emphasizes structure and function as they relate to diagnosis and treatment
Term
• Surface Anatomy
Definition
the visualization of structures that lie beneath the skin. It is an essential part of the study of regional anatomy and the primary means by which clinicians use anatomical knowledge in treating patients
Term
• Developmental Anatomy
Definition
the study of anatomy from conception to adulthood
Term
• Comparative Anatomy
Definition
study of anatomy across the animal kingdom, animal models, etc.
Term
• Pathological Anatomy
Definition
study of abnormal structures or systems
Term
• Cytology
Definition
study of structure and function of cells
Term
• Histology
Definition
microscopic study of cells and tissue
Term
• Osteology
Definition
study of structure and function of bones
Term
• Myology –
Definition
study of structure and function of muscles
Term
• Arthrology
Definition
study of structure and function of joints
Term
• Angiology
Definition
study of structure and function of blood vessels and lymph system
Term
• Neurology
Definition
study of nervous system
Term
• Sagittal plane
Definition
Divides the body into right and left halves.
Term
• Transverse (Horizontal) plane
Definition
Divides the body into superior and inferior halves.
Term
• Frontal (Coronal) plane
Definition
Divides the body into anterior or ventral and posterior or dorsal halves
Term
• Anterior (ventral):
Definition
Front of body
Term
• Posterior (dorsal):
Definition
Back of body
Term
• Superior (rostral):
Definition
Toward the nose
Term
• Inferior (caudal):
Definition
Toward the tail
Term
• Superficial (external):
Definition
Away from the core
Term
• Deep (internal):
Definition
Toward the core
Term
• Distal/Proximal
Definition
Describes spatial relationships of 2 points of reference
Term
• Peripheral
Definition
Away from the center
Term
• Ipsilateral:
Definition
On the same side
Term
• Contralateral
Definition
On the opposite side
Term
• Flexion:
Definition
Bending a joint in the sagittal plane
Term
• Extension:
Definition
Straightening a joint
Term
• Abduction
Definition
Movement away from the midline in the coronal plane.
Term
• Adduction:
Definition
Movement toward the midline in the coronal plane.
Term
• Protraction:
Definition
Forward movement
Term
• Retraction:
Definition
Backward movement
Term
• Molecule:
Definition
a group of atoms that perform a specific funtion
• DNA, RNA, proteins, hormones, neurotransmitters…
Term
• Organelle:
Definition
a portion of a cell that performs a specific function
• Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus…
Term
• Cell:
Definition
structural and functional unit of all known living organisms
• Neuron, myocyte, osteoblast, oocyte…
Term
• Tissue:
Definition
a collection of cells that perform a function
• Epithelial, connective, muscle, Neural
Term
• Organs:
Definition
a group of tissues that perform a function
• Brain, liver, heart, kidney…
Term
• Organ systems
Definition
a combination of different organs that perform a function
• Nervous system, Skeletal system, Muscular system, Systems of Speech…
Term
• Organism:
Definition
the collection of organ systems that constitute an individual
• Mouse, monkey, human …
Term
• Nucleus:
Definition
Membrane-bound organelle which contains the DNA molecule
Term
• Ribosome:
Definition
Site of protein production
Term
• Endoplasmic reticulum:
Definition
A flattened membrane forming a series of channels. Protein manufacturing and folding.
Term
• Golgi Apparatus
Definition
A flattened membrane forming a series of channels. Sort and packages protein molecules for secretion out of the cell.
Term
• Mitochondria:
Definition
Powerhouse of the cell. Consumes glucose and oxygen to produce ATP.
Term
Epithelium Functions
Definition
• Impervious barrier (epidermis, urinary bladder)
• Secretion (exocrine glands)
sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver and pancreas
• Adsorptive (intestinal mucosa)
• Transport (motile cilia)
• Sensory (photoreceptor cells, outer hair cells, etc.)
• a.2 Epithelial Tissue
Term
Connective Tissue Functions
Definition
• Support
• Anchor
• Connect
Term
basic structural elements of tissue
Definition
• Cells
• Fibroblasts most common
• Fibers
• Collagen (strength), elastin (elasticity) most common
• Intracellular substance (matrix)
• extra cellular matrix (ECM) secreted by individual cells within the tissue
Term
Connective Tissue Types
Definition
• Areolar– elastic, fills interstitial space between muscles and organs
• Adipose – Areolar tissue containing fat cells
• White fibrous – strong (ligaments, tendons, fascia)
• Yellow elastic – trachea, cartilage, lungs
• Lymphoid – associated with the lymphatic system (lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoid,…)
• Cartilage – dense connective tissue (ear, nose,…)
• Blood – corpuscles (RBCs, WBCs), platelets, plasma
• Bone - provides rigidity, nutritive, blood
Term
Cartilage: Common features
Definition
• chondrocytes
• lacunae
• rigid matrix
Term
Cartilage: Basic types
Definition
• Hyaline: (adults) found in articulating surfaces of bones
• nose, trachea, bronchi, ends of the ribs, and the articulating surfaces of most joints
• Fibro-cartilage: Dense, flexible
• Intervertebral disks of the spine, between knee joints
• Yellow (elastic): Firm, elastic
• Pinna, epiglottis
Term
Functions of Bone
Definition
o movement
o support, and
o Protection of the various organs
o produce red and white blood cells
o store minerals
Term
Types of bones in the human body
Definition
• Long bones
• Short bones.
• Flat bones
• Irregular bones
• Sesamoid bones
Term
Types of Muscle Tissue
Definition
• Striated – skeletal, voluntary
• Smooth – internal organs, involuntary
• Cardiac – combination of striated and smooth, involuntary
Term
Flat bone characteristics
Definition
• thin and generally curved
• two parallel layers of compact bones sandwiching a layer of spongy bone
• Most of the bones of the skull and the sternum
Term
Irregular bone characteristics
Definition
• do not fit into the above categories.
• consist of thin layers of compact bone surrounding a spongy interior.
• Irregular shapes
• the bones of the spine and hips are irregular bones
Term
Sesamoid bone characteristics
Definition
• usually resemble sesame seed
• bones embedded in tendons
• act to hold the tendon further away from the joint to increase the force of muscle contraction
• the patella (Knee), pisiform (wrist), and sesamoid of the foot
Term
• Tendon (sinew)
Definition
 collagenous fibers that connect muscle to bone or cartilage
 aponeurosis: sheet-like tendon
Term
• Ligament
Definition
 Attaches bone to bone
Term
• Origin
Definition
 Point of attachment of the least mobile element
Term
• Insertion
Definition
 Point of attachment that moves
Term
• Agonists
Definition
 Muscles that move a structure
Term
• Antagonist
Definition
 Muscles that oppose movement of a structure
Term
• Synergist
Definition
 Muscles that stabilize a structure
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
• Neurons – transfer of information
• Glial cells – support, nutritive
Term
Gross anatomy
Definition
studies structures visable without the aid of a microscope
Term
electrophysiological
Definition
the electrical activity of single cels or groups of cells
Term
thorax
Definition
chest region
Term
caput
Definition
head
Term
axial skeletion
Definition
head and trunk with sinal colum being the axis
Term
appendicular skeletion
Definition
includes lower and upper limbs
Term
neuraxis
Definition
axis of the brain
Term
prone
Definition
on the belly
Term
supine
Definition
on the back
Term
plantar
Definition
sole of the foot
Term
palmar
Definition
palm of the hand
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