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Anatomy and physiology test 3
Nervous, endocrine, muscle
110
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
11/20/2011

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Term
Graded potential
Definition
A wave of electrical excitation proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus that triggers it. The graded potential declines in magnitudes as it travels along a nerve fiber.
Will fade with distance
Term
Action potential
Definition
An action potential is an all or nothing phenominon. Once initiated, it propagates without decrement along the nerve fiber. Action potentials are often used in long distance signaling in the nervous system
Does not fade with time
Term
Absolute refractory period
Definition
Cabbot get an action potential
Term
Relative refractory period
Definition
The channels are still open (k+ is leaking out) making it harder to get an action potential but it is still possible
Term
Action potential depolarization
Definition
Inward movement of sodium via voltage-gate channels
Channels will close spontaneously
Term
Action potential repolarizing
Definition
Outward movement of potassium via k+ volt age gated channels
Gates close when resting potential is restored
Term
Schwann cell
Definition
The myelin sheath is zoomed by a neuroglial cell that is separately wrapped around a nerve fiber.
In the Perphrial nervous system, the neuroglial cell is a Schwann cell
Term
Nodes of ranvier
Definition
The myelin sheath is formed by a neuroglial cell that is separately wrapped around a nerve fiber.
The boundaries between them Are nodes of ranvier
Term
Oligodendroglial cell
Definition
The myelin sheath is formed by a neuroglial cell that is separately wrapped around a nerve fiber.
In the central nervous system the neuroglial cells are oligodendroglial cells
Term
Astrocyte
Definition
Pass nutrients between blood capillary and neurons.
Provide physical support for neuron by wrapping around blood vessels and neurons to anchors them to blood vessels, guiding the formation of young neurons and adjust the chemical environment
Term
Microglia
Definition
"clean up crew"
Phagocytes
Term
Ependymal
Definition
Line the central canal of the brain and spinal cord
Help circulate cerebral spinal fluid via cilia
Term
Anteriograde transport
Definition
The transport towards axon terminals
They would move: some enzymes, mitochondria and some cytoskeletal parts
Term
Retrograde transport
Definition
Carry things away from axon terminals
Organelles for degradation would move this way
Polio reaches the cell body as a motor neuron this way (potentially destroying the cell body)
Term
Sensory neurons
Definition
Involved in our perception of the outside world
Neves carrying information from the tissue to the central nervous system are sensory neurons
Afferent
Term
Motor neurons
Definition
Neves carrying information away from the central nervous system to effectors are motor neurons
Efferent
Term
Interneurons
Definition
Happen between sensory neurons and motor neurons
Have the ability to change the message a little
Term
Electrical synapse happen at ?
What direction?
Definition
Gap junctions
Bidirectional
Term
Chemical synapse happens where?
Direction?
Definition
Neuromuscular junction
Unidirectional
Term
Epsp
Definition
Excitatory post-synaptic potential
Term
IPSP
Definition
Inhibitory post synaptic potential
Term
Cholinergic
Definition
Petaining to ACh
Vasodialator
Term
Adrenergic
Definition
Epinephrine and NOrpinephrine (vasoconstrictors)
Dopamine
GABA
Saratonin
Term
Dopamine
Definition
Associated with locomotion and reward in mammals
Deficient in Parkinson's disease
Adrenergic
Term
GABA
Definition
Gamma amino butyric acid
Inhibitory in vertebrates in central nervous system
Adrenergic
Term
Seratonin
Definition
At synapse involved in sleep, pain, food intake
Adrenergic
Term
Brain stem
Definition
Control centers for respiration, circulation, intestinal motility
Mot ancient
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
All vertebrate except agnathans have this
Maintains balance and coordinates skilled voluntary muscle activity
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
Forebrain
Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
Term
Thalamus
Definition
Relay station for sensory input and motor output
Involved in memory processing
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
Integrating centers for autonomic nervous system
Regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, biological rhythms
Regulates the anterior puitary and produces oxytocin and ADH
(anti diuretic hormone)
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
Includes basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
Term
Basal nuclei
Definition
Coordination of slow, sustained movement
Term
Cerebral cortex
Definition
Voluntary movement, sensory perception, thinking, memory, language
Term
Gyrus
Definition
Folds
Term
Sulcus
Definition
Grooves
Term
Patellar reflex
Definition
What happens when one is knocked in the knee& you kick
Term
Eyeball wall structure
Definition
Three tunics
1. Fibrous tunic: sclera & cornea
2. Vascular tunic: choroid, ciliary body, and iris
3. Sensory tunic: retina
Term
Sclera
Definition
Eye white part
Term
Cornea
Definition
Ee clear part you see through
Term
Chroid
Definition
Supply blood
Term
Ciliary body
Definition
Connected to ligaments to lens- smooth muscle
Term
Iris
Definition
Eye color area
Term
Retina
Definition
Pigment epithelium, neural area
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
Rods, grey version
Cones, colors perceived by fovea centralis
Term
Fovea centralis
Definition
Area of cone coloration
Term
Tetra chromatic
Definition
Fish, turtles, izards, birds
Term
Tri chromatic
Definition
Amphibians
Term
Dichromatic
Definition
Mammals
Term
Rhodopsin
Definition
Visual pigment,
Opsin is the protein
Retinal is the light absorbing molecule derived from vitamin a
Term
Retinal
Definition
Light absorbing molecule derived from vitamin a
Term
Opsin
Definition
Eye protein
Allow different wavelengths depending on sensitivity of structure
Term
Excitation of rods light phase
Definition
Rhodopsin. Reams down into all- trans retinal + Opsin
Bleaching of the pigment
Term
Excitation of rods
Dark phase
Definition
All-trans retinal converts to 11-cis
Term
External ear
Definition
Sund waves vibrate tympanic membrane
Term
Middle ear
Definition
Bones transmit vibration to inner ear
Term
Inner ear
Definition
Cochlea contains the organ of corti, the sense organ of hearing
Term
Organ of corti
Definition
Sense organ of hearing
Term
Tapetum Lucitum
Definition
Allows animals to see in lower light
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
Attached to bone filled with myofibrils
Term
Each myofibril is composed of
Definition
Sarcomeres
Term
Endomysium
Definition
Surrounds individual muscle fibers
Term
Primysium
Definition
Groups of muscle fibers grouped together
Term
Epimysium
Definition
Wraps around groups of fascicles
Term
Fascicles
Definition
Groups of muscle fibers grouped together
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
Surrounds skeletal cells
Cell walls- kinda
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
Cytoplasm of muscle cells
Term
Thin filament
Definition
Actin
G- actin has myosin binding site
Term
G actin
Definition
Has myosin binding site
Term
F actin
Definition
Blocks myosin
Term
Binding site on g actin
Definition
Troponin complex
Wich changes the shape when calcium binds to " troponin c"
Term
Voluntary muscles
Definition
Skeletal
Term
Striated muscles
Definition
Skeletal and cardiac
Term
Intercalated discs
Definition
In cardiac muscles
Have desmosomes and gap junctions
Term
Multinucleate muscles
Definition
Skeletal
Term
Sliding filament
Mechanism of action
Definition
Released calcium binds to calmodulin
Calcium-calmodulin complex activates kinase
Kinase adds a phosphate group from ATP to myosin head
Activated myosin binds to actin
Thick and thin filaments slide
Contraction
Muscle relaxes upon removal of calcium
Term
Smooth muscle
Mechanism of action
Definition
Calcium increases and binds to calmodulin
Calcium-calmodulin complex binds to caldesmon
Caldesmon- actin bond is weakened
Cross- bridges
Term
Isomeric contraction
Definition
Same length
Term
Isotonic contraction
Definition
Same tension
Depends on sarcomere length
Term
Concentric contraction
Definition
Isotonic contraction
Muscle shortens and reduces the angle at the joint
Term
Eccentric contraction
Definition
Muscle length
Isotonic contraction
Term
Source of ATP for skeletal muscle
Definition
Creatine phosphate
Term
Cardiac ATP production
Definition
Depends on aerobic system
Can use lactic acid waste from skeletal muscles
Term
Autocrine
Definition
Type of secretion that affect neighboring cells
Term
Paracrine
Definition
Type of secretion that affects neighboring cells
Term
Exocrine
Definition
Released onto epithelium via a duct
Term
Endocrine
Definition
Type of secretion released into the blood
Term
Ablation
Definition
Taking away in experiment
Term
Replacement
Definition
Reimplantation
Term
Amine hormones
Definition
Epinephrine
NOrpinephrine
Thyroid
Melatonin
Term
Eicosanoids
Definition
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes

Derivitives of arachidonic acid
Term
Steroid hormone
Definition
Testosterone and estrogen

Derivites of cholesterol
Term
Peptide and protein hormones
Definition
Insulin and GH

Derivitaves of amino acids
Largest number of hormones
Term
Hormones causes changes in target cells
Definition
Pasma membrane permeability
Protein synthesis
Enzyme activity
Secretory activity
Mitosis
Term
Short loop feedback
Definition
Hormone acts on endocrine tissue to decrease secretion
Term
Long loop feedback
Definition
Down stream product acts on endocrine tissue to decrease secretions
Term
Pituitary gland
Definition
Master gland
Term
MSH
Definition
Malanocyte stimulating hormone found in pars intermedia of anterior puitary
Involved in color change
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
Posterior puitary hormone
Smooth muscle contraction in uterus
Milk letdown
Term
Vasopressin
Definition
posterior puitary hormone
Term
Tropic hormones
Definition
Regulate secretion of another hormone
Term
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Definition
Tropic
In thyroid gland
Term
Adrenocorticotropid hormone
Definition
Outside of the adrenal cortex
Term
Follicle stimulating hormone
Definition
Stimulate ovarian follicle
Where egg is developed
Tropic
Term
Luteinizing hormone
Definition
Tropic hormone
Has an effect of the corpus luteum
Term
Trophic hormone
Definition
Regulates developmental growth of another hormone
Term
Prolactin
Definition
Anterior puititary hormone
Term
Growth hormone
Definition
GH, somatotropin, and somatotrophin
Anterior puitaraty hormone
Term
Catecholamine
Definition
Noripinephrine and epinephrine
From adrenal medulla, target most tissues
Release in response to sympathetic stimulation
Term
Glucocorticoids
Definition
Cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone
Steroids
From adrenal cortex
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