Term
|
Definition
| the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions |
|
|
Term
| During homeostasis, what is the factor being regulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A change in the environment is picked up by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The stimulus from the receptor is sent to the control center via? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The control center sends information regarding actions to the effector via? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within a negative feedback system, the variable is changed how? |
|
Definition
In a direction opposite of its initial change
***Thermostat example applies here. Thermostat is set on 70. Temperature rises above 70
so the air conditioning kicks on to bring the temperature back down to its "ideal" temp. |
|
|
Term
| Within a positive feedback loop, the variable is changed how? |
|
Definition
In the same direction as its initial change
***Blood vessel example applies here. A tear in the blood vessel causes platelets to
adhere to the site. The platelets release chemicals, which in turn attract more platelets. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 major elements that make up the human body? |
|
Definition
Carbon 18.50%
Nitrogen 3.20%
Oxygen 65%
Hydrogen 9.50% |
|
|
Term
| Every atom is made up of what? |
|
Definition
| Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons |
|
|
Term
| In the first two electron shells, how many eletrons does it take to fill each? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carbon is able to form how many covalent bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three main types of chemical bonds? |
|
Definition
| Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
donate or accept electrons
share electrons
weak electrical attractions |
|
|
Term
| How is the polar molecule of water able to form hydrogen bonds? |
|
Definition
The oxygen of the water molecule holds a mostly negative charge therefore attracting the
postive hydrogens of other water molecules. |
|
|
Term
| When covalent bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons, this results in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Polar
Nonpolar
Hyrdrophilic
Hydrophobic
Lipophilic
Lipophobic |
|
Definition
unequal sharing of electrons
equal sharing of electrons
doesn't mind being in the presence of water
avoids water
doesn’t mind being in the presence of fats
avoids fats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is moles per 1000g H20? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inorganic compounds containing cations other than (H+) and anions other than (OH-) |
|
|
Term
| A salt's ions are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compounds that release (H+) ions and are below 7 on the pH scale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Compounds that release (OH-) ions and are above 7 on the pH scale |
|
|
Term
| pH is the measure of what? |
|
Definition
| The concentration of (H+) ions |
|
|
Term
| pOH is the measure of what? |
|
Definition
| The concentration of (OH-) ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pairs of molecules, one acidic and one basic, that donate/accept electrons when the pH
equilibrium is disturbed, thus helping to maintain pH |
|
|
Term
| What common structure in the human body is a buffer? |
|
Definition
| All amino acids and proteins |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of organic compounds? |
|
Definition
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids (Fats)
Nucleic Acids |
|
|
Term
| What are carbs major role? |
|
Definition
| To supply a source of cellular food |
|
|
Term
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides** |
|
Definition
simple sugars
double sugars
polymers of simple sugars
**basic form of glycogen |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main types of lipids? |
|
Definition
Triglycerides neutral fats, used for insulation
Phospholipids comprise cell membranes
Steroids cholesterol, Vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamins are fat soluble? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of lipid has three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of lipid has two fatty acid groups and a phosphorous group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of lipid has four interlocking hydro-carbon rings? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the building blocks of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Every amino acid is comprised of what two groups? |
|
Definition
Amino Group NH2
Carboxyl Group COOH |
|
|
Term
| Amino acids that are bound together by peptide bonds in a macromolecule are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of protein structures? |
|
Definition
Primary sequence of amino acids
Seconday (alpha) helix or (beta) pleated-sheet
Tertiary globular
Quaternary bundle of globular |
|
|
Term
| What important protein in the blood exist in the globular form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Actin and myosin, which help in the kinetic movement of muscles, are examples of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What important role do enzymes play in reactions? |
|
Definition
| They lower the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed rapidly |
|
|
Term
| What are the largest molecules in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The structural unit of nucleic acids are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each nucleotide is comprised of what? |
|
Definition
| Nitrogenic base, pentose sugar, and a phosphate group |
|
|
Term
| What are the four nitrogenic bases in DNA? |
|
Definition
Cytosine Cytosine always bonds with Guanine
Guanine
Adenine Adenine always bonds with Thymine
Thymine |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about the nucleotides in RNA? |
|
Definition
| Thymine is replaced by Uracil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What results in adenosine monophosphate (AMP)? |
|
Definition
| The cleavage of the terminal phosphate bond of ADP |
|
|
Term
| What is adenosine made of? |
|
Definition
| Adenine and a Ribose sugar |
|
|
Term
| What is cAMP important for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what organizational structure is the plasma membrane composed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane proteins have many functions. What are some of these? |
|
Definition
Transport
Enzymatic activity
Receptors for signal transduction
Intracellular adhesion
Cell-cell recognition
Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of cellular junctions? |
|
Definition
Tight junctions impermeable
Desmosomes anchoring junctions with a network of fibers
Gap junctions allows ions and small molecules to pass |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of passive transport mechanisms? |
|
Definition
-Simple Diffusion
net movement of molecules across a concentration gradient
-Osmosis
simple diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
-Fascilitated Diffusion
diffused substance is attached to carrier protein/channel movement |
|
|
Term
| How do the lipophobic, polar water molecules diffuse through a membrane? |
|
Definition
| Aquaporins, channels in which water move, help the molecules to come through |
|
|
Term
| In order for simple diffusion to take place, what must be characterisitic of the molecules? |
|
Definition
| They must be small and lipophilic |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of tonic solutions? |
|
Definition
Isotonic- same concentration in cells and outside solution
Hypotonic- lower concentration than inside cells
Hypertonic- higher concentration than inside cells |
|
|
Term
| The tonicity of solutions have the ability to change what about the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a cell loses H20/volume, what happens? |
|
Definition
| There is an increase in the solute concentration and therefore an increase in (Rx) rates |
|
|
Term
| If a cell gains H20/volume, what happens? |
|
Definition
| There is a decrease in the solute concentration and therefore a decrease in (Rx) rates |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of vesicular transport? |
|
Definition
Exocytosis- moving substances out of the cell
Endocytosis- moving large particle substances into the cell |
|
|
Term
| Pieces of the membrane that break off during endocytosis and transport the particles are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the cell is not under division processes, chromosomes exist as what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Human have how many pairs of chromosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cell cycle consists of what phases? |
|
Definition
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
| Interphase is sub-divided into what three phases? |
|
Definition
| G1, S, G2 phases, respectively (Growth, Synthesis, Growth) |
|
|
Term
| When DNA is replicated, what happens? |
|
Definition
| A strand of old DNA is uncoiled, and broken apart. Each separate strand then serves as a template for complimentary DNA synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme is the site for DNA synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The point at which the old strands of DNA are split is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The transfer of information from a DNA's base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of an mRNA molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The nucleic acid base sequence is translated into an amino acid sequence
***In summary, a complimentary molecule of mRNA is created from the template DNA. The mRNA
leaves the nucleus and is modified. Ribozymes cut out the introns and leaves the exons. The
modified mRNA is sent to the ribosome where it is translated into a sequence of amino acids |
|
|
Term
| A triplet of DNA (3 consecutive nucleotides) codes for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A codon of mRNA (3 consecutive mRNA nucleotides) codes for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The amino acid is brought to the ribosomal subunit by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many nucleotides can fit in a ribosomal subunit at one time? |
|
Definition
| 9 nucleotides or 3 codons |
|
|
Term
| Which sequences code for stopping? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which sequence codes for starting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids exist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many different combinations of nucleotides are there? |
|
Definition
| 64 different combinations |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of genes are coding genes? |
|
Definition
| 1.5%, approximately 23,000 genes |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of siRNA? |
|
Definition
| It can be used to interfere with viral, double-stranded mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- caused by a a double recessive inheritance, most common in Africans and people of African descent
- sickling cells die an pile up in the capillaries causing blood to become more viscous, in turn imparing circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- encodes a protein that involves the transport of chloride, most common in European caucasians
- increased viscosity of bronchial, pancreatic, and other mucous gland secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- results in three copies of chromosome 21, can be related to age at conception
- dysmorphic facial features, mental retardation, and commonly associated with congenital heart defects |
|
|
Term
| In normal cells, what genes promote growth? (cancer) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In normal cells, what genes inhibit growth? (cancer) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An abnormal growth of cells |
|
|
Term
| This "cancerous" growth, or neoplasmic growth, is caused by what four factors? |
|
Definition
Mutagenesis alters balance
Oncogenes causes unregulated growth
Underexpressed TSGs causes unregulated growth
Angiogenesis supplies the growth with blood = energy |
|
|
Term
| What makes malignant tumors different from benign ones? |
|
Definition
Fast mitotic growth
Not encapsulated
Infiltrate surrounding tissues
Can send out satellite cells
Needs angiogenesis
**Benign tumors are encapsulated and do not ordinarily
infiltrate other tissues, often being ignored. |
|
|
Term
| Cancer, which results as an alteration of genes, is technically a genetic disease. However, some of the mutations associated with cancer can be aquired from repreated exposures to carcinogens. What are some of these carcinogens? |
|
Definition
Different Radiations -UV, X-Ray, etc
Environmental Molecules -Tobacco, Alcohol, Asbestos, Vinyl Chloride
Internal Agents -Free Radicals, Steroid Hormones, Viruses, Bacteria |
|
|
Term
| By inheriting what gene are women more likely to develop breast cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trying to indentify the genes that cause cancer has become problematic. Why is that? |
|
Definition
| Cancer is a multi-genetic complex, and the genes in which are affected vary widely from person to person with the same cancer. |
|
|
Term
| The different types of cancer are named by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An epithelial cancer would be called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A glandular cancer would be called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cancer within the connective or muscle tissues would be called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cancer of the blood or lymphatics would be called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the major symptoms of cancer? |
|
Definition
Tumor enlargement
Weight loss
Hypersecrection of the affected glands
Organ failure due to overcrowding and malnutrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of cells, similar in structure and function |
|
|
Term
| What is the study of tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of tissues? |
|
Definition
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nerve |
|
|
Term
| How many days until a zygote starts to differentiate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of gastrulation forms what three germ layers? |
|
Definition
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
***Each germ layer has a predetermined "fate". They are already programmed to be a certain type of cell. |
|
|
Term
| Before differentiation, a zygote's cells are said to be totipotent. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| They have the potential to become any type of cell within the human body |
|
|
Term
| What does the epithelial tissue do? |
|
Definition
| Covers and lines the body as well as form glands |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial tissue is asid to be polar, meaning that each side of the tissue works in the opposite direction of the other. What is the name of the open portion of the tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the attached portion of the tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the basement membrane? |
|
Definition
| To act as an intracellular velcro between the epethelium and the connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Epethelial tissue is avascular but innervated. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| There are no blood vessels present but neurons do connect to it |
|
|
Term
Stages of Cancer
I
II, III
IV |
|
Definition
o I. Small, localized
o II, III: advanced locally, w/wo nodal involvement
o IV: metastatic, inoperable |
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|
