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Anatomy and Physiology I - Test 3
skeletal system, bone names, muscular system, muscle names
280
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/08/2011

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Term
skeletal system
Definition
all the bones and their articulations
Term
functions of the skeletal system
Definition
support
protection
lever system for leverage
hematopoeisis
mineral storage
Term
lever system components
Definition
rigid bar
fulcrum
resistance
effort
Term
hematopoeisis
Definition
production of blood cells and platelets
red bone marrow-RBC produced
Term
mineral storage
Definition
calcium and phosphorous (rigidity and hardness)
negative effect: radioactive substances can accumulate
Term
osseous tissue
Definition
connective bone tissue
1/3 organic materials
2/3 inorganic mineral salts (primary: calcium phosphate)
hard, not brittle, very durable
Term
types of bone cells
Definition
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
hardens the bone
"bone building"
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
"bone breaking down"
remove mineral salts from bone and deposit into blood as ions
Term
osteocytes
Definition
most common bone cell
functions: repair damaged bone, control activity of blasts and clasts
Term
ossification
Definition
bone hardening process by which bone tissue is formed
embryo starts as cartilage and fibrous membrane (bone starts at 6 weeks)
Term
remodeling
Definition
cells continuously being replaced
Term
paget's disease
Definition
excellerated rate of remodeling
can cause blindness
Term
hypercalcemia
Definition
too many calcium ions
Term
hypocalcemia
Definition
not enough calcium ions
Term
calcium ions
Definition
up to 1/2 gram of _____ can leave or enter bone each day
Term
types of bone tissue
Definition
compact bone
spongy bone
Term
compact bone
Definition
appears dense, has microscopic passageways
haversian canal, canaliculi
Term
spongy bone
Definition
porous looking
branching bony plates
red bone marrow
Term
trabeculae
Definition
"tiny beans"
branching bony plates in spongy bone
Term
haversian systems
Definition
units in compact bone
Term
shapes of bones
Definition
long
short
flat
irregular
Term
long bone
Definition
length considerably greater than width
slightly curved
in arms, legs, fingers and toes
Term
short bones
Definition
cube shaped
mostly spongy with a thin layer of compact bone
in wrists and ankles
Term
flat bone
Definition
thin, curved
two layers of compound bone with spongy bone in the middle
for protection, ribs
Term
irregular bone
Definition
complex and varying shapes
mostly spongy with a layer of compact
vertebral bones, some skull bones, hip bones
Term
parts of long bone
Definition
diaphysis
medullary cavity
epiphyses
articular cartilage
periosteum
endosteum
Term
diaphysis
Definition
shaft, slightly curved to distribute stress, mainly compact
Term
medullary cavity
Definition
yellow bone marrow, can store fat
Term
epiphyses
Definition
proximal and distal ends, mainly spongy with layer of compact on surface
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
surface of epiphyses when connected with another bone
Term
periosteum
Definition
dense white membrane on surface
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Term
endosteum
Definition
membrane around medulla cavity
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Term
intramembranous ossification
Definition
bones start as fibrous membranes, become clusters of osteoblasts
skull, lower jaw, collar bones, fontanels
Term
fontanels
Definition
soft spots
allow rapid growth of brain during infancy
allow skull to change shape
Term
endochondral ossification
Definition
starts as cartilage, ossification begins in central region (primary ossification area)
once they meet at the epiphyseal line, they can not lengthen
Term
epiphyseal line
Definition
where hardened bone meets during endochondral ossification
Term
bone development factors
Definition
vitamins A, C, D
mineral salts (Ca and P)
exercise
HGH
calcitonin
PTH
sex hormones
Term
HGH
Definition
human growth hormone
secreted by pituitary gland
Term
calcitonin
Definition
produced by thyroid
stimulates osteoblasts to put calcium into blood from bone
Term
pituitary dwarfism
Definition
not producing enough HGH
Term
giantism
Definition
too much HGH
usually die early, organs must work harder
Term
skeletal disorders
Definition
rickets
osteomalacia
osteoporosis
fractures
Term
rickets
Definition
lack of Ca in children, possibly due to lack of Vit. D
bones grow crooked
Term
osteomalacia
Definition
Vit. D deficiency or lack of Ca in adults
osteoclasts break down excessive amounts of bone
back shortens and deforms
bones become soft
mostly in women with Ca-poor diet and multiple pregnancies
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
porous bones
bones become thinner, lighter, more porous
post-menopause in women
related to declining levels of estrogen, insufficient exercise and minerals in younger years, chronic alcoholism
Term
fractures
Definition
sudden breaks
compound
comminuted
green stick
Term
compound fracture
Definition
bone penetrates tissues and maybe skin
Term
comminuted fracture
Definition
bone in several fragments
Term
green stick fracture
Definition
not broken all the way across
Term
reduction
Definition
lining up broken bone properly before healing
"setting" the bone
Term
callus
Definition
broken part is thicker than the rest of the bone after healing
Term
condyle
Definition
knuckle-like projection, round
one bone joins another
ex: medial condyle on femur
Term
crest
Definition
ridge-like projection on surface
ex: iliac crest on coxal bone
Term
process
Definition
large, prominent projection where muscles attach
ex: mastoid process on temporal
Term
foramen
Definition
hole passing through a bone
ex: mandible - mental foramen (mentum=chin)
Term
meatus
Definition
tunnel-like hole leading to interior of bone
ex: auditory meatus on temporal
Term
fossa
Definition
pit in surface of bone
head of another bone could fit
ex: mandibular fossa on temporal
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
80 bones, about the main axis
skull
vertebral column
thoracic cage
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
126 bones, of free appendages
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
arms
legs
Term
wormian bones
Definition
extra cranial bones that form in sutures
Term
sesamoid bones
Definition
small, smooth, extra bones that develop in tendons
Term
skull
Definition
cranial bones (sutures)
facial bones
hyoid
Term
cranial bones
Definition
8 bones
frontal
occipital
parietal (2)
temporal (2)
sphenoid
ethmoid
Term
frontal bone
Definition
anterior portion of cranium
forehead, upper orbits (eyes)
Term
occipital bone
Definition
posterior cranium and base
contains foramen magnum
Term
foramen magnum
Definition
large hole for spinal cord, located in occipital bone
Term
occipital protuberance
Definition
projection in back of head
Term
parietal bones
Definition
roof of cranium and upper sides
contains sagittal suture
Term
sagittal suture
Definition
where the two parietal bones fuse at the top of the head
Term
temporal bone
Definition
inferior to parietal bone, form lower sides of cranium
contains auditory meatus
Term
sphenoid bone
Definition
complex shape
floor of cranial cavity
central wedge
"keystone of cranium"
Term
ethmoid
Definition
complex shape
smallest cranial bone
front, inferior to frontal bone, between orbits (eyes)
nose
Term
facial bones
Definition
mandible
maxillary
nasal
Term
mandible
Definition
lower jaw bone
largest and strongest facial bone
only freely movable bone in skull
Term
mandibular foramen
Definition
holes for nerves and blood vessels to the teeth
Term
mental foramen
Definition
holes for nerves and blood vessels to pass to the chin
Term
maxillary bones
Definition
pair fused at the front
form upper jaw
"keystone of the face"
Term
nasal bones
Definition
small, thin, fused to form bridge of nose
Term
hyoid
Definition
horseshoe shaped
does not directly attach to another bone
ligaments attach to temporal bone
upper neck
supports the tongue
Term
vertebral column
Definition
26 irregular shaped bones that form a curved structure
supports the trunk
has a canal
about 28 inches long, interconnected by cartilage cushions
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
Term
cervical vertabrae
Definition
7 tops bones, C1-C7
smallest and lightest of vertebrae
Term
thoracic vertebrae
Definition
12 middle bones, T1-T12
larger and heavier than cervical
Term
lumbar vertebrae
Definition
5 bottom, L1-L5
Term
sacrum
Definition
large, triangular shaped
5 bones fused together
Term
coccyx
Definition
small, at the base of sacrum
"tailbone"
4 bones fused together
vestigal structure
Term
vestigal structure
Definition
no longer has a purpose
Term
thoracic
Definition
rib cage
supports shoulders and arms
sternum
ribs
Term
sternum
Definition
breastbone
anterior midline of chest
6 inches, flat, dagger shaped
xiphoid process
Term
xiphoid process
Definition
where diaphragm attaches to sternum
Term
ribs
Definition
24 (12 on each side)
attach to thoracic vertebrae in the back
don't all attach in the front
costal groove
Term
true ribs
Definition
7 pairs
attach to sternum in the front
Term
false ribs
Definition
5 pairs
do not attach to sternum in the front
floating ribs (bottom 2 pairs) do not attach to another rib
Term
costal groove
Definition
inner surface of each rib containing a nerve and an artery
Term
pectoral girdle
Definition
shoulder, 2 bones
clavicle
scapula
Term
clavicle
Definition
collar bone
long, slender, starts at sternum
brace for shoulder
Term
scapula
Definition
shoulder blade, dorsal of shoulder
articulates with upper arm and clavicle, not vertebral column
Term
arm
Definition
30 bones
humerus
ulna
radius
wrist
palm
fingers
Term
humerus
Definition
upper arm, largest arm bone
Term
ulna
Definition
lower arm on the side towards little finger
longer of two lower arm bones
Term
radius
Definition
lower arm on thumb side, articulates with wrist, where colles fracture occurs
Term
interosseus membrane
Definition
connects ulna and radius
Term
wrist
Definition
8 carpals
small, irregular, marble sized
in 2 rows of 4
Term
palm
Definition
5 metacarpals
metacarpal 1 at base of thumb, 5 at base of pinky
Term
fingers
Definition
14 phalanges
3 in each finger, 2 in thumb
miniature long bones
Term
leg
Definition
30 bones
femur
tibia
fibula
ankle
foot
toes
Term
femur
Definition
largest, longest, strongest bone in the body
upper leg
common area for fractures
Term
tibia
Definition
lower leg
shin bone
larger than other lower leg bone
bears all the weight of the body
Term
fibula
Definition
lower leg
narrow, stick-like
helps stabilize the ankle
nonessential
Term
fibula grafting
Definition
reshape and replace a shattered bone with this bone
Term
ankle
Definition
7 tarsals
Term
foot
Definition
5 metatarsals
1 at base of big toe
5 at base of little toe
Term
toes
Definition
14 foot phalanges
miniature long bones
Term
knee
Definition
patella
smooth bone
protects joint
Term
arch of foot
Definition
provides flexibility
supports weight
absorbs shock
longitudinal
transverse
Term
longitudinal arch
Definition
heel to ball of foot
Term
transverse arch
Definition
one side to the other
Term
fallen arches
Definition
flat feet
arches become weak from running on hard surfaces without support or standing on feet all day
Term
differences in male and female skeleton
Definition
size
width of pelvis
pubissymphysis
coccyx
Term
male skeleton
Definition
larger skeleton with larger protuberances
pelvis not as wide, deeper
pubissymphysis less flexible with narrower angle
less movable/flexible coccyx
Term
female skeleton
Definition
smaller skeleton with smaller protuberances
pelvis wider and shallower
pubissymphysis more flexible and have wide angle
less movable/flexible coccyx
Term
articulations
Definition
places where bones connect to secure and hold bones together
to allow mobility and movement
fibrous
cartilagenous
synovial
Term
fibrous articulations
Definition
held tightly together by fibrous material, no cavity, almost no movement
sutures
Term
cartilagenous articulations
Definition
held together by cartilage cushion, some movement
pubis symphysis
vertebral column
Term
synovial articulations
Definition
separated by joint cavity filled with fluid
allows free and easy movement
most common type
Term
parts of synovial articulation
Definition
articular cartilage
joint cavity
synovial fluid
articular capsule
reinforcing ligaments
bursae
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
a layer on each bone cushions in case they are pushed together
Term
joint cavity
Definition
open space between bones filled with synovial fluid
Term
synovial fluid
Definition
lubricates, minimizes friction
becomes more watery with more movement
Term
articular capsule
Definition
surrounds joint
makes sure fluid stays
double layer membrane, tough, holds bones together
Term
reinforcing ligaments
Definition
tough, silvery tissues help hold bones together
collagenous connective tissue
Term
bursae
Definition
membrane sacs
act like cushions
filled with synovial fluid
Term
bursitis
Definition
when bursae become inflamed
Term
pelvic girdle
Definition
where leg attaches to the body
Term
types of movement
Definition
gliding
angular
Term
gliding
Definition
simplest type of movement
slides of glides across surface
Term
angular
Definition
angles increase or decrease
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
circumduction
rotation
Term
flexion
Definition
angle decreases
dorsi
plantar
Term
dorsi flexion
Definition
lifting/raising foot
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
lowering foot, toe pointed
Term
extension
Definition
angle increasing
Term
abduction
Definition
movement of limb away from midline of body
Term
adduction
Definition
movement of limb toward midline of body
Term
circumduction
Definition
distal end moves in a circle while proximal end is still
Term
rotation
Definition
bone rotates on its own axis
Term
synovial articulations specialized for movement
Definition
gliding
hinge
pivot
ellipsoidal
saddle
ball-and-socket
Term
gliding articulations
Definition
specialized for gliding movement
non-axial
carpals
Term
hinge joint
Definition
free and easy movement in only one plane
mono-axial
knees
Term
pivot joint
Definition
allows rotation
little or no angular movement
mono-axial
cervical vertebrae (atlas-axis)
Term
ellipsoidal joint
Definition
condyloid
side to side, up and down
bi-axial
atlas and occipital bone
Term
saddle joint
Definition
freer and easier ellipsoidal
bi-axial
base of thumb
Term
ball-and-socket
Definition
ball-like head in cup-like depression
free and easy in all directions
multi-axial
arm and shoulder, femur and coxal
Term
important articulations
Definition
shoulder
elbow
knee
Term
shoulder
Definition
ball and socket joint
enclosed within loose fitting capsule
glenoid cavity on scapula
rotator cuff
common site for dislocations
Term
rotator cuff
Definition
capsule and reinforcing ligaments and tendons
Term
elbow
Definition
contains two articulations
hinge joint between distal end of humerus and radial ulna
gliding joint between distal end of humerus and radial bone (allows rotations)
Term
knee
Definition
largest and most complex articulation
bears weight of the body
a number of ligaments are involved:
anterior cruciate
posterior cruciate
Term
anterior cruciate
Definition
ligament in the knee
front of tibia
more easily torn (common)
Term
posterior cruciate
Definition
ligament in the knee
back of tibia
Term
injuries/disorders of articulations
Definition
sprains
dislocations
arthritis
Term
sprains
Definition
stretched or torn ligaments
slow to heal
Term
dislocations
Definition
luxation
bones forced out of normal position in joint cavity
fingers, thumb, shoulders common
Term
arthritis
Definition
degenerative or inflammatory disease
pain, swelling, stiffness
osteo-
rheumatoid -
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
most common
after age 40
results from aging and continual wear and tear
athletes get it earlier than others
Term
muscular system
Definition
require blood vessels for supply of nutrients
40%-50% of body weight
Term
myology
Definition
the study of muscles
Term
characteristics of muscle tissue
Definition
irritability
contractibility
extensibility
elasticity
Term
irritibility
Definition
able to receive and respond to a stimulus
Term
contractibility
Definition
contracts when stimulus is received
Term
extensibility
Definition
as one muscle shortens, one extends
Term
elasticity
Definition
can return to original length after shortening or extending
Term
functions of muscles
Definition
movement
posture
heat production
Term
types of muscle movement
Definition
locomotion
localized
internal
Term
locomotion
Definition
movement of the whole body
Term
localized movement
Definition
one part of the body moves
Term
internal movement
Definition
digestive tract and blood vessels are this type
Term
types of muscle
Definition
smooth/visceral
skeletal
cardiac
Term
skeletal muscles
Definition
muscles attached to bones
movement occurs when muscles contract
striated, voluntary
cells are long, narrow, cylindrical (muscle fibers) multinucleated
fast response, short refractory period
tetanus possible
Term
tetanic contraction
Definition
sending multiple stimuli rapidly to hold a contraction
isotonic
isometric
Term
visceral/smooth muscle
Definition
walls of hollow internal organs
non-striated
involuntary (controlled by autonomic nervous system)
spindle shaped cells with single nucleus
intermediate response time and refractory period
tetanic contraction possible, not often
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
only in walls of the heart
striated, involuntary
involuntary (only nerves send signals to control speed of contractions, but they are not required for contraction)
cells rectangular with single nucleus
slow response, long refractory period
don't want tetanic contractions (you'll be dead)
Term
connective tissues in muscular system
Definition
fascia
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
tendon
aponeurosis
tendon sheath
Term
fascia
Definition
sheets lining muscles
may attach
holds muscle in place, separate from other muscles
Term
epimysium
Definition
thin sheet of fibrous connective tissue wrapped around muscle
almost transparent
holds muscle together and in its shape
Term
perimysium
Definition
separates muscle into bundles called fasciculi
Term
endomysium
Definition
surrounds each individual cell of the muscle
Term
tendon
Definition
where the connective tissue extends past the muscle and forms a cord that will attach the muscle to a bone (always on one end only)
Term
aponeurosis
Definition
specialized tendon shaped like a fan instead of a cord
Term
tendon sheath
Definition
tube of connective tissue around the tendon
holds tendon in place, protects it
membrane secretes serous fluid to lubricate
wrist, ankle, elbow, shoulder
site for tendonitis
Term
skeletal muscle cell
muscle fiber
myocyte
Definition
stretches entire length of muscle
sarcolemma
sarcoplasm
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
sarcolemma
Definition
membrane of a muscle cell
Term
sarcoplasm
Definition
fluid in muscle cell
contains lots of mitochondria
numerous nuclei
Term
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
network of membranous canals
transport materials, surface for reactions
Ca++ stored
Term
t-tubule systems
Definition
pores starting at surface at regular intervals across the length of the muscle
sends stimulus to sarcoplasmic reticulum to trigger release of Ca++
Term
myofibrils
Definition
push everything to the edges
contractile elements of a muscle cell
long and threadlike, hollow
Term
sarcomeres
Definition
compartments in a muscle cell
Term
z-lines
Definition
walls that divide sarcomeres
cause of striations
Term
myofilaments
Definition
in each sarcomere
thick (myosin)
thin (actin)
Term
myosin heads
Definition
attach myosin to actin at the overlap
Term
sliding filament theory
Definition
H and I bands shorten and disappear
A bands never change length
Term
I bands
Definition
parts of actin not overlapped by myosin
light striations
Term
A bands
Definition
myosin filaments
dark striations
Term
H bands
Definition
parts of myosin not overlapped by actin
dark striations
Term
troponin
Definition
protein on actin that block sites where myosin heads are so the muscle can't contract
Term
tropomyosin
Definition
calcium can attach, push troponin aside, heads can attach so the muscle can contract
Term
neurons
Definition
muscles controlled by nervous system
Term
nerve
Definition
group of neurons
Term
axon
Definition
long, connects neuron to terminals
Term
axon terminals
Definition
contain vessicles (contain neurotransmitters)
attach to muscles
Term
motor unit
Definition
one motorneuron, a number of muscle fibers, neruronoscular junctions (motor end plates)
all-or-nothing
Term
recruitment
Definition
as many motor units needed to contract a muscle
enables control of muscles
Term
steps of contraction
Definition
1. CNS generates nerve impulse
2. impulse travels to junction
3. acetylcholine (ACh) jumps to receptors across synaptic cleft
4. ions released (sodium)
5. electrical response of sarcolemma
Term
kinds of contractions
Definition
twitch
treppe
summation
tetanic
Term
twitch
Definition
one stimulus, quick contraction, quick release
Term
treppe
Definition
warm muscles contract stronger than cold muscles
more efficient
Term
summation
Definition
stronger contractions because contraction is added to the next
never fully relaxes
Term
myogram
Definition
records muscle contractions
Term
latent period
Definition
time after stimulus, before contraction
very short
Term
isotonic contraction
Definition
tetanic
results in movement
tensions remains the same, length changes
Term
isometric contraction
Definition
tetanic
posture
tension increases, length stays the same
Term
energy requirements
Definition
ATP ---> ADP + P + energy
Term
storing ATP
Definition
cytoplasm, sarcoplasm, myosin
5-6 seconds of full activity
Term
creatine phosphate system
Definition
secondary energy source
can rapidly renew ATP without oxygen
_ _ + ADP ---> ATP + _____
15-20 seconds
Term
glycogen/lactic acid system
Definition
tertiary energy source
each cell - glycolysis, form 2 ATP
no Kreb's cycle
pyruvates turn into lactic acid
Term
aerobic system
Definition
quarternary energy source
long term use for energy
Term
types of skeletal muscle fibers
Definition
slow-twitch red fibers
fast-twitch red fibers
fast-twitch white fibers
Term
slow-twitch red fibers
Definition
myoglobin
resistant to fatigue
postural muscles (neck)
long distance running
Term
myoglobin
Definition
red pigment
can store oxygen from the blood
Term
fast-twitch red fibers
Definition
myoglobin
can contract faster
fairly resistant to fatigue
long distance running
Term
fast-twitch white fibers
Definition
no myoglobin
fatigue rapidly
faster, more powerful contractions
sprinting
Term
muscle disorders
Definition
fatigue
fibrosis
muscular dystrophy
abnormal contractions
muscular atrophy
hypertrophy
Term
fatigue
Definition
muscles will stop responding
run out of ACh
primarily due to a build up of waste products (CO2 and lactic acid)
Term
fibrosis
Definition
formation of fibrous tissue replacing muscle cells
muscles can't contract
_____itis - becomes inflamed
Term
muscular dystrophy
Definition
degeneration of individual muscle cells
dies faster than regenerates
not smooth muscle, just skeletal
Term
abnormal contractions
Definition
spasms
skeletal muscles
cramps, results in pain
convulsions
occurs when nerve fibers are affected by certain stimuli
Term
cramps
Definition
drawn out spasms
Term
convulsions
Definition
violent contractions of muscle groups
Term
muscular atrophy
Definition
wasting away of skeletal muscles if the muscle is not being used
example: nerve supply cut
complete can not be reversed
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
muscle enlarges due to forceful exercise
enlargement of muscle fibers in diamter
Term
regeneration of muscle
Definition
can not undergo mitotic division
after 1 year, all muscle growth is due to hypertrophy
satellite cells (more abundant in childhood)
limited ability to regenerate itself (skeletal muscle)
cardiac muscle cells can't divide, regeneration not possible
smooth muscle can divide and regenerate
Term
satellite cells
Definition
more abundant in childhood
can fuse with existing muscle fibers to make them longer
can fuse with each other to produce new muscle fibers to replace muscle fibers that have been damaged
Term
homeostatic role of muscle
Definition
temperature homeostasis
25% energy used, 75% lost as heat
shivering when too cold
hypothalamus initiates
Term
muscle groups
Definition
muscles that work together in coordinated manner
protagonist
antagonist
synergist
Term
protagonist
Definition
muscle that performs main movement
contracts
Term
antagonist
Definition
muscle that opposes main movement
relaxes/extends
Term
synergist
Definition
"helper" or "assistant"
controls unnecessary extra movement
Term
parts of typical muscle
Definition
origin
insertions
gaster
Term
origin of muscle
Definition
where muscle attaches to a bone
Term
insertion
Definition
end of muscle that is moved
Term
gaster
Definition
belly of muscle
Term
700 total muscles
Definition
know name, origin, insertion, action
Term
face muscles
Definition
epicranius
orbicularis oculi
orbicularis oris
temporalis
Term
epicranius
Definition
covers upper part of cranium
origin- occipital bone
inserts- connective tissue on forehead
action- raise eyebrows, wrinkle forehead
Term
orbicularis oculi
Definition
surrounds each eye
origin- frontal bone
inserts- connective tissue around eye
action- cause eye to blink or close
Term
orbicularis oris
Definition
ring-like around mouth
origin- mandible and maxilli
inserts- connective tissue around mouth
action- pucker, "kissing muscle"
Term
temporalis
Definition
one on each side, fan-shaped
origin- pareital bone
inserts- mandible
action- raise mandible, close mouth, chewing
Term
muscles that move the head
Definition
sternocleido mastoid
capitis muscles
Term
sternocleido mastoid
Definition
2, long on each side of neck
origin- sternum and clavicle
inserts- mastoid process
action- turns head in opposite direction
Term
capitis muscles
Definition
3 on each side
origin- vertebral bones
inserts- temporal and occipital bones
action- bend head side to side
Term
shoulder muscles
Definition
trapezius
pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
deltoid
Term
trapezius
Definition
trapezoid shape, upper shoulder/neck region, one on each side
origin- occipital bone
inserts- both bones on shoulder, scapula and clavicle
action- raise shoulder, shrugging
Term
pectoralis major
Definition
upper chest, one on each side
origin- clavicle and sternum
inserts- humerus
action- pull arms across chest
Term
latissimus dorsi
Definition
1 on each side, triangle shaped, covers much of the back
origin- vertebral bones
inserts- humerus
action- pull arm back
Term
deltoid
Definition
triangle shaped, large and thick, common site for intramuscular injections
origin- clavicle, scapula
inserts- humerus
action- lift arm and move it in various directions
Term
upper arm muscles
Definition
biceps brachii
triceps brachii
Term
biceps brachii
Definition
origin- 2 on scapula
inserts- radius
action- flex arm at elbow, rotate lower arm
Term
triceps brachii
Definition
origin- 1 on scapula, 2 on humerus
inserts- ulna
action- extend arm at elbow
Term
lower arm muscles
Definition
brachio radialis
palmaris longus
Term
brachio radialis
Definition
thumb side
origin- humerus
inserts- radial bone near wrist
action- extend arm at elbow
Term
palmaris longus
Definition
long, slender, anterior
origin- humerus
inserts- palm of hand connective tissue
action- flex hand at wrist
Term
leg muscles
Definition
gluteus maximus
psoas
biceps femoris
semitendinosis
quadriceps femoris
Term
gluteus maximus
Definition
heaviest muscle in body, 1 on each side
origin- 1 coxal, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx
inserts- femur
action- extend leg at hip (sit to stand)
Term
psoas
Definition
long, thick, anterior upper thigh
origin- lumbar vertebrae
inserts- front femur
action- flex leg at hip (raise leg, sit down)
Term
biceps femoris
Definition
"hamstring" outside tendon
origin- 1 coxal, 1 femur
inserts- fibula and tibia
action- flex leg at knee, rotate lower leg out
Term
semitendinosis
Definition
inside hamstring, long, band-like, becomes a tendon halfway down thigh
origin- coxal
inserts- tibia
action- flex leg at knee and rotate leg in
Term
quadriceps femoris
Definition
4 separate muscles working together, large and fleshy, side and front of leg
origin- femur
inserts- tibia
action- extend lower leg at knee
Term
lower leg muscles
Definition
gastrocnemius
tibialis anterior
flexor digitorum longus
Term
gastrocnemius
Definition
back of lower leg, most of calf, common site for injury with older athletes
origin- 2 on femur
inserts- tarsal bone at back on heel (calcaneous bone)(achille's tendon is here)
action- pull foot down (plantar flexion), important for walking/running
Term
tibialis anterior
Definition
long, spindle-shaped
origin- tibia
inserts- metatarsal 1
action- pull foot up (dorsi flexion)
Term
flexor digitorum longus
Definition
origin- tibia (posterior surface)
inserts- toe bones
action- plantar flexion
causes shin splints
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