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Anatomy and Physiology I - Test 2
Metabolism, tissues, integumentary system
122
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/04/2011

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Term
metabolism
Definition
synthesis and decomposition reactions
Term
anabolism
Definition
synthesis reactions
Term
catabolism
Definition
decomposition reactions
Term
enzymes
Definition
catalytic proteins; works on substrate; not used up; like a lock and key
Term
turnover number
Definition
number of molecules per second the enzyme can handle
Term
active site
Definition
where the substrate fits into the enzyme
Term
allosteric site
Definition
where regulatory molecules attach to regulate activity of the enzyme
Term
coenzymes
Definition
molecules that must attach to the enzyme to make it work; often ions
Term
organic coenzymes
Definition
usually not proteins, referred to as vitamins
Term
What factors control rates of reactions?
Definition
substrate concentration (higher, faster)
enzyme concentration (higher, faster)
pH (specific)
temperature (higher, faster)
Term
critical temperature
Definition
temperature at which the enzyme is denatured and the reaction is stopped
Term
cyanide
Definition
chemical that causes denaturation of enzymes
Term
metabolic pathways
Definition
A-->B-->C-->D...(P)
every enzyme is critical
Term
carbohydrate pathway
Definition
cellular respiration (oxygen used) forms ATP
Term
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Definition
5 carbon sugar
nitrogen base
3 phosphate groups
Term
main pathway
Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (38 ATP)
Term
3 subpathways
Definition
glycolysis
Kreb's cycle
electron transport chain
Term
glycolysis
Definition
10 steps
Embden-Myerhoff pathway
only anaerobic organisms can live on just this process
2 pyruvates (2 ATP, 1 ACoA each)
1 ACoA --> 1 NADH2
Term
Kreb's cycle
Definition
1 ATP
3 NADH2
1 FADH2
Term
electron transport chain
Definition
uses 5 NADH2 and 1 FADH2
19 ATP total per pyruvate
38 per glucose molecule
Term
tissue
Definition
group of cells that function together for a specific purpose
Term
epithelial
Definition
covers surfaces and body cavities
very thin to get oxygen
self-renewing
avascular (no blood vessels)
Term
simple squamous
Definition
diffusion and filtration
kidneys, blood capillary walls, air sacs in lungs
Term
stratified squamous
Definition
protection
mouth, nasal cavity, skin
may have other types underneath
Term
simple cuboidal
Definition
secretion/absorption
gland surfaces
Term
stratified cuboidal
Definition
strengthens walls of ducts
sweat glands, salivary glands
Term
simple columnar
Definition
passageways
may have microvilli in passageway (may absorb/secrete)(cilia move mucus)
respiratory
Term
stratified columnar
Definition
rare in humans
male urethra, female mammary gland
Term
connective tissue
Definition
vascular
cells widely spaced (matrix materials)
provide support for organs
bind body parts together
protection and storage
Term
fibroblasts
Definition
large, flat, star-shaped
collagen
Term
macrophages
Definition
crawl around, engulf bacteria or cellular debris
Term
mast cells
Definition
heparin (keep blood from coagulating)
histamines/histones (cause blood vessels to dilate)
Term
loose connective tissue
Definition
areolar tissue
matrix contains large amounts of interstitial fluid
Term
interstitial fluid contains...
Definition
collagen
elastin
reticulin
Term
collagen
Definition
interstitial fluid: white, resistant to pulling, flexible
Term
elastin
Definition
interstitial fluid: yellow, elastic
Term
reticulin
Definition
interstitial fluid: lots of branches, proteins, give softness and flexibility to tissue
Term
adipose tissue
Definition
stores excess fats ("signet ring" cells)
modified fibroblasts
subcutaneous layer, insulates body
women have thicker layer
Term
dense connective tissue
Definition
collagenous
matrix: dense network of collagen
fibroblasts
silvery white
tendons, ligaments
Term
elastic connective tissue
Definition
yellowish because of elastin fibers
chondrocytes
walls of lungs, urinary bladder, large arteries
Term
cartilage
Definition
matrix: dense network of collagen and elastin
chondrocytes and fibroblasts
strength and flexibility
between joints, branches of respiratory system, vertebral column, nose, ears
Term
chondrocytes
Definition
produce elastin
Term
types of connective tissues
Definition
loose
adipose
dense
elastic
cartilage
bone
blood
Term
types of muscle tissues
Definition
skeletal
visceral
cardiac
Term
muscle tissues
Definition
capable of contraction
function: movement, posture, heat production
Term
skeletal tissue
Definition
muscles attached to bones
striated
voluntary control
cells are long and cylindrical
length of muscle, multinucleated, fast response, short refractory period
Term
striated
Definition
alternating dark and light bands on muscles
Term
refractory period
Definition
period of time before muscle relaxes after contracting
Term
tetanus
Definition
held in contracted state by sending nerve impulses
Term
visceral
Definition
walls of hollow internal organs (stomach, bladder, uterus)
smooth muscle (unstriated)
involuntary
cells are spindle shaped
single nucleus, slower response, long refractory period, can still go into tetanus contraction
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
only in walls of the heart
striated
involuntary
doesn't need nerve impulses to contract
cells are rectangular, single nucleus, intercalated disks between cells
slow response
long refractory period, can not go into tetanic contraction
Term
types of nervous tissue cells
Definition
neurons
glial cells
Term
neurons
Definition
excitable cells
carry nerve impulses
"functional units"
Term
glial cells
Definition
nonexcitable cells
support and protect nervous tissue
Term
nervous cells...
Definition
brain, spinal cord
regulate, control, and coordinate
throughout the body
Term
inflammation symptoms
Definition
redness
pain
heat
swelling
Term
histones
Definition
mediators of inflammation
chemical substances that release symptoms of inflammation
Term
edema
Definition
abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath skin or in a cavity that produces swelling
Term
pus
Definition
thick, yellowish-white fluid, excess fluids, dead blood cells
Term
tissue repair
Definition
replacing dead or damaged cells with new ones
Term
types of tissue repair
Definition
regeneration
replacement
Term
important for tissue repair
Definition
nutrition
blood circulation
age
Term
regeneration repair
Definition
new cells are the same type as destroyed cells (parenchymal cells) "perfect healing"
very shallow, not past epidermis
Term
replacement repair
Definition
new type of cell replaces dead cells
scar tissue ALWAYS formed
fibroblasts
usually some loss of function
very deep, past epidermis
Term
fibrosis
Definition
formation of scar tissue
Term
body membranes
Definition
epithelial membranes
NOT cell membranes
2 layers: epithelial above connective tissue
Term
types of body membranes
Definition
serous
mucous
synovial
cutaneous
Term
serous membranes
Definition
line internal body cavities
secrete _____ fluid
lubricate surfaces
minimize friction
Term
mucous membranes
Definition
secrete _____
various passageways
have an opening to the external of the body
thicker than serous fluid
Term
synovial membranes
Definition
form inner lining of joint cavities
secretes _____ fluid
lubricates bones at the joint
Term
cutaneous membrane
Definition
skin/integument
covers outer surface of body
Term
integumentary system
Definition
consists of skin and structures derived from skin (hair, nails, skin glands)
skin is the largest organ of the body (10% of body weight in the avg adult)
is 0.5mm-5mm thick, most of body is 1-2 mm thick
Term
integumentary functions
Definition
protection against water loss, microbial invasion, harmful UV rays
maintain temperature homeostasis (37-38 C, heat loss, sweat)
vitamin D synthesis (requires sunlight)
excretes sweat
keratin
melanocytes
Term
keratin
Definition
protein with water-proofing abilities, difficult for bacteria to get in
Term
melanocytes
Definition
secretes the chemical melanin to absorb UV radiation
Term
structures of integumentary system
Definition
epidermis
dermis
adapose tissue
Term
epidermis
Definition
epithelial tissue
outermost
stratified 4-5 layers
Term
layers of epidermis
Definition
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
(stratum lucidum)
stratum corneum
Term
stratum basale
Definition
bottom layer of epidermis
aka stratum germinativum
continually renewing epidermis
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
prickly appearance because keratin is being produced
directly above stratum basale
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
granular appearance because keratin is being packed
directly above stratum spinosum
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
translucent
only found in palms and soles
packed with eleidin
directly above stratum granulosum
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
hardened, dead cells
continually being replaced
topmost layer of epidermis
Term
melanin
Definition
produced in stratum basale
found only in bottom two layers of epidermis
protects body from UV radiation
Term
dermis
Definition
large amounts of matrix materials (collagen and elastin)
Term
regions in dermis
Definition
papillary
reticular
Term
papillary region
Definition
region of dermis
pili hold in place
contains blood vessels and nerve receptors
Term
reticular region
Definition
reticulin makes skin soft
receptors give sensation to pressure
Term
structures derived from skin
Definition
hair
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
nails
Term
hair
Definition
protection
contained in follicle
arrector pili muscles - "goosebumps"
composed of dead epidermal cells
flat scale-like, more keratin
Term
arrector pili muscles
Definition
bundles of smooth muscle that contract to pull the hair up straight
"goosebumps"
Term
sebaceous glands
Definition
one for each hair follicle
secrete sebum into follicle
prevents hair from drying out and being brittle
has antibacterial properties
Term
sweat glands
Definition
suderiferous glands
eccrine
apocrine
contains water, salt, and some waste material
brain sends messages
Term
eccrine
Definition
coil tube deep in dermis
most numerous in forehead, back, palms, and soles
Term
apocrine
Definition
groin and armpit areas
comes up the hair
inactive until puberty
characteristic odors for sexual attraction; active during sexual arousal
Term
nails
Definition
composed of dead cells
heavily keratinized
grow about 1 mm/wk on fingers, toes are slower
protects ends of fingers and toes
aid in grasping small objects (needles, etc)
Term
hyperthermia
Definition
temperature is too high
enzymes will denature
Term
hypothermia
Definition
temperature is too low
processes will slow and lead to organ and heart failure
Term
heat gain
Definition
skeletal muscles and heart are main sources
dermal vasodilation
suderiferous glands (sweat)
dermal vasoconstriction
skeletal muscles (shivering)
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
body's thermostat
Term
dermal vasodilation
Definition
causes blood vessels to dilate, promoting heat loss
Term
dermal vasoconstriction
Definition
less blood flow to keep heat in
Term
heat loss
Definition
radiation (infrared)
conduction
convection
evaporation
Term
conduction
Definition
warmer to cooler from surfaces
Term
convection
Definition
warmer to cooler from cold air
Term
evaporation (as heat loss)
Definition
the only method in which surroundings are warmer than our bodies
sweat
Term
interleukin-1
Definition
released by white blood cells
causes setting in hypothalamus to rise (fever)
Term
injuries to skin
Definition
burns
skin disorders
Term
burns
Definition
heat, radiation, electrical, chemical
1st degree (least harmful)
2nd degree
3rd degree (most harmful)
Term
1st degree burn
Definition
epidermal layers
only localized effects
"superficial partial thickness" burns
Term
2nd degree burns
Definition
epidermal and dermal damage
some cells still alive, rapid regeneration can occur
blisters always form
scarring may occur
"deep partial thickness" burns
Term
3rd degree burns
Definition
epidermis and dermis destroyed
"full thickness" burns
slow regeneration
disfiguring/disabling scars always form
dead cells need to be removed
body fluids need to be replaced
wounds may be covered with grafts or skin substitutes
very painful
Term
systemic effects
Definition
affects parts of body far from burns
plasma and plasma proteins lost (shock)
bacteria can get in and spread
more susceptible to bacterial infections
blood circulation reduced
reduce urine production to retain water
Term
skin disorders
Definition
result from bacterial, viral or yeast infections
some are genetic
some the source is unknown
skin cancers are common
acne
carbuncles
cold sores
psoriasis
skin cancers
Term
acne
Definition
inflammatory disease of sebaceous glands
begins at puberty
overactive sebaceous gland gets plugged and debris forms (blackhead)
cyst forms from infection, pinching can cause permanent scars
Term
carbuncles
Definition
severe compound boils
spreads down into subcutaneous layer
most commonly due to bacterial infection
Term
cold sores
Definition
small, itchy, fluid-filled blisters
mostly around lips
caused by virus herpes simplex (remains dormant until activated by stress or a cold)
contagious once active
never really leaves
Term
psoriasis
Definition
chronic
reddened patches on skin with silvery scales
scalp, back, elbows, knees
too much mitotic activity
may be hereditary
triggered by trauma/emotional stress
Term
skin cancers
Definition
overexposure to harmful UV radiation
takes long time to appear
basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma
Term
basal cell carcinoma
Definition
least deadly, most common skin cancer
cells no longer produce keratin
spreads into dermis
starts as shiny, dome-shaped nodule on surface, very slow growing
easily cured by surgical removal
Term
squamous cell carcinoma
Definition
skin cancer in stratum spinosum
scaly red elevation on surface of skin
causes shallow depression, looks like a sore
grows more rapidly
spreads to lymph nodes and elsewhere
removed surgically
can kill you if ignored
Term
malignant melanoma
Definition
only 6% of all skin cancers
begins with a melanocyte that has been altered
appears as round black patch on skin
resembles a mole except for rough edges and mixture of colors
spreads rapidly
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