1) Head-(Cephalic)face and cranium

2) Neck-Cervical

3) Trunk-

       ~Thorax: diaphram to base of neck

       ~Abdomen: diaphram to top of pelvic bone

       ~Pelvis: Pelvic bone to where the leg bone begins

4) Upper extremity

5) Lower Extremity

6) Posterior

Body Planes

3 types of Planes:

1) Frontal (Coronal)

2) Sagittal

3) Transvers (horizontal cross sections)

Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but ...

~Nerves or blood vessels maybe out of place

~Small muscles maybe missing

~extreme variations are seldom seen 

Dorsal-protects the nervous sytem

~Cranial cavity 

~Vertebral cavity

Ventral-houses the internal organs(viscera)

~Thoratic: Pleural {lung} & Pericardial {heart}

~Abdominopelvic: Abdominal{stomach} &

Pelvic {bladder}

Nucleic Acid

{Nucleotide}

1. Protection: chemicals, physical, and mechanical barrier

2. Body Temperature: regulation is accomplished

      ~Dilation{cooling}  & Constriction{warming}

      ~increasing sweat gland secretions to cool the body

3. Cutaneous sensation: exoreceptors sense touch and  

    pain

4. Metabolic functions: synthesis of vitamin D is dermal

    blood vessels

5. Blood resevior: stores up to 5% of the bodies blood

6. Excretion

1. Epidermis: outermost superficial region

2. Dermis: middle region

3. Hypodermis: (superfical fascia) deepest region

~Consists of 4 cell types 4-5 layers thick:

    1. Keratinocytes-produce the fibrous protein

    2. Melanocytes-produce the brown pigment melanin

    3. Merkel cells-function as touch receptoers in  

        association with sensory nerve endings

    4. Langerhans' cells-epidermal macrophages{eats

        other cells} that help activate the immue system

~Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis

~consists of a single row of the youngest keratinocytes

~Cells undergo rapid division, hence its alternate name stratum germinativum

~Outermost layer of keratinized cells

~Account for three quaters of the epidermal thickness.

~Functions include:

       * Waterproofing

       * Protection from abrasion and penetration

       * Redering the body relatively insensitive to

            biological, chemical, and physical assults.

~Second major skin region containing strong, flexible,

  connective tissue.

~Cell types include fibroblasts, microphages, and

  occasionally most cells and white blood cells.

~Composed of two layers  

~Contains Meissner's corpuscles and free nerve endings

~Meissner's corpuscles which are touch receptors

~Accounts for approximately 80% of the thickness of the

  skin.

~Collagen fibers in this layer add strengh and resiliency

  to the skin

~Elastin fibers provide stretch-recoil properties

~Subcutaneous Layer deep to the skin

*Contains fat {adipose}

1. Melanin-yellow to reddish brown to black pigment,

    responsible for dark skin color.

2. Carotene-yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in

    the palms and soles of the feet.

3. Hemoglobin-reddish pigment responsible for the pinkish

    hue of the skin.

~Differnet types prevent overheating of the body; secrete cerumen an milk

1.Eccrine

2.Apocrine

3.Sebaceous

~Palms, soles of feet, forehead

~Mostly water (some ions)

~Major role is to prevent overheating of the body

~Controlled by autonomic nervous system

~Located in the axillary region

~Mostly organic/fat

~Odoer comes from the waste produced as the bacteria eats the organic matter 

~Found all over the body except palms and soles of feet.

~Soften skin, prevents hair from being brittle, slows water loss.

~Secrete an oily secretion called sebum

~Scalelike modification of the epidermis

~Made of hard keratin

~Grow from the nail bed or nail matrix

~The lunula appears white because this region is where the nail grows.

1. Detect insects on the skin

2. Protects against the sun, heat loss, physical damage

3. Eyelashes shield eyes

4. Nose hair filters particles.

~Dead Keratinized cells produced by hair follicles

~Contains hard keratin

~Made up of the shaft projecting from the skin, and the

  root embedded in the skin

~If the shaft is flat = curly hair

~If the shaft is oval = wavy hair

~If the shaft is round = straight hair

~Pigmented by melanocytes at the base of the hair

~Red hair contains an iron-containing pigment called trichosiderin

~Hair bulb: at the end of each strand is the hair bulb

*this contains nerve endings

~Hair grows average of 2.5mm per week

~The follicle of the hair goes through a growth cycle

~Growth of the hair, hair matrix cells die, resting phase.

1. Basal Cell Carcinoma

2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

3. Melanoma

~Least malignant and most common

~Stratum basal cells proliferate and invade the dermis

  and hypodermis

~Slow growing and do not metastasize

~Can be curved by surgical excision in 99% cases

~A rise from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

~most often on scalp, ears, and lower lip

~grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed

~prognosis is good if treated by radiation theraphy or removed surgically

~Cancer of melanocytes in the most dangerous type of skin cancer because it is:

*highly metastic

*resistant to chemotheraphy

Asymmetry

Border

Color

Diameter

1. Only epidermis is damaged - Symptoms include localized redness, swelling, and pain

2. Epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged  - Symptoms include localized redness, swelling, pain, and blisters appear

3. Entire thickness of skin is damaged-Burned area appears grey-white, cherry red, or black 

1. Support

2. Protection 

3. Aids in Movement

4. Blood cell formation

5. Storage of Calcium and Phosphorous

1. Muscle Contraction

2. Nerve Conduction

3. Movement of substances across membrane

1. Long bone: length > width, absorbs stress from the

                    body weight

2. Short bone: length = width

3. Flat bone: thin flattened and a bit curved

4. Irregular bone: bones with complicated shapes

Hyline

Elastic

Fibriocartilage

~Provides support, flexibility, and resilience

~Most abundant

~It is present in: Nasal, articular, costal, respiratory

~Simmilar to hyaline, but contains elastic fibers

~Found in the external ear and the epiglottis

~Highly compressed with great tensile strengh

~Contains collagen fibers

~Found in meniscis of the knee and in intervertabral discs

Head, trochanters, spines 

~Attachment point for muscles and create joints

Osteon-the structual unit of the compact bone 

Lamella-ring within osteon

Haversian Canal-contains blood vessels and nerves

Lacunae-cavity that contains osteocytes

1. Bone nourishment

2. Attachment point for ligaments and tendons

3. Growth and Repair

1. Precursor cells migrate to skeletal area of the thorax

    embryonic body, head, limbs

2. Lenght- intersitial growth

3. Width-appositional growth

Interamembranous Ossification

~Occurs only with flat bones 

~When bone develops form a fibrous cartilage membrane

~All bones below the skull are formed by this process

~Begins 2nd month of pregnacy

~uses hyaline cartilage bones as models

1. Precursor cells trnsform into chondroblasts

2. Chondroblasts produce hyaline cartilage

3. Cartilage expains to shape bone

4. Blood vessels penetrate cartilage and chondroblasts

   will either enlarge and die or transform into

   osteoblasts

5. Death of chondroblasts will cause the destrution of

    cartilage

6. Forming spaces with in the model - primary

    ossification

7.Once space is made osteoblasts will produce spongy

   bone

8. Osteoblasts in the periosteum will from compact  

    bone

9. Vessels will enter the epiphysis, cartilage will

    continue to be destroyed-second ossification center

10. Cartilage destruction forms the medullary cavity

11. All that remains is the line line of cartilage between

     the diaphysis and ephysis called the epiphyseal

     plate.

Adult bones go through remodeling because...

Repair and growth

if left in place too long calcium crystallizes and bone becomes brittle

~Complete-the bone is broken in half

~Incomplete/greenstick-break doesn't extend through the

                                  bone

~Closed/simple-bone doesn't pierce the skin

~Commpound-bone pierces the skin