Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology St Olaf summer
33
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
06/16/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Four Basic Types of Tissues

Definition

A. Epithelial

b. Connective

c. Muscular

D. Nervous

Term

Epithelial Tissue

Definition
Many Functions, eg. covering for free surfaces, protection, and for absorption, secretion, and excretion.
Term
Basic Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
Definition

A. Mostly cells, with little intercellular substance

b. Cells attached to basement membrane

c. free surface, may have microvilli, cilia, brush borders.

d. avascularity

Term

Classification by Layers

Definition

A. simple-single cell layer=pavement epithelium

B.Stratified- 2 or more layers

C. pseudostratified- one layer, looks like several

Term

Classification by Cell Shape

Definition

Squamous-flat, thin

Cuboidal-cube shaped

Columnar-taller than wide, upright rectangles

 

Term

Simple Squamous

Definition

Thin sheet, eg. lining of blood vessels, alveoli in lungs, Bowman's capsule in kidneys; occurs where diffusion and filtration are important.

Term

Stratified Squamous

Definition

many layers, typically cells closest to basement membrane are columnar or cuboidal, become increasingly flattened towards free border; continual upwards replacement.

- Epidermis, mouth, espophogus, anus, vagina. Areas subject to friction.

Term
Transitional
Definition
stratefied, varies from cuboidal to squamous depending on conditions--urinary bladder, allows expansion.
Term
Simple cuboidal
Definition
glands, eg. thyroid, salivary, sweat, some ducts leading away from glands. Sometimes stratified in some ducts, mammary glands.
Term
Simple columnar
Definition
Tend to be involved in secretion and absorption; lining digestive tract stomach to rectum, some may be ciliated eg. lining of bronchi, nasal cavity.
Term
Stratified Columnar
Definition
Rare parts of pharynx
Term
Pseudostratified columnar
Definition
Common, many respiratory passages, may be ciliated  (why?)
Term
Tissues: Classification by Function and Location
Definition
Term

A. Mucus Membrane

Definition
Common, secrete mucin, moist, involved in secretion and absorption, eg simple columnar epthelium digestive trace, or stratified squamous of mouth.
Term
B. Serous Membranes
Definition
Secrete watery fluid simple squamous epithelium lining peritoneam and the pleura.
Term
Endothelium
Definition
Simple squamous layer lining interior of heart chambers and blood vessels.
Term
Glandular epithelia
Definition

In glands, produce secretions, sweat, milk, hormones, enzymes, or produce excretions, waste products-bile, urea

a.goblet cells: mucus, digestive and respiratory

b. exocrine: ducts, digestive glands, pancreas

c. endocrine: no ducts, blood; hormones, pituitary

d.merocrine: cell not destroyed, salivary

e. holocrine: cell ruptures, dies, sebaceous

f. apocrine: partial destruction, regenerates, mammary

Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
Characterized by large amount of inercellular matrix surrounding relatively few cells. All have common mesenchyme origin.
Term
Three types of cells in CT?
Definition

Fibroblasts: =fibrocytes, very common, are cells that produce matrix

2. Macrophages: phagocytes-move thru the CT, consume foreign materials, bacteria, dead cells.

3. Mast Cells: oval cells producing histamine and herapin

Term

Matrix of CT?

 

Definition

2 kinds, both produced by fibrocytes

a. Ground Substance: a homogenous gel, varies from hard to soft.

b.3 kinds of Fibers:

1. collagenous-most abundant,not elastic, strong, do not stretch,white when fresh

2. elastic-long, slender, elastic, interwoven networks, yellow when fresh

3. reticular- short, thin, form tight nonelastic

Term
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
Definition
Term
a. Loose areolar
Definition
loos, unorganized fibers, mostly collagenous, but others also;mostly widespread Ct, eg. subcutaneous tissue, holds organs in place, surrounds blood vessels.
Term
b. Dense Irregular:
Definition
similar to loose areolar, but denser-dermis layer of skin eg leather
Term
c.Dense Regular
Definition
collagenous fivers in dense parallel bundles;tendons, ligaments, fascia
Term
d. Elastic CT
Definition
similar to above, but with more elastic fibers; stretches--walls of arteries
Term
e. Adipose tissue
Definition
fat cells bound together by loose Ct
Term
f. Cartilage
Definition

collagenous fiers imbedded in a ground substance of CHONDRIN which is firm:

3 kinds of Cartilage

1. hyaline:collagenous fibers, comon smooth, flexible.

2. Elastic: has elastic fiver, more flexivle, eg external ear
3. Fibrocartilage:Like dense reg. Ct, but thicer and gives, intervertebral discs

Term
g. Bone
Definition
matrix is mineralized (calcium phosphate), hard,
Term
h. blood
Definition
considered a CT, same embyonic origin as other CT
Term
i. Mesenchyme
Definition
embryonic CT
Term
What are the three kinds of Muscle Tissue?
Definition

Skeletal:the voluntary muscles of the body. Cells=long, cylindrical, with many nuclei along the periphery of each fiber Individual muscle fibers have many long longitudinal fibrils. Under microscope can see alternating light and dark cross striations, thus the name, striated muscle.

Cardiac: also striated, but cells are arranged in brancing networdls. Nuclei are not on the periphery, but in center of the muscle fiber. Adjoining cells meet at the intercalated discs. not voluntary

 

Smooth=visceral: not striated. Each cell spindle shaped, nucleus in center. Found in walls of internal organs, eg, digestive tract, walls of blood vessels. Not voluntary.

Supporting users have an ad free experience!