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Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 5 Phonation
101
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/10/2008

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Term
Phonation
Definition
product of vobrating vocal folds that occur within the larynx and is the air coming from respiratory system, traveling through larynx that is creating the buzz
Term
Larynx
Definition
- musculo cartilaginous structure
-located at superior end of trachea and inferior to hyoid bone
- midline structure
-adjacent to cervicle vertebrae 4-6 in an adult
- infant adjacent to cervicle vertebrae 3
-can be considered a valvue that connects the respiratory system, nose, and mouth
-made up of different cartiledges, 3 paired and 3 unpaired cartiledges
-larynx in male = 44mm
-larynx in female = 36 mm
-has felxibility
     .can move up and down as a whole
     . help in speech and swolling purposes
     . indiv. cartidges can move on own
- cavity of larynx is a constricted tube but smooth surface
Term
important areas of larynx:
Definition
1.Aditus
2.Vestibule
3.Laryngeal Ventricle
4.Glottis
5.Vocal Folds 
Term
Aditus
Definition

"aditus laryngis"

 

entry way into larynx  from above

-anterior border is epiglottis

-lateral border is aryepiglottic folds

-posterior border is membrane covering of the arytenoids 

Term
Vestibule
Definition

space between aditus and ventricular folds (false vocal folds)

 

starts right below where epiglottis is attaching and ends at lateral sides of arytenoids 

Term
Laryngeal Ventricle
Definition

"ventricle of morgagni"=founder

 

space in larynx between false and true vocal folds

 

important because it contains glands that secrete mucus that keeps laryngeal space lubricated

 

Term
Glottis
Definition

space between vocal folds (horizonal space)

 

the MOST IMPORTANT SPACE FOR SPEECH

 

an average glottis is 20mm in length at rest -width an average 8mm

 

2 sections:

membranous glottis

cartilaginous glottis 

        

 

Term
Membranous Glottis
Definition
anterior 3/5 of vocal edge made up of soft tissue of vocal folds
Term
Carilaginos Glottis
Definition
2/5 of vocal edge made up of cartiledge of arytenoids
Term
Vocal Folds
Definition

made up of several different layers, tissue and muscle fiber

 

glistening, white appearence

 

as a group stiff yet felxible

 

support to their structure degree of movement 

Term
Cartilages of Larynx
Definition
1.Cricoid Cartilage
2.Thyroid Cartilage
3.Arytenoid Cartilage
4.Corniculate Cartilage
5.Epiglottis
6.Cuneiform Cartilage
Term
Cricoid Cartilage
Definition

most inferior of all cartilages

 

-unpaired (only one)

-superior to trachea and usually same diameter as trachea

-anterior part is low and posterior part is higher, lower in front, because VF will pass over

-joint called cricothyroid joint 
 

Term
Cricothyroid Joint
Definition

place on cricoid cartilage that joins with thyroid cartiage

 

allow movement (rocking) 

Term
Thyroid Cartilage
Definition

 

-unpaired

-largest of carilage in area

-makes up anterior and lateral parts or walls of larynx

-looks like a shield

-parts:thyroid lamina

Term
Thyroid Lamina
Definition
2 plates that make up the sides of the larynx
Term
Thyroid Angle
Definition
where 2 plates come together at midline
Term
Thyroid Notch
Definition
most anterior and superior point on angle
Term
Oblique Lines
Definition

on both thyroid lamina are pieces that project out slightly

 

 

Term
Greater Corunu
Definition

horn

 

in back of thyroid cartilage and piece that extends upward 

Term
inferior Corunu
Definition
piece that projects downward
Term
Arytenoid Cartilage
Definition

-paired

-look like small pyramids

-found on posterior,superior,surface of cricoid (Left and right) opposite each other

-made up of:

base=top of cricoid

apex = top part

vocal process

muscular process 

Term
Vocal Process
Definition

projects anteriorly toward thyroid notch

 

piece of arytenoid VF attached to it 

Term
Muscular Process
Definition

lateral projection

 

caritlage that help to turn on and turn off voicing

 

can glide,rotate,and rock (each movement has direct impact on VF)

 

Term

Corniculate Cartilage

 

-paired

-tiny triangle that sits on top of arytenoid

-extends height of arytenoid 

Definition
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
-unpaired
-leaf like looking
-originates:inner surface of thyroid
-travels:upward beyond larynx and above hyoid bone
-covered in mucus membrane
-lateral edges joined to arytenoids by way of aryepiglottis folds
-under surface find X cranial nerve called Vagus Nerve that conducts sensory info from larynx to brain
-has a protecitve function and protects laryngeal area from foreign objets when swallowing 
Term
Swalloing
Definition
epiglottis flips over, covers air way, and acts as a sliding board for food and liquid to pass to esophagus
Term
Cuneifrom Carilage
Definition
-paired
-small little cartilages embedded in airepiglottis folds
-add support to laryngeal area esp.folds 
Term
Hyoid Bone
Definition
-linkage between tounge and laryngeal structures not in larynx
-horse shoe shape
-not connected to any other bone that sits in muscular sling
-unpaired
-corpus=main part in front
.greater cornu-longer project laterally toward back
.lesser cornu-travel superiorly
 
can be moved back or forward and down 
Term
Functions of Larynx
Definition

swallowing

vibrations  for speech

breathing

 

if larynx is removed can still communicate by signing, writing, electrolarynx, trachiostomy 

Term
Laryngeal Muscles
Definition

Intrinsic Muscles

Extrinsic Muscles 

Term
Intrinsic Muscles
Definition

internal muscles

-originate and insert somewhere within larynx

-help move VF in certain directions=fine motor movements 

-opening and closing VF

-tense and relax VF 

Term
Extrinsic Muscles
Definition

outside muscles

-1 attachment on larynx and other attachment on a nonlaryngeal structure

-do more major adjustments

-help lift larynx up or down 

Term
Intrinsic Muscles comprised of:
Definition
Adductors
Abductors
Glottal Tensors
Relaxers 
Term
Adductors
Definition

close VF to midline

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

Transverse Arytenoid

Oblique Arytenoids 

Term
Lateral Cricoarytenoid
Definition
originates: on superior, lateral surface of cricoid
Travels: up and back
Inserts: into muscular process of arytenoid
 
when contracts will pull muscular process of arytenoid forward which caused adduction of the VF and might lengthen VF
 
squeezes tips of arytenoids tightly together called medial compression = when 2 things come together with force
Term
Transverse Arytenoid
Definition
unpaired
Originates and Inserts: from lateral eduge of posterior arytenoid and travels across to opposite side
 
when contracts brings both arytenoids toward each other which brings VF near each other
 
helps with medial compression 
Term
Oblique Arytenoids
Definition
paired
superficial to transverse Arytenoid
Originates: on posterior base of muscular process
Travels: obliqully up
Inserts: into apex of opposite arytenoid
 
criss cross pattern
helps adduct VF by bringing arytneoids together
helps flip epiglottis over to cover larynx 
Term
Abductors
Definition
Help open up VF (away from midline) 
 
Posterior Cricoarytenoid
 
Term
Posterior Cricoarytenoid
Definition
originate: posterior part of cricoid
travels: up and out
Inserts: into posterior part of muscular process on arytenoid
 
when contracts pull muscular process posteriorlly and abduct VF 
Term
Glottal Tensors
Definition

Tense VF

 

Cricothyroid  Muscle

Thyrovocalis Muscle

 

Term
Cricothyroid Muscle
Definition

connect cricoid and thyroid cartilege

2 parts: parsrecta - straight

parsoblique - angle

 

Originate: anterior cricoid cartilege

Travel: up and out

Insert: into lower thyroid and lower horns

 

when contracts helps tilt thyroid cartilege down or forward and cricoid may rise a little bit

 

when thyroid tils the distance btw arytenoid and thyroid increase which leads to VF strething and lengething which casues tension

 

important bc can help change pitch of VF 

Term
Thyrovocalis Muscle
Definition

make up bulk of VF

 

Originates: inner surface of thyroid near notch

Travels: back

Inserts: lateral surface of vocal process

 

when contracts puts vocal process in line with notch which shorten VF and tenses them. if open up will adduct them

 

directly involved with vibration 

Term
Relaxers
Definition
Thyromuscularis
Term
Thyromuscularis
Definition
Originates:inner surface of thyroid
Travels: back
Inserts: muscular process
help to addcut VF and relax VF
part of VF that does not directly participate in vibration bc far away from glottis 
Term
Intrinsic Muscles Influence Pitch.
Definition

every laryngeal adjusment that we make influences pitch

 

if increase tenstion on VF they will stretch and there will be decreased mass per unit length

 

if increase tension and decrease mass per unit length there will be an increase in the # of vibrations of the VF which increases frequency (pitch) vise versa 

Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition

all intrinsic muscles are made to move my cranial never X =vagus nerve

 

come down from brain

travel down and around heart

then back into laryngea area

 

2 different parts:

1. superior laryngeal nerve

2.recurrent laryngeal nerve 

Term
Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles consists of:
Definition
Hyoid and Laryngeal Elevators
Hyoid and Laryngeal Depressors 
Term
Hyoid and Laryngeal Elevators
Definition
Digastricus
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus
Thyropharyngeus of Inferior Constrictor 
Term
Digastricus
Definition

made up of 2 belly's

1.anterior

2.posterior

 


 

Term

Digastricus Anterior

Definition

-Originates: on inner surface of mandible at symphysis

-Travels medially and down

-Inserts at level of hyoid where it joins posterior digastricus by way of an intermediate tendon

 

when contracts pullls hyoid up and forward

Term
Digastricus Posterior
Definition
Originates:on mastoid process of temporal bone
Travels:down through another muscle
Inserts: on hyoid at area of lesser cornu
 
when contracts pulls hyoid up and back 
Term
Stylohyoid
Definition
Originates: styloid process of temporl bone
Travels:medially and down
Inserts: into hyoid corpus
 
when contracts move hyoid up and back 
Term
Mylohyoid
Definition
Originates:on under side of mandible (whole underside)
Travels:medially and down
Inserts:into hyoid corpus
 
wider muscle fan shaped
forms floor of mouth
 
when contracts elevate hyoid, bring forward and elevates floor of mouth when preparing to swallow 
Term
Geniohyoid
Definition

superior to mylohyloid

Originates:inner surface of mandible

Travels:back and down

Inserts:into hyoid corpus

 

when contracts pulls hyoid up and forward

can pull mandible down if hyoid is fixed positon 

Term
Hyoglossus
Definition
Originates:on entire superior surface of the hyoids greater cornu
Travels:up
Inserts:into sides of tongue
 
when contracts can elevate hyoid bone but primarily lingual or tongue depressor 
Term
Genioglossus
Definition
Originates:inner surface of mandible at sumphysis
Travels:up, back, and down
Inserts:into tongue and the anterior surface of the hyoid corpus
 
when contracts it will elevate hyoid as well as help with lingual movements 
Term
Thyropharyngeus of Inferior Constrictor
Definition

inferior constrictor made up of thyropharngeous and cricopharyngeous

 

Originates:on posterior pharyngeal raphe

Travels:down and laterally like fan shape

Inserts:into thyroid lamina and inferior cornu

 

when contracts helps elevate larynx while constricting pharynx

 

muscle helps propell food through pharynx 

Term
Hyoid and Laryngeal Depressors
Definition
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid 
Term
Sternohyoid
Definition
Originate: on posterior superior region of sternum and medial part of clavicle
Travels:up
Inserts:into inferior edge of hyoid corpus
 
when contracts will pull hyoid down but if all elevator muscles were moving will keep hyoid and larynx in a fixed position 
Term
Omohyoid
Definition

2 bellys:

inferior and superior belly 

 

Originates: upper border of scapula and joins at an intermediate tendon with the superior belly

Inserts:into side of hyoid corpus

 

when contracts will depress hyoid and larynx

deep to sternocleidomastoid 

Term
Sternothyroid
Definition
Originate:on sternum
Travels:up and out
Inserts:into oblique line of thyroid
 
when contracts pull down on thyroid cartilege
important during a swallow bc pulls larynx back down elevated for a swallow 
Term
Thyrohyoid
Definition
Originates:on oblique line
Travel:upward
Inserts:into inferior side of hyoids greater cornu
 
when contracts either depress hyoid or if hyoid is in fixed position will raise larynx 
Term
Non speech laryngeal Functions
Definition
1. Coughing
2.Throat Clearing
3.Abdominal Fixation
4.swallow reflex
5.dilation of larynx 
Term
coughing
Definition

the response of our tissues in the respiratory passageway to an irritant or foreign object

 

-VF adduct

-pressure builds up and explodes VF to blow our irritant

-helps to clear passageway

-negative though bc a lot of force is required and can damage delicate laryngeal structures 

Term
Throat Clearing
Definition

not as violent as cough but still stressful

 

-tightening laryngeal muscles

-close VF and let out little bits of pressure at a time

-delicate tissue put under strain and stress

-helps clear passageways of irritant

-if you can clear throat means you can move VF which can help with voice and phonation 

 

Term
Abdominal Fixation
Definition

process of capturing air within thorax to provide muslces with a structure on which to push or pull

 

-needed for: vomiting,heavy lifting, child birth, going to the b-room

-VF closed so tight make grunting noise to let air out 

Term
Swallow Reflex
Definition
flipping over of epiglottis revents foreign object from entering trachea and closing of VF prevent things from going into Trachea
Term
Dilation of Larynx
Definition

when VF abduct to help bring in more air into respiratory system

 

-see during physical exhertion

-glottal area is doubling in size 

Term
Laryngeal Functions for Speech
Definition

main functon is phonation/voicing

 

-Aryodynamic Myloelsatic theory of Phonation=vocal fold vibration

 

-result of 2 factors:

1.aryodynamic factor

2.myloelastic factor

 

aryodynamic=air flow and pressure

myloelastic=laryngeal muscular resistence to air flow 

Term
Aryodynamic described by Bernoulli Effect:
Definition

given a constant volume and flow of air or fluid at a point of constriction there will be a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase of velocity of the flow.

  

as velocity of a gas or liquid increases pressure will decrease.if there is constriction in a tube aire will flow faster around constriction and pressure on wall of constriction will be lower.

 

faster the air flows through glottis the farther apart air moelcules became, so less force they will exhert against VF to push them open.

 

ex; TOLL BOOTH/ CONSTRUCITON 

Term
Myoelastic:
Definition
1.Mechanical Coupling
2.Longitudinal Tension
3.Mass
4.Viscous Forces 
Term
Mechanical Coupling
Definition

the glottal edges of VF (specifially loose mucus covering) function as if they were 2 seperate but interconnected masses.

 

Becasue one part will move other part will move along with it=lower part of VF move first then upper part moves along with it

 

aire comes up-pressure builds=35cmH2o that overcomes mass and tension and VF open 

Term
Longitudinal Tension
Definition
stifens VF and increases their resistence to being pushed upward and outward by air pressure
Term
Mass
Definition
thickness of VF and more mass there is at one point more force required to push it apart
Term
Viscous Forces
Definition

the resistence of VF to deform bc of fluids within the muscles

 

viscosity helps hold the folds together for a certain amount of time before air pressure blows them apart

 

more viscous something is slower it moves 

Term
Phases of Vibration
Definition

opening phase, closing phase, and closed phase

 

phases start when subglottal pressure overcomes VF resistence

 

starts when subglottal pressure overcomes VF resistence just enough for folds to blow open

 

 

Term
Opening Phase
Definition
glottis opens and continues until the escape of air reduces subglottal pressure enough for the VF's resistence to overpower airflow
Term
Closing Phase
Definition

glottis closes

 

begins as soon as VF resistence overpowers subglottal presure 

Term
Closed Phase
Definition

glottis is closed

 

subglottal pressure builds up to start everything over again

 

voice disorder most likely have no closed phase 

Term
Basic Laryngeal Adjustments
Definition
1.attack
2.sustained phonation
3.termination
 
Term
Attack
Definition

process of bringing VF together to begin phonation (moving toward each other into the air stream to start phonation/vibration)

 

-requires muscle action

-3 types of attack

1.simultaneous Vocal attack

2.breathy vocal attack 

3.glottal attack 

Term
Simultaneous Vocal Attack
Definition
coordinating adduction of VF and onset of respiration so they happen at same time
Term
Breathy Vocal Attack
Definition
significant amount of airflow prior to adducting the folds
Term
Glottal Attack
Definition

adduction of folds prior to airflow

ex. cough 

Term
Sustained Phonation
Definition

when VF are held in a fixed position within airstream as a result of the aryodynamic factors of phonation

 

-no muscular action

-VF held in certain posture

-continue as long as we can keep folds in position 

Term
Termination
Definition

abduct VF out of airstream far enough to reduce turbulence

 

-need muscular action

-when turbulence is decreased enough VF will stop vibrating 

Term
Vocal Register
Definition

refer to patterns or models of VF movement within a cycle

 

5 different types of registers

 1.Model Register

2.Glottal Fry

3.Falsetto

4.Whistle

5.Whispering 

Term
Model Register
Definition

referes to pattern of phonation used in daily conversation

 

2 different patterns of movement VF go through

1.vericle dimension

2.Anterior posterior dimension

 

veritcle dimension=VF are opening inferiorly to superiorly  and close inferiorly to superiorly

 

anterior posterior dimension=VF open from posterior to anterior and close anterior to posterior 

Term
Glottal Fry
Definition

-extremely low pitch sounding very rough

-VF in certain position to get sound

-short and thick

-VF not openin wide enough pattern

-maintain low subglottal pressure 

Term
Falsetto
Definition
-highest standard register
-VF lengthened and extremely thin
-creates very high pitched voice
-less subglottal pressure to move VF 
Term
Whistle
Definition

not a standard register

-above falsetto

-not common but still present

-prodcut of turbulence on edges of VF

-typically in females-sounds like a whistle

-VF not vibrating-air flowing through glottal area 

 

Term
Whispering
Definition
not a true register (not mode of vibration)
-no voicing takes place
-laryngeal adjustments taking place
-partially adduct and tense VF to create turbulence in air stream
-turbulence helps us make speech 
Term
Frequency
Definition

objective measure measured in Hz

 

number of cycles per second 

Term
Pitch
Definition

subjective measure of vibration

 

perception of tone

 

as pitch increases frequency increases 

Term
Optimal Pitch
Definition
actual frequency of pitch most appropriate for the individual
Term
Habitual Pitch
Definition

pitch or frequency of vibration that is most often used by a person

 

hope that optimal pitch is habitual pitch

 

throat clearing at optimal pitch level 

Term
Intensity
Definition

objective meausrement of power

 

measured in dB 

Term
Loudness
Definition

subjective measure of power

 

how we perceive sound

 

as intensity increases loudness increases 

Term
increase vocal intensity
Definition

if we wanted to increase vocal intensity need to increase subglottal presure and medial compression

 

talk on air eihter letting out loud or soft

 

intensity and frequency controlled independently can increase one wihtout increasing other one 

Term
Linguistics Aspects of Pitch and Intensity
Definition

pitch and intensity play an important role in the suprasegmental aspect=elements above segment or phonetic level of speech

 

-stress

-prosody=system of stress used to vary meaning

-intonation=changes in our pitch and loudness

 

suprasegments not essentioal for communication but necessary for naturalness-need it to convey meaning content and emotion

 

 

 

 

Term
Rising and Falling intonation
Definition

rising=quesitons

falling=statements 

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