"aditus laryngis"

entry way into larynx  from above

-anterior border is epiglottis

-lateral border is aryepiglottic folds

-posterior border is membrane covering of the arytenoids 

space between aditus and ventricular folds (false vocal folds)

starts right below where epiglottis is attaching and ends at lateral sides of arytenoids 

"ventricle of morgagni"=founder

space in larynx between false and true vocal folds

important because it contains glands that secrete mucus that keeps laryngeal space lubricated

space between vocal folds (horizonal space)

the MOST IMPORTANT SPACE FOR SPEECH

an average glottis is 20mm in length at rest -width an average 8mm

2 sections:

membranous glottis

cartilaginous glottis 

made up of several different layers, tissue and muscle fiber

glistening, white appearence

as a group stiff yet felxible

support to their structure degree of movement 

most inferior of all cartilages

-unpaired (only one)

-superior to trachea and usually same diameter as trachea

-anterior part is low and posterior part is higher, lower in front, because VF will pass over

-joint called cricothyroid joint 
 

place on cricoid cartilage that joins with thyroid cartiage

allow movement (rocking) 

-unpaired

-largest of carilage in area

-makes up anterior and lateral parts or walls of larynx

-looks like a shield

-parts:thyroid lamina

on both thyroid lamina are pieces that project out slightly

horn

in back of thyroid cartilage and piece that extends upward 

-paired

-look like small pyramids

-found on posterior,superior,surface of cricoid (Left and right) opposite each other

-made up of:

base=top of cricoid

apex = top part

vocal process

muscular process 

projects anteriorly toward thyroid notch

piece of arytenoid VF attached to it 

lateral projection

caritlage that help to turn on and turn off voicing

can glide,rotate,and rock (each movement has direct impact on VF)

Corniculate Cartilage

-paired

-tiny triangle that sits on top of arytenoid

-extends height of arytenoid 

swallowing

vibrations  for speech

breathing

if larynx is removed can still communicate by signing, writing, electrolarynx, trachiostomy 

Intrinsic Muscles

Extrinsic Muscles 

internal muscles

-originate and insert somewhere within larynx

-help move VF in certain directions=fine motor movements 

-opening and closing VF

-tense and relax VF 

outside muscles

-1 attachment on larynx and other attachment on a nonlaryngeal structure

-do more major adjustments

-help lift larynx up or down 

close VF to midline

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

Transverse Arytenoid

Oblique Arytenoids 

Tense VF

Cricothyroid  Muscle

Thyrovocalis Muscle

connect cricoid and thyroid cartilege

2 parts: parsrecta - straight

parsoblique - angle

Originate: anterior cricoid cartilege

Travel: up and out

Insert: into lower thyroid and lower horns

when contracts helps tilt thyroid cartilege down or forward and cricoid may rise a little bit

when thyroid tils the distance btw arytenoid and thyroid increase which leads to VF strething and lengething which casues tension

important bc can help change pitch of VF 

make up bulk of VF

Originates: inner surface of thyroid near notch

Travels: back

Inserts: lateral surface of vocal process

when contracts puts vocal process in line with notch which shorten VF and tenses them. if open up will adduct them

directly involved with vibration 

every laryngeal adjusment that we make influences pitch

if increase tenstion on VF they will stretch and there will be decreased mass per unit length

if increase tension and decrease mass per unit length there will be an increase in the # of vibrations of the VF which increases frequency (pitch) vise versa 

all intrinsic muscles are made to move my cranial never X =vagus nerve

come down from brain

travel down and around heart

then back into laryngea area

2 different parts:

1. superior laryngeal nerve

2.recurrent laryngeal nerve 

made up of 2 belly's

1.anterior

2.posterior

Digastricus Anterior

-Originates: on inner surface of mandible at symphysis

-Travels medially and down

-Inserts at level of hyoid where it joins posterior digastricus by way of an intermediate tendon

when contracts pullls hyoid up and forward

superior to mylohyloid

Originates:inner surface of mandible

Travels:back and down

Inserts:into hyoid corpus

when contracts pulls hyoid up and forward

can pull mandible down if hyoid is fixed positon 

inferior constrictor made up of thyropharngeous and cricopharyngeous

Originates:on posterior pharyngeal raphe

Travels:down and laterally like fan shape

Inserts:into thyroid lamina and inferior cornu

when contracts helps elevate larynx while constricting pharynx

muscle helps propell food through pharynx 

2 bellys:

inferior and superior belly 

Originates: upper border of scapula and joins at an intermediate tendon with the superior belly

Inserts:into side of hyoid corpus

when contracts will depress hyoid and larynx

deep to sternocleidomastoid 

the response of our tissues in the respiratory passageway to an irritant or foreign object

-VF adduct

-pressure builds up and explodes VF to blow our irritant

-helps to clear passageway

-negative though bc a lot of force is required and can damage delicate laryngeal structures 

not as violent as cough but still stressful

-tightening laryngeal muscles

-close VF and let out little bits of pressure at a time

-delicate tissue put under strain and stress

-helps clear passageways of irritant

-if you can clear throat means you can move VF which can help with voice and phonation 

process of capturing air within thorax to provide muslces with a structure on which to push or pull

-needed for: vomiting,heavy lifting, child birth, going to the b-room

-VF closed so tight make grunting noise to let air out 

when VF abduct to help bring in more air into respiratory system

-see during physical exhertion

-glottal area is doubling in size 

main functon is phonation/voicing

-Aryodynamic Myloelsatic theory of Phonation=vocal fold vibration

-result of 2 factors:

1.aryodynamic factor

2.myloelastic factor

aryodynamic=air flow and pressure

myloelastic=laryngeal muscular resistence to air flow 

given a constant volume and flow of air or fluid at a point of constriction there will be a decrease in air pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase of velocity of the flow.

as velocity of a gas or liquid increases pressure will decrease.if there is constriction in a tube aire will flow faster around constriction and pressure on wall of constriction will be lower.

faster the air flows through glottis the farther apart air moelcules became, so less force they will exhert against VF to push them open.

ex; TOLL BOOTH/ CONSTRUCITON 

the glottal edges of VF (specifially loose mucus covering) function as if they were 2 seperate but interconnected masses.

Becasue one part will move other part will move along with it=lower part of VF move first then upper part moves along with it

aire comes up-pressure builds=35cmH2o that overcomes mass and tension and VF open 

the resistence of VF to deform bc of fluids within the muscles

viscosity helps hold the folds together for a certain amount of time before air pressure blows them apart

more viscous something is slower it moves 

opening phase, closing phase, and closed phase

phases start when subglottal pressure overcomes VF resistence

starts when subglottal pressure overcomes VF resistence just enough for folds to blow open

glottis closes

begins as soon as VF resistence overpowers subglottal presure 

glottis is closed

subglottal pressure builds up to start everything over again

voice disorder most likely have no closed phase 

process of bringing VF together to begin phonation (moving toward each other into the air stream to start phonation/vibration)

-requires muscle action

-3 types of attack

1.simultaneous Vocal attack

2.breathy vocal attack 

3.glottal attack 

adduction of folds prior to airflow

ex. cough 

when VF are held in a fixed position within airstream as a result of the aryodynamic factors of phonation

-no muscular action

-VF held in certain posture

-continue as long as we can keep folds in position 

abduct VF out of airstream far enough to reduce turbulence

-need muscular action

-when turbulence is decreased enough VF will stop vibrating 

refer to patterns or models of VF movement within a cycle

5 different types of registers

 1.Model Register

2.Glottal Fry

3.Falsetto

4.Whistle

5.Whispering 

referes to pattern of phonation used in daily conversation

2 different patterns of movement VF go through

1.vericle dimension

2.Anterior posterior dimension

veritcle dimension=VF are opening inferiorly to superiorly  and close inferiorly to superiorly

anterior posterior dimension=VF open from posterior to anterior and close anterior to posterior 

-extremely low pitch sounding very rough

-VF in certain position to get sound

-short and thick

-VF not openin wide enough pattern

-maintain low subglottal pressure 

not a standard register

-above falsetto

-not common but still present

-prodcut of turbulence on edges of VF

-typically in females-sounds like a whistle

-VF not vibrating-air flowing through glottal area 

objective measure measured in Hz

number of cycles per second 

subjective measure of vibration

perception of tone

as pitch increases frequency increases 

pitch or frequency of vibration that is most often used by a person

hope that optimal pitch is habitual pitch

throat clearing at optimal pitch level 

objective meausrement of power

measured in dB 

subjective measure of power

how we perceive sound

as intensity increases loudness increases 

if we wanted to increase vocal intensity need to increase subglottal presure and medial compression

talk on air eihter letting out loud or soft

intensity and frequency controlled independently can increase one wihtout increasing other one 

pitch and intensity play an important role in the suprasegmental aspect=elements above segment or phonetic level of speech

-stress

-prosody=system of stress used to vary meaning

-intonation=changes in our pitch and loudness

suprasegments not essentioal for communication but necessary for naturalness-need it to convey meaning content and emotion

rising=quesitons

falling=statements