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Anatomy and Physiology
CMA test review
135
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
06/08/2010

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Term
Cell
Definition
The basic structural unit of all organisms.
Term
Three main parts of a cell
Definition
1. Cell membrane, 2. the cytoplasm, 3. the nucleus
Term
Cell Membrane
Definition
A bilatyer of phopholipid and protein molecules that controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
The medium for chemical reactions in the cell. It contains water, dissolved ions, nutrients, and different organelles. The cytoplasm surrounds the nucleus and is encircled by the cell membrane
Term
Nucleus
Definition
The largest and innermost organelle in the cell. it is roughly spherical body near the center of the cell, and it contains DNA, which regulates the cell's activities
Term
DNA
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA consists of long chains of chemical bases along with a sugar-phophate backbone; the bhains are joined in pairs oby bonds between complementary bases and twist around each other in a double helix. This pattern of basees carries genetic informaiton that directs all cell activies
Term
Chromatin
Definition
The genetic material contained in the nucleus of a nondividing cell. It consists primarily of chomosomes, made of DNA bound in clumps to proteins
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
A dense body within the nucleus, also known as the little nucleus, composed of DNA, RNA, and protein molecules. It is the site for synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Term
RNA
Definition
Ribonucleic acid. RNA consists of long, single chains of chemical bases along a sugar-phosphate backbone. RNA molecules are transported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where they direct the formation of proteins.
Term
Organelle
Definition
A specialized part of a cell that performs a particular function
Term
Ribosome
Definition
A granular cytoplasmic organelle composed of RNA. Ribosomes provide enzymes that link amino acids for protein synthesis
Term
Mitochondrion
Definition
A small, rod-shaped organelle that serves as the power plant of the cell because it provides energy.
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Cytoplasmic particles that digest material that comes into the cell. They are often referred to as the garbage disposals of teh cells because they break down nutrient molecules and foreign particles
Term
Endoplasmic reficulum
Definition
A network of tubules that transports material throught the cytoplasm and aids in the synthesis of proteins and lipids
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
A small membranous structure found in most cells that forms the carbohydrate side chains of glycoproteins. The golgi apparatus consists of a stave of about six flattened membranous sacs that refine and alter glycoproteins. It is also called the Golgi body of Golgi complex
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
The cytolasmic elements that coordinate the movement of organelles
Term
Centriole
Definition
An intracellular, rod-shaped body involved with cell division and organizing mitotic spindles
Term
Cilium
Definition
one of numerous small, hairlike extensions that move substances across the surface of a cell
Term
Flagellum
Definition
a long, whiplike extension from a cell that aids in movement. The only human cell with a tail (flagellum) is sperm. Otherwise, flagellum is usually associated with a parasite
Term
Mitosis
Definition
The division of a somatic cell to form two new cells, each identical to the parent cell.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
a type of nuclear division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to one half the number found in a normal body cell. It results in the formation of an egg or sperm
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
seperation of the cytoplasm into two cells after nuclear division has occured
Term
diffusion
Definition
the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concetration, a concentration gradient
Term
osmosis
Definition
the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane in response to the concentration gradient
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
diffusion through a membrane by means of proteins acting as carrier molecules
Term
filtration
Definition
the movement of fluid through a membrane in response to hydrostative pressure
Term
active transport
Definition
the movement of substances against a concentration gradient, from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. It requires a carrier molecule and uses energy.
Term
endocytosis
Definition
the formation of cesibles in the cell membrane to transfer particles and roplets from the outside into the cell. Phagocytosis (ingestion of solids) and pnocytosis (ingestion of liquids) are two such processes
Term
exocytosis
Definition
the discharge from a cell of particles too large to pass through the cell membrane by diffusion
Term
isotonic solution
Definition
a solution that has the same concentration (osmotic pressure) as the fluids within a cell
Term
hypertonic solution
Definition
a solution that has a higher concentration (osmotic pressure) than the fluids within a cell
Term
hypotonic solution
Definition
a solution that has a lower concentration (osmotic pressure) than the fluids within a cell
Term
element
Definition
the simplest form of matter with unique chemical properties. Oxygen, iron, gold, and other elements cannot be broken down into different substances by ordinary chemical means. All matter, living and nonliving, is composed of elements.
Term
atom
Definition
the smallest particle of an element, consisting of electrons surrounding a nucleus composed of protons, neutrons, and other entities.
Term
atomic number
Definition
the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. The hdyrogen atom, for example, has one proton and its atomic number is 1. Carbon has sis protons and its atomic number is six.
Term
atomic ight
Definition
the relative weight of an atom, determined by the number of protons and neutrons together and copared with the standard carbon atom (which has a mass of 12 and an atomic weight of 12)
Term
ionic bond
Definition
a relatively weak attraction formed when one or more electrongs are transferred from one atom to another. It is easily disrupted in water.
Term
ion
Definition
an atom that has acquired a charge through the gain or loss of one or more electrons
Term
anion
Definition
a negative charged ion
Term
cation
Definition
a positively charged ion
Term
compound
Definition
a molecule composed of two or more different elements, such as carbon dioxide
Term
mixture
Definition
a combination of substances that are not chemically combined and can be separated by physical means
Term
suspension
Definition
a mixture in which a solid is distributed but not dissolved. It will separate unless it is shaken
Term
electrolyte
Definition
a substance that permits the transfer of electrons in solution. Common electrolytes include acids, bases, and salts
Term
pH
Definition
the number used to indicate the exact strength of an acid or base
Term
pH scale
Definition
a scale, ranging from 0 to 14, that measures the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
Term
acid
Definition
a substance with a pH less than 7.0 that ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions. Because a hydrogen ion consists of a proton, an acid is referred to as a hydrogen ion donor or a proton donor.
Term
base
Definition
a substance with a pH greater than 7.0. It is referred to as a hydrogen ion acceptor or a proton acceptor. Bases contain higher concentrations of hydroxyl ions (OH-) whereas acids contain higher concentrations of hydrogen ions (H+)
Term
Buffer
Definition
a substance that prevents or reduces changes in pH and counterbalances the addition of an acid or base
Term
Buffer system
Definition
a system that uses chemical reactions occuring in body fluids to maintain a particular pH. The acid-base balance is regulated by two buffer systems in the body: the lungs and the kidneys.
Term
ATP
Definition
the abbreviated for adenosine triphosphate. ATP is the primary provider of energy for a cell
Term
histology
Definition
the microscopic study of tissues
Term
tissue
Definition
a collection of similar cells acting together to perform a particular function. Types include epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
Term
Gland
Definition
an organ that contains special cells that secrete substances. Some glands lubricate; others produce hormones
Term
Uicellular glands
Definition
glands that consist of only one cell
Term
multicellular glands
Definition
glands that may be classified on the basis of structure (simple or compound), type of secretion (mucous, serous, or mixed), presence or absence of ducts (exocrine or endocrine), characteristics of secreting units (alveolar or acinar), and manner of secretion (merocrine, apocrine, or holocrine)
Term
goblet cell
Definition
the only unicellular exocrine gland. Goblet cells produce mucus in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
Term
connective tissue
Definition
tissue that connects, protects, supports, and forms a framework for all body structures. Connective tissue includes loose fibrous tissue, adipose tissue, dense fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood.
Term
loose fibrous tissue
Definition
tissue that fills spaces int eh body and binds structures together
Term
adipose tissue
Definition
a specialized form of loose fibrous tissue taht provides inslation; it is commonly called fat
Term
dense fibrus tissue
Definition
connective tissue that forms tendons and ligaments
Term
cartilage
Definition
a hard, dense connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a matrix that can withstand considerable pressure and tension. It provides support, a framework,a nd attachment; protects underlying tissues; and forms structural models for many developing bones. It is bluish-white or gray and semi-opaque. Cartilage does not contain any nerves or blood supply. There are three types of cartilate?: hyaline, fibrous, and eleastic
Term
bone
Definition
a hard, connective tissue consisting of specialized cells embedded in a matrix of hardened mineral salts. It is the most rigid connective tissue
Term
Blood
Definition
the only type of connective tissue that is liquid, composed of cells suspended in a fluid matrix called plasma
Term
nrvoustissue
Definition
tissue found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Term
muscle tissue
Definition
tissue that provides movement, maintains posture, and produces heat. Muscle tissue is composed of elongated muscle fibers that can contract and thereby move body parts. There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles attach to bones and are controlled voluntarily. smooth muscles, which lack the striations of skeletal muscles, line the walls of hollow internal organs. Cardiac muscles, which are striated, are founds only in the heart. Both smooth and cardiac muscles are controlled involuntarily
Term
sarcoma
Definition
a malignant tumor that forms in connective tissue
Term
membrane
Definition
a layer of tissue that lines body caviies, covers organs, or separates structures
Term
cutaeous membrane
Definition
the membrane that covers the body. It is also known as the skin
Term
eithelial membranes
Definition
mucous and serous membranes
Term
serous mbanes
Definition
the leura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Term
serous mbanes
Definition
the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Term
serous mbanes
Definition
the pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
Term
connective tissue membranes
Definition
synovial membranes and the meninges
Term
meninx
Definition
one of three connective tissue coverings, or meninges, around the brain and spinal cord. The three layers from the outermost to the innermost, are the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
Term
adenoma
Definition
a benign tumor of glandular epithelial cells
Term
adenocarcinoma
Definition
a malignant tumor originating in glandular epithelium
Term
diversion plane
Definition
one of the three imaginary planes (frontal, sagittal, and transverse) used as refernce in describing positions of the body or of parts of the body
Term
frontal plane
Definition
a plane that divides the body into front and back halves. This plane is also referred to as the coronal plane
Term
sagittal plane
Definition
a plane that divides the body into left and right halves. This plane is also referred to as the lateral plane
Term
midsagittal plane
Definition
a plane that passes along the midline and divides the body into left and right halves. This plane is also referred to as the median plane
Term
transverse plane
Definition
a plane that divides the body into upper and lower halves. This plane is also referred to as the horizontal plane
Term
body cavity
Definition
either of two main cavities int he body, the dorsal and the ventral
Term
dorsal cavity
Definition
the main body cavity consisting of the cranial cavity, which contains the brain, and the spinal cavity, which contains the spinal cord
Term
ventral cavity
Definition
the main body cavity consisting of the thoracic, the abdominal, and the pelvic cavities. It is much larger than the dorsal cavity
Term
the division of the abdominal area
Definition
the two most common ways to subdivide the abdominal area are into either nine regions or four quadrants
Term
Integumentary system
Definition
the skin and its derivatives. Functions of the skin include protection, the regulation of body temperature, sensory reception, and the synthesis of vitamin D
Term
cutaneous membrane
Definition
the medical term for skin. It consists of three layers: the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue
Term
Epiderms
Definition
the outermost layer of the skin. It contains no blood vessels, but it does contain melanin, which gives skin its characteristic color, and keratin, which is waterproof barrier against pathogens and chemicals. Specialized cells in the epidermis called melanocytes produce melanin. The moer melanin in skin, the darker its color. The epidermis consists of five layers, or strata. Theya re, from outermmost to innermost, the stratum corneum, the stratum lucidum, the stratum granulosum, the stratum spinosum, and the stratum germinativum
Term
dermis
Definition
the layer of skin cotnaining hair follicles, nails, glands, fibers, sense recptors, and blood vessels. it is also called true skin
Term
subcutaneous tissue
Definition
the bottom layer of the cutaneous membrane, beneath the true skin
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
a translucent band that is seen best in thick, glabrous skin
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
dead, keratinized cells located on the outer surface ofthe epidermis
Term
keratinization
Definition
a process by which epithelial cells lose their moisture, which is replaced by keratin (protein)
Term
sebaceous gland
Definition
an oil gland, associated with ahir follicles. Sebaceous glands secrete sebum and are abudnant in the scalp, external ear, face, nose, mouth, and anus
Term
sweat gland
Definition
a gland that secretes sweat, either directly to the skin's surface (eccrine type) or indirectly through hair follicles (apocrine type). Also called sudoriferous glands, sweat glands are widely distributed over the body, except for the lips, nippes, and parts of the expernal genitalia
Term
bone
Definition
an individual unit of osseous tissue, part of the boyd's supprting framework. Bones are living tissue. Bones produce blood cells, act as a storage area for calcium, and protect delicate organs of the body
Term
two types of bone tissue
Definition
compact and spongy
Term
three types of cells in bone
Definition
osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes
Term
bone classifications
Definition
long, short, flat, and irregular
Term
long bones
Definition
femur, radius, and humerus
Term
short bones
Definition
carpals and tarsals
Term
flat bones
Definition
ribs, scapula, skull, and sternum
Term
irregular bones
Definition
vertebrae, sacrum, mandible
Term
how many bones are the in the adult human skeleton?
Definition
206 named bones
Term
diaphysis
Definition
the shaft of a long bone, located between the epiphyses
Term
epiphysis
Definition
spongy bone tissue, located at the ends of a long bone
Term
three types of articulation
Definition
immovable (synarthrosis), slightly moveable (amphiartrhosis), and freely movable (diarthrosis). Diathrosis joints are th emost common type in the human body
Term
classification of synovial joints
Definition
classified according to the shapes of their parts and movements they permit: 1) ball and socket, 2) condyloid joint, 3) Gliding joint, 4) hinge joint, 5) pivot joint, 6) saddle joint
Term
Hyoid bone
Definition
U-shped bone int he nexk that supports the tongue. Does not articulate directly with any other bone
Term
Vertebral column, or spinal column
Definition
consists of intervertebral disks and 26 vertebraw in the human adult
Term
four curvatures of the spine:
Definition
cervical curve, thoracic curve, lumbar curve, and sacral curve
Term
atlas
Definition
the first cervical vertebra. It articulates with the occipital bone and the axis
Term
Axis
Definition
the second cervical vertebra, with which the atlas bone articulates. This articulation allows the head to be turned, extended, and flexed.
Term
Coccyx
Definition
tailbone, attaches to the end of the sacrum
Term
sternum
Definition
the bone that forms the anterior portion of the thoracic cage.Supports the clavibles and articulates directly with the first seven pairs of ribs. Consists of the manubrium, the body (or gladiolus) and the xiphoid process
Term
True ribs
Definition
seven pairs of ribs, which attach tot he sternum directly by their individual costal cartilages
Term
false ribs
Definition
ribs in pairs 8-10, which attach to the sternum indirectly
Term
floating ribs
Definition
ribs in pairs 11 and 12, which do not attach to the sternum
Term
pectoral girdle
Definition
the skeletal structure consisting of the two clavicles, or collarbones,a nd the two scapulae, or shoulder blades
Term
clavicle
Definition
collarbone. One of the pair of long bones that form the anterior part of the pectoral girdle
Term
scapula
Definition
Shoulder blade. one of the pair of large, flat, triangular bones that form the dorsal part of the pectoral girdle
Term
Olecranon process
Definition
a projection on the ulna that forms the boy point of the elbow
Term
styloid process
Definition
a projection on the temporal bone
Term
pelvic girdle
Definition
the skeletal structure consisting of the ilium, the sacrum, and the coccyx
Term
Acetabulum
Definition
deep depression on the lateral surface of the hipbone, on which the ball-shaped head of the femur articulates
Term
Obturator foramen
Definition
a large opening on each side of teh lower part of the hipbone
Term
patella
Definition
a flat, triangular bone at the front of the knee joint. It is also called the kneecap
Term
three types of muscle
Definition
skeletal or voluntary; smooth also called visceral or invuluntary; and cardiac
Term
two types of protein in muscle tissue
Definition
actin and myosin
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
a muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleated, and striated fibers that work together with bones to enable movement.
Term
characteristics of skeletal muscles
Definition
contractility, elasticity, excitability, and extensibility
Term
how muscles are there in the human body
Definition
more than 600
Term
smooth muscles
Definition
spindle-shaped muscle that causes the cotnraction of blood vessels and viscera such as intestines and stomach
Term
muscle fiber
Definition
any individual muscle cell
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