Term
| The kidneys lie on the vertebral wall at what vertebral levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What pushes the right kidney down slightly lower than the left kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the kidney and closely surrounds its outer surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of fat covers the fibrous capsule and the adrenal glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The condensation of fibrous connective tissue outside the perirenal fat that encloses the kidneys and suprarenal glands is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the renal fascia fail to cover the kidney in fibrous connective tissue? What does this make kidneys susceptible to? |
|
Definition
| Inferior border of kidney, vulnerable to infection, dropped kidney (nephroptosis) |
|
|
Term
| What is the layer of fat external to renal fascia that is also part of retroperitoneal fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most superficial covering of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| Parietal peritoneum and extraperitoneal fat |
|
|
Term
| The renal artery, vein, and ureter are transmitted to the kidney at what landmark? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the orientation of the contents of the hilum from anterior to posterior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| Medulla, cortex, renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| The medulla is made up an aggregation of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pale outer layer surrounding renal pyramids is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The striations extending from the base of the renal pyramids into the cortex are referred to as what? |
|
Definition
| Cortical labyrinths and medullary rays |
|
|
Term
| What extension of the cortex into the medulla lies in between renal pyramids as they extend into the medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the subdivisions of the renal pelvis |
|
Definition
| Renal papilla form minor calyces which form major calyces which form the renal pelvis |
|
|
Term
| Apical projections of a renal pyramid that join to form a minor calyx is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the 3 or more divisions that joint to form each major calyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of 3 or more divisions that join to form the renal pelvis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five segments of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| Superior, inferior, posterior, anterosuperior, anteroinferior |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes a kidney lobe? |
|
Definition
| A renal pyramid and surrounding cortical tissue, including renal columns |
|
|
Term
| What constitutes a kidney lobule? |
|
Definition
| Section of cortical and medulla tissue with a medullary ray in the middle |
|
|
Term
| What is the functional unit of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts that make up a uriniferous tubule? |
|
Definition
| Collecting tubule and its associated nephrons |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of a nephron? |
|
Definition
| Renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule), proximal convoluted tubule, Henle's loop, distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| What functional parts are found within the renal cortex? |
|
Definition
| Cortical labyrinth (renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules), medullary rays (collecting tubules) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functional parts of the renal medulla? |
|
Definition
| Renal pyramids (loops of Henle, lower collecting tubules, Bellini ducts), renal papilla |
|
|
Term
| What is the path of circulation to the kidneys starting from the abdominal aorta to efferent glomerular arterioles? |
|
Definition
| Abdominal aorta -> renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate arteries -> interlobular artries -> afferent glomerular arterioles -> glomeruli -> efferent glomerular arterioles |
|
|
Term
| What are the capillaries in renal corpuscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the capillaries supplied by efferent glomerular arterioles that supply the cortex and both nephrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the capillaries supplied by efferent glomerular arterioles that supply the medulla, loop of Henle, and most of the juxtamedullary nephron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What receives venous blood from peritubular capillaries and vasa recta? |
|
Definition
| Stellate veins and venulae recta respectively |
|
|
Term
| What is the route of venous return from the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| Interlobular veins -> arcuate veins -> interlobar veins -> renal vein -> inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| Renal cell carcinomas grow outward of kidney into fat and fascia and can also travel elsewhere in the body by spreading to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sites where renal calculi (stones) may cause obstruction? |
|
Definition
| Uretopelvic junction, as ureter crosses the pelvic brim, ureterovesical junction (where ureter pierces urinary bladder) |
|
|
Term
| What supplies and drains blood from the upper end of the ureter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What supplies and drains blood form the middle portion of the ureter? |
|
Definition
| Testicular or ovarian artery, abdominal aorta, common iliac artery/gonadal vein |
|
|
Term
| What supplies and drains blood form the distal third of the ureter? |
|
Definition
| Branches of internal iliac artery and vein |
|
|
Term
| Where does lymph from the kidneys drain to? |
|
Definition
| Lateral aortic or lumbar nodes |
|
|
Term
| Where does lymph from the ureters drain to? |
|
Definition
| Lateral aortic, common iliac, and external or internal iliac nodes |
|
|
Term
| The right suprarenal gland lies behind what structures? |
|
Definition
| Inferior vena cava, right lobe of liver |
|
|
Term
| The left suprarenal gland lies behind what structures? |
|
Definition
| Pancrease, lesser sac of stomach |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers, external to internal, of the cortex of the suprarenal glands? |
|
Definition
| Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis |
|
|
Term
| What are the products produced by each layer of the suprarenal gland cortex? |
|
Definition
Mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens
(For all you Harry Potter fans, my mnemonic for the layers is "Go Find Ron" and "Make Ginny Angry" for their products) |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal insufficiency is characteristic of what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excessive cortisol production is characteristic of what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tumors of the adrenal medulla are known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the arteries that supply blood to the suprarenal glands superiorly to inferiorly? |
|
Definition
| Inferior phrenic artery, abdominal aorta, renal artery |
|
|
Term
| What drains blood from the right suprarenal gland? |
|
Definition
| Right suprarenal vein to inferior vena cava |
|
|
Term
| What drains blood from the left suprarenal gland? |
|
Definition
| Left suprarenal vein to left renal vein |
|
|
Term
| Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the adrenal medulla for the secretion of catecholamines originate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the developmental origin of the kidneys and ureters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bulge formed by the intermediate mesoderm during folding of the embryo that forms most of the urogenital system is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The urogenital ridge is composed of what parts? |
|
Definition
| Nephrogenic cord/ridge (urinary system) and gonadal ridge (genital system) |
|
|
Term
| What are the names of the three overlapping kidneys that develop in cranial-caudal succession during gestation? |
|
Definition
| Pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros |
|
|
Term
| The pronepheros forms what? |
|
Definition
| Vestigial excretory tubules and the pronephric duct which becomes the mesonephric duct |
|
|
Term
| When does the pronepheros appear and disappear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the mesonephros appear and disappear? |
|
Definition
| Late in 4th week of gestation, disappears by 8th week |
|
|
Term
| What does the mesonephric duct form? |
|
Definition
| Majority of bladder and ductus deferent (males only) |
|
|
Term
| When does the metanephros appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the metanephros able to function in order to produce urine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What parts of intermediate mesodermal origin does the metanephros develop from? |
|
Definition
| Metanephric diverticulum (uretic bud) and metanephric mesoderm (metanephrogenic blastema) |
|
|
Term
| How does the metanephric diverticulum develop? |
|
Definition
| From mesonephric duct which becomes the metanephric blastema before becoming the collecting system of the kidney |
|
|
Term
| What develops from the metanephric mesoderm? |
|
Definition
| Nephrons w/Bowman's capsules, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and an opening into a collecting tubule |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take to form roughly 1 million nephrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ascent of the kidneys stops once they come in contact with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary remover of nitrogenous wastes from the fetus prior to birth when that function is resumed by the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absence of proper kidney development occurs as a result of what? |
|
Definition
| Metanephric diverticulum fails to develop or degenerates |
|
|
Term
| Individuals lack of kidneys at birth (fatal) exhibits flattening face, hypoplastic lungs, limb deformities, etc., which are symptoms collectively labeled as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Abnormal positioning of one or both kidneys is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A fused kidney is known as what? |
|
Definition
| Discoid or pancake kidney |
|
|
Term
| A fused kidney that continues to rise on one side, bringing the other along with it, is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A duplication of the urinary tract results from what? |
|
Definition
| Division of the metanephric diverticulum |
|
|
Term
| Fusion of the poles of kidneys during development results in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Horseshoe kidneys are most frequent in what demographic? |
|
Definition
| Women with Turner syndrome |
|
|
Term
| An opening of a ureter anywhere other than into the urinary bladder is referred to as what? |
|
Definition
| Ectopic ureteral orifice, often results in incontinence |
|
|
Term
| Multiple cysts of varying size resulting in severe renal insufficiency is symptomatic of what disease? |
|
Definition
| Polycystic kidney disease |
|
|
Term
| What forms the collecting system of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| Metanephric diverticulum/uretic bud |
|
|
