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Anatomy and Embryology of the Urinary Tract
N/A
78
Anatomy
Graduate
01/16/2012

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Cards

Term
The kidneys lie on the vertebral wall at what vertebral levels?
Definition
T12-L3
Term
What pushes the right kidney down slightly lower than the left kidney?
Definition
Liver
Term
What surrounds the kidney and closely surrounds its outer surface?
Definition
Fibrous capsule
Term
What layer of fat covers the fibrous capsule and the adrenal glands?
Definition
Perirenal fat
Term
The condensation of fibrous connective tissue outside the perirenal fat that encloses the kidneys and suprarenal glands is known as what?
Definition
Renal fascia
Term
Where does the renal fascia fail to cover the kidney in fibrous connective tissue? What does this make kidneys susceptible to?
Definition
Inferior border of kidney, vulnerable to infection, dropped kidney (nephroptosis)
Term
What is the layer of fat external to renal fascia that is also part of retroperitoneal fat?
Definition
Pararenal fat
Term
What is the most superficial covering of the kidney?
Definition
Parietal peritoneum and extraperitoneal fat
Term
The renal artery, vein, and ureter are transmitted to the kidney at what landmark?
Definition
Hilum
Term
What is the orientation of the contents of the hilum from anterior to posterior?
Definition
Vein, Artery, Ureter
Term
What are the divisions of the kidney?
Definition
Medulla, cortex, renal pelvis
Term
The medulla is made up an aggregation of what?
Definition
Renal pyramids
Term
The pale outer layer surrounding renal pyramids is known as what?
Definition
Renal cortex
Term
The striations extending from the base of the renal pyramids into the cortex are referred to as what?
Definition
Cortical labyrinths and medullary rays
Term
What extension of the cortex into the medulla lies in between renal pyramids as they extend into the medulla?
Definition
Renal columns
Term
Describe the subdivisions of the renal pelvis
Definition
Renal papilla form minor calyces which form major calyces which form the renal pelvis
Term
Apical projections of a renal pyramid that join to form a minor calyx is known as what?
Definition
Renal papilla
Term
What is the name of the 3 or more divisions that joint to form each major calyx?
Definition
Minor calyces
Term
What is the name of 3 or more divisions that join to form the renal pelvis?
Definition
Major calyces
Term
What are the five segments of the kidney?
Definition
Superior, inferior, posterior, anterosuperior, anteroinferior
Term
What constitutes a kidney lobe?
Definition
A renal pyramid and surrounding cortical tissue, including renal columns
Term
What constitutes a kidney lobule?
Definition
Section of cortical and medulla tissue with a medullary ray in the middle
Term
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Definition
Uriniferous tubule
Term
What are the parts that make up a uriniferous tubule?
Definition
Collecting tubule and its associated nephrons
Term
What are the components of a nephron?
Definition
Renal corpuscle (glomerulus and Bowman's capsule), proximal convoluted tubule, Henle's loop, distal convoluted tubule
Term
What functional parts are found within the renal cortex?
Definition
Cortical labyrinth (renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules), medullary rays (collecting tubules)
Term
What are the functional parts of the renal medulla?
Definition
Renal pyramids (loops of Henle, lower collecting tubules, Bellini ducts), renal papilla
Term
What is the path of circulation to the kidneys starting from the abdominal aorta to efferent glomerular arterioles?
Definition
Abdominal aorta -> renal artery -> segmental artery -> interlobar artery -> arcuate arteries -> interlobular artries -> afferent glomerular arterioles -> glomeruli -> efferent glomerular arterioles
Term
What are the capillaries in renal corpuscles?
Definition
Glomeruli
Term
What are the capillaries supplied by efferent glomerular arterioles that supply the cortex and both nephrons?
Definition
Peritubular capillaries
Term
What are the capillaries supplied by efferent glomerular arterioles that supply the medulla, loop of Henle, and most of the juxtamedullary nephron?
Definition
Vasa recta spuria
Term
What receives venous blood from peritubular capillaries and vasa recta?
Definition
Stellate veins and venulae recta respectively
Term
What is the route of venous return from the kidneys?
Definition
Interlobular veins -> arcuate veins -> interlobar veins -> renal vein -> inferior vena cava
Term
Renal cell carcinomas grow outward of kidney into fat and fascia and can also travel elsewhere in the body by spreading to what?
Definition
Inferior vena cava
Term
What are the sites where renal calculi (stones) may cause obstruction?
Definition
Uretopelvic junction, as ureter crosses the pelvic brim, ureterovesical junction (where ureter pierces urinary bladder)
Term
What supplies and drains blood from the upper end of the ureter?
Definition
Renal artery/renal vein
Term
What supplies and drains blood form the middle portion of the ureter?
Definition
Testicular or ovarian artery, abdominal aorta, common iliac artery/gonadal vein
Term
What supplies and drains blood form the distal third of the ureter?
Definition
Branches of internal iliac artery and vein
Term
Where does lymph from the kidneys drain to?
Definition
Lateral aortic or lumbar nodes
Term
Where does lymph from the ureters drain to?
Definition
Lateral aortic, common iliac, and external or internal iliac nodes
Term
The right suprarenal gland lies behind what structures?
Definition
Inferior vena cava, right lobe of liver
Term
The left suprarenal gland lies behind what structures?
Definition
Pancrease, lesser sac of stomach
Term
What are the three layers, external to internal, of the cortex of the suprarenal glands?
Definition
Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis
Term
What are the products produced by each layer of the suprarenal gland cortex?
Definition
Mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens
(For all you Harry Potter fans, my mnemonic for the layers is "Go Find Ron" and "Make Ginny Angry" for their products)
Term
Adrenal insufficiency is characteristic of what disease?
Definition
Addison's disease
Term
Excessive cortisol production is characteristic of what disease?
Definition
Cushing's syndrome
Term
Tumors of the adrenal medulla are known as what?
Definition
Pheochromocytoma
Term
What are the arteries that supply blood to the suprarenal glands superiorly to inferiorly?
Definition
Inferior phrenic artery, abdominal aorta, renal artery
Term
What drains blood from the right suprarenal gland?
Definition
Right suprarenal vein to inferior vena cava
Term
What drains blood from the left suprarenal gland?
Definition
Left suprarenal vein to left renal vein
Term
Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the adrenal medulla for the secretion of catecholamines originate?
Definition
T10-12
Term
What is the developmental origin of the kidneys and ureters?
Definition
Intermediate mesoderm
Term
The bulge formed by the intermediate mesoderm during folding of the embryo that forms most of the urogenital system is known as what?
Definition
Urogenital ridge
Term
The urogenital ridge is composed of what parts?
Definition
Nephrogenic cord/ridge (urinary system) and gonadal ridge (genital system)
Term
What are the names of the three overlapping kidneys that develop in cranial-caudal succession during gestation?
Definition
Pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros
Term
The pronepheros forms what?
Definition
Vestigial excretory tubules and the pronephric duct which becomes the mesonephric duct
Term
When does the pronepheros appear and disappear?
Definition
4th week
Term
When does the mesonephros appear and disappear?
Definition
Late in 4th week of gestation, disappears by 8th week
Term
What does the mesonephric duct form?
Definition
Majority of bladder and ductus deferent (males only)
Term
When does the metanephros appear?
Definition
5th week
Term
When is the metanephros able to function in order to produce urine?
Definition
9th week
Term
What parts of intermediate mesodermal origin does the metanephros develop from?
Definition
Metanephric diverticulum (uretic bud) and metanephric mesoderm (metanephrogenic blastema)
Term
How does the metanephric diverticulum develop?
Definition
From mesonephric duct which becomes the metanephric blastema before becoming the collecting system of the kidney
Term
What develops from the metanephric mesoderm?
Definition
Nephrons w/Bowman's capsules, convoluted tubules, loop of Henle, and an opening into a collecting tubule
Term
How long does it take to form roughly 1 million nephrons?
Definition
40 weeks
Term
Ascent of the kidneys stops once they come in contact with what?
Definition
Suprarenal glands
Term
What is the primary remover of nitrogenous wastes from the fetus prior to birth when that function is resumed by the kidneys?
Definition
Placenta
Term
Absence of proper kidney development occurs as a result of what?
Definition
Metanephric diverticulum fails to develop or degenerates
Term
Individuals lack of kidneys at birth (fatal) exhibits flattening face, hypoplastic lungs, limb deformities, etc., which are symptoms collectively labeled as what?
Definition
Potter sequence
Term
Abnormal positioning of one or both kidneys is known as what?
Definition
Renal ectopia
Term
A fused kidney is known as what?
Definition
Discoid or pancake kidney
Term
A fused kidney that continues to rise on one side, bringing the other along with it, is known as what?
Definition
Crossed renal ectopia
Term
A duplication of the urinary tract results from what?
Definition
Division of the metanephric diverticulum
Term
Fusion of the poles of kidneys during development results in what?
Definition
Horseshoe kidney
Term
Horseshoe kidneys are most frequent in what demographic?
Definition
Women with Turner syndrome
Term
An opening of a ureter anywhere other than into the urinary bladder is referred to as what?
Definition
Ectopic ureteral orifice, often results in incontinence
Term
Multiple cysts of varying size resulting in severe renal insufficiency is symptomatic of what disease?
Definition
Polycystic kidney disease
Term
What forms the collecting system of the kidney?
Definition
Metanephric diverticulum/uretic bud
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