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Anatomy 316 - Midterm 2
The Face, The Senses and The Neck
209
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/09/2013

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Cards

Term
How does the eye connect to the CNS?
Definition
Via the optic Nerve (CN II)
Term
Other than CN II, what nerves does the eye rely on
Definition
CN III, IV, VI
Term
Where is the lacrimal apparatus?
Definition
In the orbit
Term
What are the four aspects of the orbit?
Definition
Roof, medial wall, lateral wall and floor
Term
What makes up the apex of the orbit?
Definition
Junction of the superior and inferior orbital fissures
Term
What makes up the upper border of the orbit?
Definition
The frontal bone
Term
What makes up the medial border of the orbit?
Definition
the frontal bone, frontal eminence of the maxilla, and the lacrimal bone
Term
What makes up the lower border of the orbit
Definition
The maxilla and zygomatic bones (a.k.a the infraorbital margin)
Term
What makes up the later border of the orbit
Definition
The frontal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of frontal bone (no seriously, I wish I was kidding)
Term
What makes up the roof, floor, lateral and medial wall of the orbit?
Definition
Frontal bone orbital plate, maxilla and zygomatic bones, zygomatic and greater wing, frontal process of maxilla and lacrimal and ethmoid bones
Term
What is the sensory component of the eye?
Definition
the retina
Term
Where is the retina located and what does it connect to
Definition
the back of the eye and the optic nerve
Term
What separates the two cavities of the eyes?
Definition
The lens
Term
What is the role of the lens?
Definition
To act as a refracting prism that focuses light rays onto the retina
Term
What are the three layers of the eye?
Definition
The cornea sclera, the choroid and the retina
Term
What has a smaller radius than the rest of the eye?
Definition
The cornea,
Term
Role of the cornea?
Definition
to focus penetrating light rays
Term
What does the cornea become outside the middle section?
Definition
The sclera
Term
What layer of the eye contains blood supply?
Definition
the choroid
Term
Where does the anterior choroid border lead
Definition
IT goes to the circular opening of the pupil
Term
What lies peripheral to the pupil within the choroid?
Definition
the Iris
Term
What layer do the muscles controlling the lens and pupil lie in?
Definition
the choroid
Term
Is the retina a complete sphere?
Definition
No
Term
How many layers does the retina have?
Definition
10, including the light sensitive rods and cones
Term
Where is the most sensitive area of the retina?
Definition
The macula lutea - located directly in line with the center of the cornea and lens
Term
What is the optic disc?
Definition
The area where nerve cells leave to join the optic nerve
Term
What is interesting about the optic disc?
Definition
there are no light sensitive rods or cones here
Term
What are the three chambers of the eye
Definition
Anterior, posterior and postremal
Term
What lies in the anterior chamber?
Definition
THe aqeous humor liquid andthe pupil
Term
What is found in the posterior compartment?
Definition
Also aqueous humor
Term
What is form in the postremal compartments?
Definition
The majority of the eye, behind the lens, filled with vitreous humour
Term
What controls the thickness of a lense?
Definition
the ciliary muscles
Term
what controls how much light enters the pupil
Definition
The dilator and sphincter pupillage
Term
What controls the ciliar and sphincter pupillae?
Definition
PSNS control by CN III - Via the ciliary ganglion
Term
What kind of control the dilator pupillae under?
Definition
the sympathetic nervous control
Term
How many extraocular muscles control eye movements?
Definition
6 plus the levator palepbrae superiors
Term
Describe the rectus muscles?
Definition
Superior, inferior, medial and lateral
All arise from fibrous ring.
All except lateral rectus is CN III (LR is 6)
Term
Describe the oblique muscles in the eye?
Definition
Superior oblique orignates from fibrour ring and runs through the trochlear pulley and reaches the lateral eyeball.

The inferior oblique originates near the middle of the floor of the obrit and runs under the eye to insert on its lateral underside
Term
What kinds of movements do each eye muscle control?
Definition
Superior Rectus - Up
Inferior - Down
Medial - Adduction
Lateral - Abduction
SO - Abduction and depression
IO - Abduction and elevation
Term
Describe the iinnervation to the eye muscles
Definition
All through CN III except the lateral rectus and SO (6 and 4)
Term
What kind of action does sympathetic innervation have on the eye?
Definition
Controls part of the levator palpebrae, and all of the dilator pupillage
Term
Where do the sympathetic axons travel?
Definition
Leave spinal cord at T1, synapse at in superior cervical ganglion. They then travel with internal carotid to reach the target muscles
Term
What kind of issue does an interruption in the sympathetic innervation to the eye cause?
Definition
Ptosis - drooping of the eyelid
Term
What do the parasympathetic nerves innervate?
Definition
The lacrimal gland, and the interior surface of the eye
Term
Where do preganglionic PSNS fibre go?
Definition
From CN 7, synapse to pterygopalatine ganglion, travel to lacrimal gland. - activation leads to tears
CN III sends to ciliary ganglion - go to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscle of lens
Term
What covers the inside of the eyelids?
Definition
A thick continuous membrane, the conjunctiva
Term
What is the thick fascial core of the eyelids
Definition
the tarsal plates
Term
what is the opening of the eyelids
Definition
the palpebral fissue
Term
Describe the lacrimal apparatus?
Definition
the lacrimal glands, at the upper outer orbit, have ducts opening into the conjuctival sacs. Their tears migrate into the lacrimal duct via the lacrimal punctum
Term
Describe the pharynx anatomically
Definition
A muscular tube that hangs down from the base of the occipital bone in front of the cervial vertebrae
Term
What are the three layers of the pharynx?
Definition
Mucosa, submucosa (considered fibrous tissue) and the outer muscular layer
Term
What does the pharynx communicate anteriorly with?
Definition
the nasal cavity, the mouth and the larynx
Term
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
Definition
the nasopharynx ,the oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Term
Describe the nasopharynx
Definition
5 cm, opens anteriorly to nasal cavity via the chaonae.
Term
how does the nasopharynx communicate with the middle ear?
Definition
By means of the eustachian (tympanic) tube
Term
Where does the oropharynx extend from?
Definition
soft palate to hyoid bone
Term
How does the oropharynx connect to the mouth?
Definition
Via the fauces, the arch between pharynx and mouth
Term
Where does the laryngopharynx go from?
Definition
hyoid to esophagus
Term
Where is the opening of the larynx?
Definition
wall of proximal laryngopharynx
Term
What protects the entrace to the larynx
Definition
the epiglottis
Term
What is the primary defense mechanism against infection at the mouth level?
Definition
the three tonsils
Term
What are the tonsils and where are they found?
Definition
pharyngeal - posterior wall on top of pharynx (Adenoids)
Palatine tonsils - paried and sit at depression at base of fauces.
Lingual tonsils - small cluster of lymphoid tissues found on posterior part of tongue
Term
What conencts the the nasopharynx and the middle ear? what does this thing do?
Definition
The tympanic tube, allow sinfection to spread into the middle ear
Term
Where does the tympanic tube originate?
Definition
lateral wall of the pharynx, terminates on medial wall of middle ear
Term
What bone is the tympanic tube part of?
Definition
The petrous temporal bone
Term
Is it lined by mucosa?
Definition
Yes, and its medial two thirds are supported by cartilage
Term
How is the mouth divided?
Definition
into the vestibule and the oral cavity
Term
What is found in the vestibule?
Definition
a mucous membrane, and it contains the opening duct of the parotid gland opposite the second molar
Term
Describe the features of the oral cavity?
Definition
It has a roof, a floor , and two walls
Palates, below the tongue and the teeth
Term
What makes up the roof?
Definition
The hard and soft palates
Term
What makes up the hard palate?
Definition
the palatine processes of the mexilla and the two palatine bones
Term
What is the uvula?
Definition
A dangly thing from the soft palate
Term
What is found in the floor of the mouth?
Definition
Mucosa and ducts to wo salivary glands
Term
how are the muscles of the tongue divided?
Definition
Intrinsic and extrinsic
Term
What makes up the body of the tongue
Definition
the intrinsic group
Term
Describe the intrinsic muscles
Definition
they consist of three groups of fibers - vertical, longitudinal and transverse fivers
Term
What alters the shape of the tongue
Definition
the intrinsic muscle group
Term
What are the four extrinsic muscles?
Definition
the genioglossus, the hyoglossus, the styloglossus, and the palatoglossus
Term
What does the genioglossus do? OIF?
Definition
Genial tubercle on inside the mandibe to base of the tongue
Pulls the tongue forward
Term
OIF of hyoglossus
Definition
Hyoid bones - each of the paired muscles inserts on one side of the tongue
Depresses the tongue laterally
Term
OIF of sytloglossus
Definition
Originates on styloid process of maxilla, and inserts onto side of tongue. Function to elevate and retract the tongue
Term
OIF of the palatoglossus?
Definition
Runs from the side of the palate to enter the tongue
Function to elevate
Term
What covers the surface of the tongue?
Definition
the papillae
Term
Where are the papillae located?
Definition
mostly on top and side of tongue
Term
What tethres the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
Definition
frenulum
Term
Where the sulcus terminalis?
Definition
V-shaped groove 2/3rds back from tip
Term
What does the sulcus terminalis do?
Definition
Seperates the tongue into an anterior two thirds an a posterior third
Term
What is the motor innervation of the tongue?A
Definition
all CN XII, except for the palataglossus, which is innervated by vagus nerve X
Term
What is the sensory inervation to teh tongue
Definition
Ant 2/3rds done by CN V for general sensation, and CN VII for taste. Posterio 2/3rds CN IX does both sensation and taste
Term
Where is the parotid gland located? Where does duct empty?
Innervation?
Definition
In front of the ear, empties into mouth opposite second molar. Serous liquid, CN IX (via otic)
Term
Where is the submandibular gland located? Where does duct empty?
Innervation?
Definition
Angle of Jaw, opens close to base of frenulum. Mixed fluid, innervated by CN VII (pterygopalatine)
Term
Where is the sublingual gland located? Where does duct empty?
Innervation?
Definition
Floor of each side of mouth, opens into floor of mouth (or into submandibular ducts). Mostly mucous and CN VII (pterygopalatine also)
Term
Describe what teeth we have
Definition
Two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molar.
32 teeth total
Term
What innervates the upper jaw and teeth
Definition
CN V and its maxillary nerve components
Term
What inervates low jaw and teeth
Definition
Mandibular nerve component of CN V
Term
Where is the larynx located?
Definition
below the hyoid bone and thus is part of the airway
Term
What is attached to the larynx
Definition
the thyroid gland
Term
what is the larynx the organ of?
Definition
Phonation
Term
Describe the skeleton of the larynx?
Definition
It has both extrernal and internal skeletal components
Term
What makes up the external skeleton?
Definition
The thyroid and cricoid cartilage
Term
Describe the thyroid cartilage
Definition
The largest cartialge, shaped like a shield (made up of hyaline). Where the two prominences of the shield meet is the adam's apple. Each side had a prominent superio rand inferior horn
Term
What does the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage articulate with? Inferior horn?
Definition
Hyoid bone and the inferior with the cricoid cartilage
Term
Describe the cricoid cartilage
Definition
shaped like a signet ring, wide posteriorly. B
Term
What exists between the thyoid and cricoid sturctures?
Definition
the cricothyroid ligament
Term
What are the two components to the internal skeleton of the larynx?
Definition
The arytenoids and epiglottal cartilage
Term
describe the arytenoids: what do they articular with, what controls them?
Definition
paired, pyramidal structures.
Articular with back of cricoid cartilage, they are controlled by muscle that cause horizontal rotation
Term
What are the anterior process of the arytenoids called?
Definition
The vocal processes
Term
What attaches to the vocal processes
Definition
the vocal cords
Term
What kind of cartilage is the epiglottal cartilage?
Definition
elastic
Term
What lines the underside of the epiglottis
Definition
respiratory epithelium
Term
What happens to the cartilages during swallowing?
Definition
The thyroid cartilage raises and the epiglottis drops to close off the laryngeal opening
Term
What are the various membranes of the larynx?
Definition
Quadrangular membrane and triangular membrane
Term
Describe the quadrangular membrane
Definition
The upper membrane, anteriorly attached to the sides of the epiglottis and the thyoid and posterior attached to the arytenoids
Term
What is the lower free border of the quandrangular membrane called?
Definition
the false vocal cords
Term
What is the a.k.a for the triangular membrane?
Definition
The conus elasticus
Term
Where does the lower border of the tri membrane attach to?
Definition
The cricoid cartilage
Term
What does the upper border of the tri membrane form?
Definition
the true vocal cords
Term
What does the triangular membrane attahc to?
Definition
The vocal process and to the inside of the thyoid cartilage - therefore called the cricotyhroid ligament
Term
What is the rima glottidis? importance?
Definition
Apertrue betwen the vocal folds. Site of action of the muscles that act on the artenyoid, cricoid and thyroid cartilages in order to change the width of this opening and tension of vocal cords
Term
What is the largest muscle controlling the larynx?
Definition
The cricothyroid
Term
What is the motor innervation to the larynx?
Definition
Reccurent laryngeal nerves innervate all muscles except the cricothyroid (served by the external laryngeal)
Term
Sensory innervation to larynx?
Definition
Superior laryngeal nerves above vocal cords, below vocal cords carried by recurrent laryngeal nerves
Term
What is the role of the TMJ?
Definition
Allows for opening and closing of the mouth, plus limited side to side movements
Term
What kind of joint is the TMJ
Definition
Synovial with a disc to faciliate complex movement
Term
What divides the neck into anterior and posterior triangles?
Definition
The sternomastoid muscle
Term
Where does the sternomastoid O, and I and F? and N
Definition
manubrium and medial clavicle - runs up the back and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
Turns the head to the opposite side, innervated by CN XI (accessory)
Term
What is found in the posterior triangle of the neck?
Definition
Three scalene muscles, anterior, middle and posterior
Term
OIFN of scalenes
Definition
all arise from transverse processes of middle to lower cervical vertebrae. Ant inserts on scalene tubercle of first rib, middle inserts behind it (subclavain passes between them)
Post inserts on second rib.
Role is to raise thoracic cage as secondary muscles of respiraation, innervated by small twigs from cervical nerves
Term
What are the three muscles of the floor of the mouth?
Definition
Mylohoid, digastric and stylohyoid
Term
What makes up the floor of the mouth only?
Definition
The mylohyoid
Term
OIFN of mylohyoid
Definition
inside of manidble, inserts on hyoid by means of a raphe. Elevates hyoid bone, innervated by mandibular CN V (V3)
Term
OFIN of digastric muscle
Definition
Two bellies. Central tendon goes through a loop situated on top of the hyoid. Posterior belly runs from mastoid process and anterior belly runs up the side of the genial tubercle.
Depresses mouth, elevates hyoid. Anterior belly - Mandiubular nerve, and posterior belly by CN VII
Term
OIFN of stylohyoid muscle
Definition
originates from styloid process and inserts on body of the hyoid bone. It elevates the hyoid and supplied by CN VII
Term
What are the four muscles of mastication?
Definition
Temporal, masseter, medial pterygoid, and the lateral pterygoid
Term
Describe the temporalis muscle.
OIFN?
Definition
Large, fan shaped muscle that occupies the temporal fossa.
Fibers pass through zygomatic arch and insert on coronoid process of mandible (anterior). Closes the mouth, innervated by CN V3 (mandibular component)
Term
OIFN of massetter?
Definition
zygomatic arch - ramus of mandible. Powerful chewer, and CN V3
Term
OIFN of medial pterygoid
Definition
inside of lateral pterygoid plate - deep at agnel of jaw. Closes mouth - CN V3
Term
OIFN of lateral pteryoid
Definition
Originates on greater wing and outer lateral pterygoid palte of sphenoid. Passes straight back and inserts on neck of mandibular condyle. Causes protusion of jaw, CN V3
Term
What is the role for the muscles of the pharynx?
Definition
To constrict the pharynx (superior, middle and inferior components)
Term
How do the pharyngeal muscles overlap?
Definition
By way of the pharyngeal raphe
Term
Describe the S, M, and I constrictors?
Definition
Sup originates from medial pterygoid plate and the pterygoimandibular raphe (also origin of buccinator). Middle constricto comes from stylohyoid ligament and hyoid bone. Inferior comes from thyroid and cricoid cartilges
Term
What nerves supply all the constrictors?
Definition
CN XI via the vagus
Term
What are the three most important muscles of the face
Definition
Orbicularis oris, orbicularis occuli and the buccinator
Term
F of O oris, O oculi, and buccionator
Definition
Protude the lips, close the eyes, move the food around in the mouth and help with mastication
Term
Describe the buccinator
Definition
Principle muscle of the cheek. Originates from the pterygomandibular raphe and mandible, and inserts onto the corner of the mouth.
Term
How are all the describe facial muscles innervated
Definition
By the CN VII
Term
What are the two prominent muscles of the scalp?
Definition
The frontalis and occipitals
Term
Where does the scalpal muscles insert?
Definition
the fronto-occipital aponeurosis - a thick layer of fascia crossing the head
Term
Where do the scalpal muscles originate
Definition
From the eyebrows (Frontalis) and the occipital bone (occipitalis)
Term
What are the layers of the scalp? (they spell scalp)
Definition
Skin, CT, aponeurosis, Loost CT and periosteum

S C A L P
Term
Functions of the nose?
Definition
Organ of smell, upper portion of airway, warms the air entering the pulmonary system
Term
Parts of the nose?
Definition
Internal and external
Term
What makes up the external nose
Definition
The two nostrils and a skeleton
Term
what makes up the skeleton of the nose
Definition
paired nasal bones, two sets of hyaline cartilages
Term
what is the role of the septal cartilage
Definition
form the interior part of the septum, and unite posterioly with the bony septum
Term
What are the part of the septal cartilage
Definition
it has two lateral plates, which attach to the nasal bones on the outside of the nose
Term
What are distal to the lateral plates
Definition
Alar cartilages
Term
outside of the cartilage, what makes up the remaining structure of the nostril?
Definition
fibroareolar tissue
Term
What links the external nose to the choanae?
Definition
the skeleton of the internal nose
Term
What makes up the internal nose
Definition
Ethmoid, vomer, sphenoid and palatine bones
Term
What makes up the septum
Definition
The septal cartilage, the vertical plate of the ethmoid (crista galli) and the vomer
Term
What makes up the roof of the septum
Definition
the cribriform plate
Term
Waht make up the lateral walsl of the internal nose
Definition
a set of conchae, a recess, and three meatuses
Term
What is the spheno-ethmoidal recess?
Definition
Lies above the superior conchae, and contains the oflactory mucosa in it's roof
Term
What lie behind the nasal conchae?
Definition
The superior, middle and inferior meatuses
Term
Where do air sinuses drain into? where do the meastuses and nasolacrimal duct drain?
Definition
The recess, the inferior meatus
Term
What are the paranasal sinuses?
Definition
Lined spaces inside the frontal maxillar, ethmoid and sphenoid bones. Have ducts which empty into the nasal cavity
Term
What is the maxillary sinus? where does it drain
Definition
Large space in the maxilla that makes it hollow, drains into the middle meatus. Has an opening, the Ostium
Term
What are the ethmoid sinuses? Drainage?
Definition
Series of small air-lined pockets in the lateral wall of the ethmoid bone. Anterior group drain into the middle meatus, posterior group drains into the superior meatus
Term
What are the frontal sinuses? drainage
Definition
found above the margin of the orbit, drain into middle meatus
Term
What are the sphenoidal sinuses, drainage?
Definition
Two spaces in the body of the sphenoid bone, one on each side. They drain into the spheno-ethmoidal recess
Term
How is the ear divided?
Definition
External, middle and internal ear
Term
Pathway of external ear
Definition
Auricle to tympanic membrane via the acoustic canal
Term
What is the auricle made up of?
Definition
elastic cartilage
Term
What is the acoustic canal made of?
Definition
Lateral third is cartilagenous, medial two thirds are bony
Term
What is the ear drum?
Definition
tympanic membrane - entrance into middle ear
Term
What is found on the outer part of the acoustic canal
Definition
hair, sebaceous and ceruminous (Wax) glands
Term
What are the ossicles
Definition
Malleus, incus and stapes
Term
What is the middle ear
Definition
a chamber in the temporal bone ,contais the ossicles, entrance to the auditory tube, a connection with mastoid air cells and the round and oval windows
Term
what do the ossicles connect?
Definition
the tympanic membrane, via synovial joints, to the oval window and its membrane. I.E transmit sound waves from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
Term
What is found in the internal ear?
Definition
It is a hollowed from bone appartus, forming a bony labryinth. IT contains a series of membranous sacs, the membranous labyrinth
Term
Describe the internal ear structure
Definition
Bony labrinyth, containing the membranous labrinynth, which contains the endolymph fluid. The perilymphy surrounds and fills the bony labrinyth
Term
What is the organ of hearing? the organ o fbalance
Definition
THe cochlea, the vestibular apparatus. Found in the inner ear
Term
PAthway of sound?
Definition
end of stapes, travel up cochlear, back to round window
Term
How does CN VIII travel?
Definition
Via the internal acoustic meatus
Term
Describe the path of the common carotid?
Definition
Ascends in the neck in the carotid sheath along with th einternal jugular vein and vagus nerve
Term
when does the common carotid bifurcate?
Definition
into the internal and external carotid at the level of the top of the thryoid cartilage
Term
What does the external carotid supply?
Definition
the head and neck
Term
What are the branches of the external carotid, in ordeR?
Definition
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior Auricular
Maxillary
Superficial Temporal
Term
How does the internal carotid enter the skull?
Definition
through the carotid canal and makes a few sharp turns (know as carotid siphon)
Term
Where does the carotid siphon sit?
Definition
ON either side of the pituitary gland
Term
What is the distal end of the carotid siphon run through?
Definition
the cavernous sinus
Term
Describe the path of the paired vertebral arteries?
Definition
Run up in the transverse foramina in the cervical vertebrae, enter the skull via the foramen magnum
Term
What does the major drainingage of blood and CSF from the brain?
Definition
The dural venous sinuses
Term
Where do the dural venous sinuses then drain?
Definition
Into the internal jugular vein as it leaves the jugular foramen
Term
What are the various dural venous sinuses?
Definition
the superior sagittal sinus
Inferior saggital and straight sinuses
Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Cavernous Sinus
Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
Term
Where does the superior sagittal sinus meet the straight sinus? what happens next?
Definition
At the confluence at the center of the occipital bone. The straight drains into the superior sagittal
Term
Where does the transverse sinus take the blood and CSF?
Definition
Laterally to the sigmoid sinuses which empty into the jugular veins
Term
Where do the cavernous sinus empty into?
Definition
the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
Term
Where does the inferior petrosal sinus go?
Definition
directly into the jugular vein,
Term
where does the superior petrosal sinus go
Definition
Proximal sigmoid sinus
Term
What letter do the veins of the face form?
Definition
a W
Term
Where does the retromandibular vein go?
Definition
bifurcates to drain into the internal and external jugular
Term
Where does the facial vein empty to?
Definition
Internal jugular
Term
where does the posterior auricular vein go?
Definition
External jugular
Term
What is the main sensory innervation to the head and neck?
Definition
Mostly done by the sensory branches of CN V.
opthalamic branch does the forehead
MAxillary branch - nose, cheek and temply
Mandibular branch - skin of the jaw, and lateral cheek
Term
What innervates the anterior neck and the area posterior to the ear?
Definition
C 2,3
Term
What innervates the side and back of the neck, and the back of the head?
Definition
Cervical Branches 2-5
Term
What does the major motor innervation to the head and neck?
Definition
The facial nerve - sends out a series of branches from the area of the parotid gland
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