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Anatomy 224
Male & Female Reproductive & Digestive Systems
200
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/13/2010

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Cards

Term
What does biparental mean
Definition
offspring receives genes from two parents
Term
sex cells are called?
Definition
gamates
Term
primary sex organs?
Definition
testes and ovaries
Term
where is external genitalia located?
Definition
perineum
Term
What external genitalia is not visible externally?
Definition
accessory glands on female
Term
where is most internal genitalia located?
Definition
pelvic cavity
Term
secondary sex characteristics in both sexes?
Definition
pubic and axillary hair and scent glands, and voice pitch
Term
what is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?
Karyotype?
Definition
male produces testosterone but lacks receptors for it, so female characteristics but testes in abdomen, no uterus, no period.
XY karyotype
Term
In fetal development, what turns into a penis?
Vagina?
Definition
mesonephric ducts
paramesonephric ducts
Term
what is the SRY gene?
It codes for what protien?
Definition
sex determining region of Y chromosome.
TDF
Term
what causes degeneration of the paramesonephric ducts?
Definition
mullerian inhibiting factor
Term
why isn't estrogen the sex determining hormone?
Definition
high in pregnancy, every fetus would be a girl
Term
Female development occurs in absence of what hormones?
Definition
Androgen Hormones
Term
what turns into the glans penis or glans clitoris during fetal development?
Definition
genital tubercle
Term
What happens to urogenital folds during fetal development?
Definition
enclose urethra of male, or make labia minora in female
Term
When is male or female genitalia distint?
Definition
12 weeks
Term
scrotum is homologous to what in femals?
Definition
labia majora
Term
What is the gubernaculum?
where does it pass in males?
Definition
connective tissue extends from gonad pelvic cavity
between internal and external abdominal oblique muscles to scrotal swelling
Term
What is the vaginal process?
Definition
fold of peritoneum that extends into scrtum
Term
What is the inguinal Canal?
Definition
pathway through groin created by gubernaculum and vaginal process.
Term
Where is the most common site for herniation in males?
Definition
inguinal canal
Term
what is it called when boys are born with undecended testes?
how treat?
what happens in most cases?
Definition
cryprochidism

surgery or testosterone injection
self corrects in 1 year
Term
what is the medial seam between anus and bottom of scrotum?
Definition
perineal raphe
Term
what is in the spermatic cord?
Definition
ductus deferens, blood, lymph, and testicular nerve.
Term
What temperature is needed for sperm production?
Definition
35 celcius
Term
What three ways does scrotum regulate temperature of the testis?
Definition
cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, and pampiniform plexus
Term
What is the Cremaster muscle?
Definition
strips of internal abdominal oblique
pulls up or relaxes spermatic cord depending on temperature.
Term
what is the dartos muscle?
Definition
subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle can wrinkle scrotum, and pull it to body when cold by lowering SA and heat loss
Term
What is the pampiniform plexus?
Definition
countercurrent heat exchance so blood is cooler when it reaches testes.
Term
what is the fiberous whit capsule on testes?
Definition
tunica albuginea
Term
what part of testes generates sperm?
Definition
germinal epithelium on seminiferous tubules
Term
what cells produce testosterone?
Definition
interstitial cells
Term
what to sertoli cells do?
Definition
protect germ cells, and promote their development
Term
what does the blood-testes barier do?
Definition
prevents antibodies and molecules in blood from getting to germ cells.
Term
when is sperm genetically different from body?
Definition
after primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis
Term
what does rete testis do?
Definition
collects sperm from tubules
Term
what makes sperm move in reproductive tract?
Definition
sustentacular cells secrete fluid that flows
Term
where does blood leave the testis from?
Definition
pampiniform plexus, which make testicular veins
Term
where does right testicular vein drain to?
left?
Definition
inferior vena cava
left renal vein
Term
testicular nerves come from what segment of the spinal cord?
what do they do?
Definition
T10 and T11

carry sensory fibers for pain, and motor fibers for blood flow
Term
What are efferent ductules?
Definition
12 small ciliated ducts collect sper from rete testes and transport to epididymis
Term
where is the site of sperm maturation?
What happens to sperm if not ejaculated?
Definition
duct of epididymis
epididymis reabsorbs them
Term
what does the vas deferens widen into?
Definition
terminal ampulla, then seminal vesicle
Term
what nerve innervates seminal vesicle?
Definition
sns fibers
Term
three regions of the male urethra
Definition
prostatic, membranous, and spongy
Term
seminal vesicles produce what % of semen?
Definition
60%
Term
how does sperm get through the prostate?
How much gets through?
Definition
pores in prostatic urethra
30%
Term
What is a benign prostatic hyperplasia?
what does it do?
what medical problems can it produce?
Definition
nonancerous enlarged prostate
obstructs urine flow
promotes bladder and kidney infections
Term
most common cancer in men?
Definition
lung
Term
how is prostate cancer diagnosed?
first signs of it?
how screen for it?
Definition
eleated levels of serine protease and acid phosphates in blood
pain
Digital Rectal Exam
Term
Three sets of glands in the male reproductive?
Definition
seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
Term
what accounts for penile enlargement and erection?
Definition
Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum
Term
what is corpus spongiosum covered by?
What is corpus cavernosum covered by?
Definition
bulbospongiosus muscle
ischivaernosus muscle
Term
what starts the onset of puberty?
Definition
surge of pituitary gonadotropins
Term
what is the period of adolesence marked by?
Definition
onset of gonadotropins til a person reaches full adult height
Term
What is the period of puberty marked by?
Definition
first few years of adolesence until first period or first viable sperm ejaculation
Term
when do testes secrete substantial amounts of testosterone?
Definition
first trimester and puberty
Term
as hypothalamus matures, it produces what hormone?
Which does what?
Definition
GRH
stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH, LH, and Interstitial cell stimulating hormone
Term
what does FSH do?
LH?
Definition
raises sperm count by keeping testosterone in the seminiferous tubule to raise sperm count
stimulates interstitial cells to make testosterone
Term
what general body growth happens in male puberty?
Definition
longer limbs, more muscle, enlarged larynx, erethropoiesis , mr, and apetite increase
Term
what makes sebaceous glands develop?
Definition
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
Term
what does inhibin do?
Definition
suppresses FSH output and reduces sperm production without inhibiting LH and testosterone
Term
testosterone mg peak?
what causes andropause?
Definition
7mg
rise in FSH and LH after age 50
Term
what are symptoms of andropause?
Definition
mood changes, hot flashes, and illusions of suffocation
Term
what is impotence?
Definition
ED, males can't make or maintain erection for intercourse.
Term
spermatogenesis
three stages?
one germ cell makes how many sperm cells?
Definition
sperm production in seminiferous tubules
1.remodel germ cells to small sperm with flagella
2. reduce chromosome number by 1/2
3. shuffling of genes
4 sperm cells
Term
what are the important parts of meiosis?
Definition
1. homologus chromosomes separate
2. crossing over
3. 2n goes to 1n
4. now haploid cells
Term
gamates are what cell type?
meiosis has how many cell devisions?
what happens before meiosis I?
Definition
haploid
2
DNA doubles
Term
where do promordial germ cells form?
where do they become spermatogonia?
Definition
yolk sac of embryo
gonadal ridges
Term
Describe spermatogenesis
Definition
1. spermatogonia divide by mitosis
2. one daughter cell remains in tubule
3. other enlarges and turns to primary spermatocyte
4. now protected by btb and does meiosis I (now 2 secondary spermatocytes)
5. each secondary spermatocyte does Meiosis II, making 4 total spermatids
4. spermatids transform to spermatozoon
5.
Term
what is spermIOgenesis?
Definition
transforms spermatids to spermatozoa by discarding cytoplasm and growing tail
Term
what is in spermatozoon nucleus?
what is an acrosome?
where does flagellum attach?
Definition
haploid chromosomes
senzyme cap that has enzymes to penetrate egg
basal body
Term
Three pieces of tail of sperm?
Definition
midpiece - mitochondria, and makes ATP to move flagella
principal piece- axonome surrounded by sheath
endpiece- narrow tip
Term
how much fluid is expelled during ejaculation?
what % what fluid?
what is a normal sperm count?
Definition
2-5 ml
60% seminal vesicle fluid
30% prostatic fluid
10% sperm
50-120 million/ml
Term
what is considered infertility?
what is in prostate fluid?
Definition
20-25mil/ml
calcium, citrate, phosphate ions, clotting enzyme, serine protease
Term
what is in seminal vesicle fluid?
what color is it?
Definition
fructose, carbs, citrate, prostoglandins, and proseminogelin
yellow
Term
what does clotting enzyme activate?
which converts it into?
what does this do to sperm?
Definition
proseminogelin
seminogelin
makes sperm sticky
Term
what happens to the semen 20 min after ejaculation?
what do prostoglandins do in the vag?
Definition
serine protease ro prostatic fluid breaks down seminogelin and liquifies semen (makes sperm active)
thin cervical mucus, and stimuleate peristalic waves in uterus
Term
what are the requirements for sperm motility?
what provides sugars for sperm?
Definition
higher Ph (7.5), and sugars for mitochondria
seminal vesicles
Term
4 phases of intercourse?
Definition
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Term
penile artery divides to what?
Definition
dorsal artery- supplies blood to skin, fascia, and spongiosum
deep artery - in core of cavernosum, dialation of deep artery fills lacunae causing erection
Term
In a flacid penis, where does most of blood come from?
what drains blood from penis?
Definition
Dorsal artery
Deep dorsal vein
Term
what kind of receptors does the glans penis have?
what are the nerves in penis
Definition
tactile, pressure, and temp receptors.
dorsal nerve nad internal pudendal nerve
Term
sympathetic nerves induce erection due to?
parasympathetic induce and erection due to?
Definition
special senses and thoughts
stimulation of penis
Term
what is male excitement phase characterized by?
what is erection of penis due to?
Definition
vasocongestion, myotonia,(muscle tension) and increases in HR, BP, and pulmonary ventilation.
1. bulbourethral glands secrete fluid
2. arteries fill with blood
5. testicles become up to 50% larger
PNS triggers NO secretion
Term
what is the plateau phase?
Definition
hr, pb and respiration stay elevated, more vasocongenstion and myotonia,
few seconds to mind b4 orgasm
Term
what happens during orgasm?
what are the 2 stages of ejaculation?
Definition
HR, BP, and breathing elevate greatly
1.emission- sns stimulates peristalsis, which propels sperm (glandular secretions added.
2. expulsion- semend in urethra activate somatic ans sympathetic reflexes for muscular contraction to expulsion
Term
what constricts urethra sphincter so urine can not enter urethra, and semen to bladder?
Definition
sympathetic reflex
Term
What is the resolution phase?
what is a flacid penis called?
Definition
body variables return to normal
sns constrict pudendal artery
detumescence
Term
What is the refractory period?
what pills prolong erections?
Definition
time that it's impossible for man to attain another erection. 10min +
viagra, levitra, cialis
Term
how does viagra work?
Definition
inhibits phosphodiestrase inhibitors, and slows down breakdown of cGMP by phosphodiesterase so it prolongs erection.
Term
where does the female reproductive tract develop from?
Definition
paramesonephric ducts
absence of testosterone and mullerian inhibiting factor
Term
A)what happens at 8-10 weeks w/o testosterone?
B)without MIF?
Definition
A. mesonephric ducts degenerate
genital tubercle becomes glans clit
urogentital folds become labia minora
labioscrotal folds become labia majora
B. paramesonephric ducts develop into uterine tubes, uterus, and vag
Term
where are ovaries nestled in?
where do germ cells develop?
what is in inner medulla?
Definition
ovearian fossa
outer germ cells
Major arteries and veins
Term
what are fallopian tubes lined with?
what shape is lumen?
Lower opening of uterus called?
Definition
cilia
triangular
internal os
Term
what connects the lumen to vag?
what do cervical glands do?
Definition
cervical canal
secret mucus to prevent micobes from entering uterus
Term
whare are some causes of cervical cancer?
where does cervical cancer start?
Best detection?
3 types of intraepithelial neoplasia
Definition
smoking, early age sexual activity, STDs, HPV
epithelial cells in lower cervix
PAP smear
class I mild, Class II (biopsy), and class III (radiation or hysterectomy)
Term
what is the perimetrium?
what is the mymetrium?
what does myometrium do?
Definition
exxternal serosa layer
middle muscular layer (smooth muscle)
produces contractions, expels fetus
Term
what are the two layers of endometrium?
Definition
stratum functionalis- shed in period
stratum basalis- deep, regenerates new layer
Term
what is the site of embryo attachment?
Definition
endometrium
Term
what do cardinal ligaments do?
what do uterosacral ligaments do?
what to round ligaments do?
Definition
support cervix & superior vag
attach post uterus to sacrum
go from anterior uterus to labia majoris
Term
round ligaments in female are like ____ in males
Definition
gubernaculum
Term
where do uterine arteries arise from?
what lubricates the vag?
what form hymen across opening of vag?
Definition
internal iliac artery
transudation-serious fluid (vag sweat)
mucosal folds
Term
during puberty vaginal epithelium transforms to what?
This transformation is called?
Definition
stratified squamous,
metaplasia
Term
how is HIV transmitted to vagina?
Definition
tricks antigen presenting dendritic cells
Term
what are external genitalia collectively called?
what is the slit between labia majora?
three parts of clitoris?
Definition
vulva
pudendal cleft
glans, body, and crura
Term
what are vestibular bulbs?
Definition
erectile tissue deep to labia majora, tighten around penis
Term
When do mammary glands develop?
what happens when nursing ceases?
2 regions of the breast?
Definition
during pregnancy
atrophy
body and axillary tail -by armpit
Term
what trigger milk ejection?
what do areolar glands do?
what makes nipples hard?
Definition
sensory nerve fibters
secrete stuff to protect nipple from cracking during nursing
smooth muscle fibers
Term
what does the nonlactating breast consist mostly of?
what connects breast to dermis of skin and pectoralis major?
Definition
adipose and collagenous tissue
suspensory ligaments
Term
what drains each lobe of mammary gland?
Where do tumors begin in breasts?
Signs of breast cancer?
Definition
lactiferous duct
cells from mammary ducts
lump, change in skin texture, or drainage from nipple
Term
is most breast cancer heridetary?
simple masectomy?
radical?
Definition
no
removal of some breast tissue and lymph
removal of breast
Term
how is female puberty triggered?
which do what?
Definition
rising levels of GnRH
stimulate release of FSH and LH
Term
FSH in women?

thelarche?
Definition
develop oarian follicles, so the produce estrogen, progesterone, and androgen
breast development (first puberty sign)
Term
pubarche
what stimulates it?
Definition
pubic and axillary hair and sebacious glands
androgens and adrenal cortex
Term
menarche
what stimulates gonadotrophin secretion?
anovulatary
Definition
first period (needs fat to start)
leptin
no egg first few cycles (12)
Term
what does etradiol do?
Definition
stimulates metaplasia, sex organ growth,and GH secretion, feminine physique, and thicker skin
Term
what does progesterone do?
Definition
prpares uterus for pregnancy during second half of menstrual cycle
Term
what do estrogen and progesterone inhibit?
climacteric?
Definition
FSH and LH
midlife change in hormone secretion (with menopause)
Term
what does inhibin suppress?
when does climacteric start?
what is hormone replacement therapy?
Definition
FSH
1000 follicles left
small doses of estrogen to help symptoms
Term
symptoms of mennopause
Definition
les estrogen and prgesterone
uterus vag and roobs atrophy
vagina is thinner and dier
more vag infections
rising cholesterol
lower bone mass
hot flashes
Term
reproductive cycle?
oogenesis?
Definition
sequence from fertilization to birth
producing haploid gametes with meiosis
Term
FSH stimulates in oocytes?
describe meiosis in oocyes.
Definition
meiosis I
primary oocytes do meiosis I
one matures with cytoplasm, other polar body
secondary oocyte goes to metaphase II and waits for fertalization
Term
ovaries are regulated by what horomones in general?
when does menstration happen in cycle?
ovulation?
these first two weeks are called what phase?
Definition
pituitary hormones
3-5 days
14 days
follicular phase
Term
what phase is weeks 2-4 in menstration?
Definition
luteal
corpus luteum thickens, if no prego then endometrium breaks down last two days.
Term
three principal steps in ovarian cycle?
Definition
follicuar phase, oulation, and luteal phase
Term
what happens on day one of ovarian cycle?
rising estrogen levels do what?
Definition
GnRH releases FSH and LH- stimulate follicle growth and estrogen release
slow FSH and LH
Term
to add more confusion...high estrogen levels stimulate release of?
which does what?
Definition
LH
stimulates primary oocyte to do meiosis I and secondary oocyte to Metaphase II
Term
what hormone triggers ovulation?
what is a mittleschmerz?
what does LH do with ruptured follice?
Definition
LH
pain during ovulation
turns to corpus luteum, which makes inhibin, progesterone, and estrogen
Term
what hormones shut off FSH and LH via corpus luteum?
declining LH eventually leads to?
what happens to LH and FSH in day 26-28?
Definition
progestrone, estrogen, and inhibin
end of luteal activity
stop being blocked
Term
3 phases of uterine cycle and descriptions?
Definition
menstral phase- uterus sheds all but deep endometrium
proliferative phase-endometrium rebuilds
secretory phase- endometrium prepares for embryo
Term
what is the most important aspect of the luteal phase?
Definition
progestrone increases 10fold
Term
four freakin stages of menstrual cycle?
Definition
proliferative phase, secretory phase, premenstrual phase, menstral phase
Term
what is proliferative phase of menstral cycle?
Definition
endometrium rebuilds and secretes estrogen, which stimulates mitosis and blood vessel growth, and progesterone receptors to grow
Term
secretory phase of menstral cycle? (15-26)
Definition
glycogen released and endometrium thickens more because of progesterone. ready for baby
Term
premenstral phase of menstral cycle?
Definition
corpus luteum atrophies
brings about cramps, and pools of blood form in functionalis
Term
what is menstral fluid made of?
Definition
blood necrotic endometrium, and serous fluid
Term
menstral phase of menstrual cycle
why doesn't menstrual fluid clot?
Definition
discharge! YAYAY!!! day one of new cycle
fibrinolysin keeps it from clottin
Term
what do paraurethral glands secrete during orgasm?
what stage does uterus tip down?
Definition
copious fluid (femal ejaculaton)
excitement
Term
what happens in resolution phase for female?
Definition
uterus drops forward again
nipples do their thing
postorgasmic outbreak of sweat
no refractory period HOLLLA!
Term
when is birth predicted from?
what hormones have strongest influence on pregnancy?
where are they secreted from?
Definition
40 weeks from LMP
(estrogens, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin and human chroionic somatomammotropin)
placenta
Term
what delievers hormones before the placenta forms?
when does it degenerate?
Definition
corpus luteum
7-14 weeks
Term
what is human chorionic gonadotropin?
what does it stimulate?
Definition
secreted by blastocyst and placenta
found in urine after a few days
growth of coprpus luteum
Term
how much do estrogens increase by end of prego?
what do they cause?
Definition
30x
tissue growth in mom and baby
mammary ducts grow, big boobies, relaxed pubic symphysis, wide pelvis
Term
Progesterone does what during prego?
Definition
stops FSH and LH
supress uterine contractions
preents period
stimulates acini in breasts to develop
Term
what does human chronic somatomammotropin do during pregnancy?
Definition
starts in 5th week
increases steadily
kinda like growth hormone
reduce mom insulin sensitivity so more for baby
Term
what does it mean to break your water?
what is puerperium?
Definition
rupture fetal membranes and lose amniotic fluid
6 weeks after birth
Term
what happens in puerperium?
what else promotes involution?
Definition
uterus shrinks back, vaginal discharge, (bloody then serious)
breast feeding cuz it suppresses estrogen nad stimulates oxytocin
Term
what hormones contribute to mammary gland development?
Definition
GH, Insulin, glucocorticoids, and prolactin
Term
What is colostrum?
what happens to prolactin levels at birth?
Definition
has IgA to protect baby from gastroenteritis (yellow)
levels drop until nipple stimulated
Term
why do so few women become prego while breastfeeding?
Definition
inhibition of GnRH and reduces ovarian cycling
Term
what is milk ejection controlled by?
what does milk look like at end of feeding?
what cow milk not ok?
Definition
neuroendocrine reflex
less lactose and prtein but 6x fat
harder to digest, and more nitrogenous waste
Term
what effect do colostrum and milk have?
Definition
laxative effect to clear baby of meconium, and supplies antibodies
Term
what is the alimentary canal?
Definition
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines
Term
what are accessory digestive organs?
Definition
teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas
Term
what are the 4 tunics of the GI tract?
Definition
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
Term
what are the six essential activities of the GI tract?
Definition
ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation
Term
what is alimentary canal?
what are accessory organs in it?
alimentary organs?
Definition
mouth
teeth, tongue,salivary glands
palates, uvula, tonsils
Term
what does the hard palate do?
soft palate?
Definition
underlined by palatine bones-assists in chewing
skeletal muscle, uvula closes off nasopharynx in swallowing
Term
What is Black Hairy Tongue?
associated with what ppl?
Definition
defective shedding of filiform papillae
ppl with bad oral hygene, antibiotic use and elderly, and radiation
Term
what salivary ducts open at the base of the lingual frenulum?
what is saliva made of?
what digestive enzyme is in saliva?
What protiens are in saliva?
Definition
submandibular

97% water
salivary amylase (breaks down starches)
Lysozyme (kills bacteria)
Term
inscisors?
Canines?
premolars?
Definition
front 8
pointys
first two behind k9's
Term
what are the two main regions of the
tooth?
What is enamel made of?
Definition
crown and root
made of Ca salts & dydroxyapetite crystals
Term
what is cementum?
where does it attach?
what is the givgival sulcus?
Definition
connective tissue coevring root
periodontal ligament
depression where gingiva borders tooth
Term
what causes cavities?
Definition
bacteria demineralize enamel and dentin due to acid they secrete
Term
what does they laryngopharynx do?
what does epiglottis do when breathing?
swallowing?
Definition
separates food and air pathways
stays up when breathing
flaps down to cover trachea
Term
what is the enteric nervous system?
what does it regulate?
Definition
nervos network in esophagus, stomach, intestines.
tract motility, secretion, and BF
Term
what are the two networks of neurons that work in the ENS?
Definition
submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus
(little brain)
Term
where does esophagus and end?
what two layers of smooth muscle does the esophagus have?
Definition
cardiac orifice
circular (rings)(deep)
Longitudinal (superficial)
Term
what are the three layers of smooth muscle in the stomach?
Definition
oblique, circular and longitudinal
Term
What does the stomach do to keep from digesting itself?
Definition
-bicarbonate rich mucus on stomach wall
-epithelial cells jointed by tight junctions
- gastric glands that have cells impermeable to HCL
Term
what are mucous neck cells?
whate are Parietal cells?
Definition
secrete acid mucus
secrete HCL and intrinsic factor
Term
intrinsic factor allows absorption of what?
what does the absorbed product do?
what happens when you don't release intrinsic factor?
Definition
B12
makes rbcs,
pernicious anemia
Term
What doe chief cells produce?
how is pepsinogen activated to pepsin
Where do you find peptide bonds?
Definition
pepsinogen & gastric lipase
HCL & pepsin with + feedback
in protiens
Term
what is gastritis?
what causes most ulcers?
Definition
stomach inflamation that can lead to peptic ulcers
helicobactor pylori
Term
what is the most distensible part of the stomach?
how does it degrade food physically?
how does it do it chemically?
Definition
the fundus
contractional waves ram bolus through
HCL and Pepsin breaks down protiens,while lipase breaks down lipids
Term
food in pylorus is called?
big blob of partially digested food called?
Definition
chyme
bolus
Term
gastric lipase and lingual lipase digests how much fats in stomach?
where is most fat digested?
Definition
10-15%
small intestine
Term
where does the jejenum start and finish?
What does the ileum join?
Definition
duodenum to ileum
lg intestine and ileocecal valve
Term
why is the duodenum a dumping site for liver and pancreas?
Definition
bolus is high in acid and needs to be neutralized?
pancrease release neutralizing HCO3 and enzymes that only work in non acidic environment (break down carbs, fats, and protiens)
Term
what does bile do?
Definition
emulsifies fats & neutralize acids
Term
what is the largest gland in the body?
Definition
liver
Term
what does the falciform ligament do?
Definition
separate R and L lobe
suspend liver from diaphragm and anterior wall
Term
what does the liver do?
Definition
stores and breaks down glycogen,
breaks down glycogen,
makes sugar or fat from protein
stores fats and vitamins
gets rid of biliruben from hemoglobin
makes bile
traps and breaks down toxins
Term
what does bile have in it?
Definition
minterals cholesterol, fats, phospholipids, bile pigments, and bile acids
Term
whats biliruben?
how do gallstones form?
how does bile get into the gallbladder?
Definition
breakdown of RBC
build up of bile
overflows from the common bile duct
Term
what happens to 80% of bile?
how?
why is 20% of bile excreted in feces?
Definition
gets reabsorbed into the liver hepatocytes absorb & resecrete them
eliminate excess cholesterol
Term
what are gallstones composed of?
what is cholelithiasis?
Definition
cholesterol, calcium carbonate, and bilirubin
formation for gallstones, can cause jaundice
Term
what is lithrotripsy?
what is postcholestsctomy syndrome?
Definition
use of ultrasonic vibration to pulverize stones and persistent pain
GI distress,
Term
what do the exocrine cells of the pancreas do?
enocrine cells?
Definition
secrete pancreatic juice with enzymes that break down all food categories
release insulin and glucagon into blood
Term
what does insulin do?
what does glucagon do?
Definition
helps absorb sugar into cells
breaks down glycogen in the liver
Term
as chyme enters duodenum, what does protiens look like?
carbs?
fats?
Definition
protiens and carbs partially digested,
fats not digested at all
Term
where does almost all nutrient absorption take place?
Definition
small intestine
Term
what are two types of spreading food for absorption
Definition
propulsion and mass movements (involuntary and occur in vomiting and defecation)
Term
can mass movements be held back by external anal sphincter?
what can the stomach absorb?
Definition
yes!
simple sugars, water, aspirin, alcohol
Term
where is most absorption done specifically?
where are microvili found?
Definition
duodenum and jejunum

on the villi
Term
what do lacteals do?
what are the parts of the large intestine?
Definition
absorbs dietary fats in the villi of small intestine
cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal,
Term
what does the lg intestine absorb?
Major function?
Definition
vitamin B12, water, electolytes,
propulsion of fecal material towards anus
Term
3 theories on purpose of the appendix?
Definition
1. leftover from breakdown of grassy vegetation many years ago
2. bacteria sampled for development of immune system
3. good bacteria respread after food poisoning
Term
bacterial floura in large intestine ferment what?
Definition
indigestible carbs, which release methane.
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