Term
| What does biparental mean |
|
Definition
| offspring receives genes from two parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is external genitalia located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What external genitalia is not visible externally? |
|
Definition
| accessory glands on female |
|
|
Term
| where is most internal genitalia located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary sex characteristics in both sexes? |
|
Definition
| pubic and axillary hair and scent glands, and voice pitch |
|
|
Term
what is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome?
Karyotype? |
|
Definition
male produces testosterone but lacks receptors for it, so female characteristics but testes in abdomen, no uterus, no period.
XY karyotype |
|
|
Term
In fetal development, what turns into a penis?
Vagina? |
|
Definition
mesonephric ducts
paramesonephric ducts |
|
|
Term
what is the SRY gene?
It codes for what protien? |
|
Definition
sex determining region of Y chromosome.
TDF |
|
|
Term
| what causes degeneration of the paramesonephric ducts? |
|
Definition
| mullerian inhibiting factor |
|
|
Term
| why isn't estrogen the sex determining hormone? |
|
Definition
| high in pregnancy, every fetus would be a girl |
|
|
Term
| Female development occurs in absence of what hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what turns into the glans penis or glans clitoris during fetal development? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to urogenital folds during fetal development? |
|
Definition
| enclose urethra of male, or make labia minora in female |
|
|
Term
| When is male or female genitalia distint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scrotum is homologous to what in femals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the gubernaculum?
where does it pass in males? |
|
Definition
connective tissue extends from gonad pelvic cavity
between internal and external abdominal oblique muscles to scrotal swelling |
|
|
Term
| What is the vaginal process? |
|
Definition
| fold of peritoneum that extends into scrtum |
|
|
Term
| What is the inguinal Canal? |
|
Definition
| pathway through groin created by gubernaculum and vaginal process. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the most common site for herniation in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is it called when boys are born with undecended testes?
how treat?
what happens in most cases? |
|
Definition
cryprochidism
surgery or testosterone injection
self corrects in 1 year |
|
|
Term
| what is the medial seam between anus and bottom of scrotum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is in the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
| ductus deferens, blood, lymph, and testicular nerve. |
|
|
Term
| What temperature is needed for sperm production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What three ways does scrotum regulate temperature of the testis? |
|
Definition
| cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, and pampiniform plexus |
|
|
Term
| What is the Cremaster muscle? |
|
Definition
strips of internal abdominal oblique
pulls up or relaxes spermatic cord depending on temperature. |
|
|
Term
| what is the dartos muscle? |
|
Definition
| subcutaneous layer of smooth muscle can wrinkle scrotum, and pull it to body when cold by lowering SA and heat loss |
|
|
Term
| What is the pampiniform plexus? |
|
Definition
| countercurrent heat exchance so blood is cooler when it reaches testes. |
|
|
Term
| what is the fiberous whit capsule on testes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of testes generates sperm? |
|
Definition
| germinal epithelium on seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| what cells produce testosterone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what to sertoli cells do? |
|
Definition
| protect germ cells, and promote their development |
|
|
Term
| what does the blood-testes barier do? |
|
Definition
| prevents antibodies and molecules in blood from getting to germ cells. |
|
|
Term
| when is sperm genetically different from body? |
|
Definition
| after primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis |
|
|
Term
| what does rete testis do? |
|
Definition
| collects sperm from tubules |
|
|
Term
| what makes sperm move in reproductive tract? |
|
Definition
| sustentacular cells secrete fluid that flows |
|
|
Term
| where does blood leave the testis from? |
|
Definition
| pampiniform plexus, which make testicular veins |
|
|
Term
where does right testicular vein drain to?
left? |
|
Definition
inferior vena cava
left renal vein |
|
|
Term
testicular nerves come from what segment of the spinal cord?
what do they do? |
|
Definition
T10 and T11
carry sensory fibers for pain, and motor fibers for blood flow |
|
|
Term
| What are efferent ductules? |
|
Definition
| 12 small ciliated ducts collect sper from rete testes and transport to epididymis |
|
|
Term
where is the site of sperm maturation?
What happens to sperm if not ejaculated? |
|
Definition
duct of epididymis
epididymis reabsorbs them |
|
|
Term
| what does the vas deferens widen into? |
|
Definition
| terminal ampulla, then seminal vesicle |
|
|
Term
| what nerve innervates seminal vesicle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three regions of the male urethra |
|
Definition
| prostatic, membranous, and spongy |
|
|
Term
| seminal vesicles produce what % of semen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how does sperm get through the prostate?
How much gets through? |
|
Definition
pores in prostatic urethra
30% |
|
|
Term
What is a benign prostatic hyperplasia?
what does it do?
what medical problems can it produce? |
|
Definition
nonancerous enlarged prostate
obstructs urine flow
promotes bladder and kidney infections |
|
|
Term
| most common cancer in men? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how is prostate cancer diagnosed?
first signs of it?
how screen for it? |
|
Definition
eleated levels of serine protease and acid phosphates in blood
pain
Digital Rectal Exam |
|
|
Term
| Three sets of glands in the male reproductive? |
|
Definition
| seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands |
|
|
Term
| what accounts for penile enlargement and erection? |
|
Definition
| Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum |
|
|
Term
what is corpus spongiosum covered by?
What is corpus cavernosum covered by? |
|
Definition
bulbospongiosus muscle
ischivaernosus muscle |
|
|
Term
| what starts the onset of puberty? |
|
Definition
| surge of pituitary gonadotropins |
|
|
Term
| what is the period of adolesence marked by? |
|
Definition
| onset of gonadotropins til a person reaches full adult height |
|
|
Term
| What is the period of puberty marked by? |
|
Definition
| first few years of adolesence until first period or first viable sperm ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| when do testes secrete substantial amounts of testosterone? |
|
Definition
| first trimester and puberty |
|
|
Term
as hypothalamus matures, it produces what hormone?
Which does what? |
|
Definition
GRH
stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH, LH, and Interstitial cell stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
raises sperm count by keeping testosterone in the seminiferous tubule to raise sperm count
stimulates interstitial cells to make testosterone |
|
|
Term
| what general body growth happens in male puberty? |
|
Definition
| longer limbs, more muscle, enlarged larynx, erethropoiesis , mr, and apetite increase |
|
|
Term
| what makes sebaceous glands develop? |
|
Definition
| dihydrotestosterone (DHT) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suppresses FSH output and reduces sperm production without inhibiting LH and testosterone |
|
|
Term
testosterone mg peak?
what causes andropause? |
|
Definition
7mg
rise in FSH and LH after age 50 |
|
|
Term
| what are symptoms of andropause? |
|
Definition
| mood changes, hot flashes, and illusions of suffocation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ED, males can't make or maintain erection for intercourse. |
|
|
Term
spermatogenesis
three stages?
one germ cell makes how many sperm cells? |
|
Definition
sperm production in seminiferous tubules
1.remodel germ cells to small sperm with flagella
2. reduce chromosome number by 1/2
3. shuffling of genes
4 sperm cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the important parts of meiosis? |
|
Definition
1. homologus chromosomes separate
2. crossing over
3. 2n goes to 1n
4. now haploid cells |
|
|
Term
gamates are what cell type?
meiosis has how many cell devisions?
what happens before meiosis I? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
where do promordial germ cells form?
where do they become spermatogonia? |
|
Definition
yolk sac of embryo
gonadal ridges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. spermatogonia divide by mitosis
2. one daughter cell remains in tubule
3. other enlarges and turns to primary spermatocyte
4. now protected by btb and does meiosis I (now 2 secondary spermatocytes)
5. each secondary spermatocyte does Meiosis II, making 4 total spermatids
4. spermatids transform to spermatozoon
5. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transforms spermatids to spermatozoa by discarding cytoplasm and growing tail |
|
|
Term
what is in spermatozoon nucleus?
what is an acrosome?
where does flagellum attach? |
|
Definition
haploid chromosomes
senzyme cap that has enzymes to penetrate egg
basal body |
|
|
Term
| Three pieces of tail of sperm? |
|
Definition
midpiece - mitochondria, and makes ATP to move flagella
principal piece- axonome surrounded by sheath
endpiece- narrow tip |
|
|
Term
how much fluid is expelled during ejaculation?
what % what fluid?
what is a normal sperm count? |
|
Definition
2-5 ml
60% seminal vesicle fluid
30% prostatic fluid
10% sperm
50-120 million/ml |
|
|
Term
what is considered infertility?
what is in prostate fluid? |
|
Definition
20-25mil/ml
calcium, citrate, phosphate ions, clotting enzyme, serine protease |
|
|
Term
what is in seminal vesicle fluid?
what color is it? |
|
Definition
fructose, carbs, citrate, prostoglandins, and proseminogelin
yellow |
|
|
Term
what does clotting enzyme activate?
which converts it into?
what does this do to sperm? |
|
Definition
proseminogelin
seminogelin
makes sperm sticky |
|
|
Term
what happens to the semen 20 min after ejaculation?
what do prostoglandins do in the vag? |
|
Definition
serine protease ro prostatic fluid breaks down seminogelin and liquifies semen (makes sperm active)
thin cervical mucus, and stimuleate peristalic waves in uterus |
|
|
Term
what are the requirements for sperm motility?
what provides sugars for sperm? |
|
Definition
higher Ph (7.5), and sugars for mitochondria
seminal vesicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution |
|
|
Term
| penile artery divides to what? |
|
Definition
dorsal artery- supplies blood to skin, fascia, and spongiosum
deep artery - in core of cavernosum, dialation of deep artery fills lacunae causing erection |
|
|
Term
In a flacid penis, where does most of blood come from?
what drains blood from penis? |
|
Definition
Dorsal artery
Deep dorsal vein |
|
|
Term
what kind of receptors does the glans penis have?
what are the nerves in penis |
|
Definition
tactile, pressure, and temp receptors.
dorsal nerve nad internal pudendal nerve |
|
|
Term
sympathetic nerves induce erection due to?
parasympathetic induce and erection due to? |
|
Definition
special senses and thoughts
stimulation of penis |
|
|
Term
what is male excitement phase characterized by?
what is erection of penis due to? |
|
Definition
vasocongestion, myotonia,(muscle tension) and increases in HR, BP, and pulmonary ventilation.
1. bulbourethral glands secrete fluid
2. arteries fill with blood
5. testicles become up to 50% larger
PNS triggers NO secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is the plateau phase? |
|
Definition
hr, pb and respiration stay elevated, more vasocongenstion and myotonia,
few seconds to mind b4 orgasm |
|
|
Term
what happens during orgasm?
what are the 2 stages of ejaculation? |
|
Definition
HR, BP, and breathing elevate greatly
1.emission- sns stimulates peristalsis, which propels sperm (glandular secretions added.
2. expulsion- semend in urethra activate somatic ans sympathetic reflexes for muscular contraction to expulsion |
|
|
Term
| what constricts urethra sphincter so urine can not enter urethra, and semen to bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the resolution phase?
what is a flacid penis called? |
|
Definition
body variables return to normal
sns constrict pudendal artery
detumescence |
|
|
Term
What is the refractory period?
what pills prolong erections? |
|
Definition
time that it's impossible for man to attain another erection. 10min +
viagra, levitra, cialis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits phosphodiestrase inhibitors, and slows down breakdown of cGMP by phosphodiesterase so it prolongs erection. |
|
|
Term
| where does the female reproductive tract develop from? |
|
Definition
paramesonephric ducts
absence of testosterone and mullerian inhibiting factor |
|
|
Term
A)what happens at 8-10 weeks w/o testosterone?
B)without MIF? |
|
Definition
A. mesonephric ducts degenerate
genital tubercle becomes glans clit
urogentital folds become labia minora
labioscrotal folds become labia majora
B. paramesonephric ducts develop into uterine tubes, uterus, and vag |
|
|
Term
where are ovaries nestled in?
where do germ cells develop?
what is in inner medulla? |
|
Definition
ovearian fossa
outer germ cells
Major arteries and veins |
|
|
Term
what are fallopian tubes lined with?
what shape is lumen?
Lower opening of uterus called? |
|
Definition
cilia
triangular
internal os |
|
|
Term
what connects the lumen to vag?
what do cervical glands do? |
|
Definition
cervical canal
secret mucus to prevent micobes from entering uterus |
|
|
Term
whare are some causes of cervical cancer?
where does cervical cancer start?
Best detection?
3 types of intraepithelial neoplasia |
|
Definition
smoking, early age sexual activity, STDs, HPV
epithelial cells in lower cervix
PAP smear
class I mild, Class II (biopsy), and class III (radiation or hysterectomy) |
|
|
Term
what is the perimetrium?
what is the mymetrium?
what does myometrium do? |
|
Definition
exxternal serosa layer
middle muscular layer (smooth muscle)
produces contractions, expels fetus |
|
|
Term
| what are the two layers of endometrium? |
|
Definition
stratum functionalis- shed in period
stratum basalis- deep, regenerates new layer |
|
|
Term
| what is the site of embryo attachment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what do cardinal ligaments do?
what do uterosacral ligaments do?
what to round ligaments do? |
|
Definition
support cervix & superior vag
attach post uterus to sacrum
go from anterior uterus to labia majoris |
|
|
Term
| round ligaments in female are like ____ in males |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
where do uterine arteries arise from?
what lubricates the vag?
what form hymen across opening of vag? |
|
Definition
internal iliac artery
transudation-serious fluid (vag sweat)
mucosal folds |
|
|
Term
during puberty vaginal epithelium transforms to what?
This transformation is called? |
|
Definition
stratified squamous,
metaplasia |
|
|
Term
| how is HIV transmitted to vagina? |
|
Definition
| tricks antigen presenting dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
what are external genitalia collectively called?
what is the slit between labia majora?
three parts of clitoris? |
|
Definition
vulva
pudendal cleft
glans, body, and crura |
|
|
Term
| what are vestibular bulbs? |
|
Definition
| erectile tissue deep to labia majora, tighten around penis |
|
|
Term
When do mammary glands develop?
what happens when nursing ceases?
2 regions of the breast? |
|
Definition
during pregnancy
atrophy
body and axillary tail -by armpit |
|
|
Term
what trigger milk ejection?
what do areolar glands do?
what makes nipples hard? |
|
Definition
sensory nerve fibters
secrete stuff to protect nipple from cracking during nursing
smooth muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
what does the nonlactating breast consist mostly of?
what connects breast to dermis of skin and pectoralis major? |
|
Definition
adipose and collagenous tissue
suspensory ligaments |
|
|
Term
what drains each lobe of mammary gland?
Where do tumors begin in breasts?
Signs of breast cancer? |
|
Definition
lactiferous duct
cells from mammary ducts
lump, change in skin texture, or drainage from nipple |
|
|
Term
is most breast cancer heridetary?
simple masectomy?
radical? |
|
Definition
no
removal of some breast tissue and lymph
removal of breast |
|
|
Term
how is female puberty triggered?
which do what? |
|
Definition
rising levels of GnRH
stimulate release of FSH and LH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
develop oarian follicles, so the produce estrogen, progesterone, and androgen
breast development (first puberty sign) |
|
|
Term
pubarche
what stimulates it? |
|
Definition
pubic and axillary hair and sebacious glands
androgens and adrenal cortex |
|
|
Term
menarche
what stimulates gonadotrophin secretion?
anovulatary |
|
Definition
first period (needs fat to start)
leptin
no egg first few cycles (12) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates metaplasia, sex organ growth,and GH secretion, feminine physique, and thicker skin |
|
|
Term
| what does progesterone do? |
|
Definition
| prpares uterus for pregnancy during second half of menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
what do estrogen and progesterone inhibit?
climacteric? |
|
Definition
FSH and LH
midlife change in hormone secretion (with menopause) |
|
|
Term
what does inhibin suppress?
when does climacteric start?
what is hormone replacement therapy? |
|
Definition
FSH
1000 follicles left
small doses of estrogen to help symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
les estrogen and prgesterone
uterus vag and roobs atrophy
vagina is thinner and dier
more vag infections
rising cholesterol
lower bone mass
hot flashes |
|
|
Term
reproductive cycle?
oogenesis? |
|
Definition
sequence from fertilization to birth
producing haploid gametes with meiosis |
|
|
Term
FSH stimulates in oocytes?
describe meiosis in oocyes. |
|
Definition
meiosis I
primary oocytes do meiosis I
one matures with cytoplasm, other polar body
secondary oocyte goes to metaphase II and waits for fertalization |
|
|
Term
ovaries are regulated by what horomones in general?
when does menstration happen in cycle?
ovulation?
these first two weeks are called what phase? |
|
Definition
pituitary hormones
3-5 days
14 days
follicular phase |
|
|
Term
| what phase is weeks 2-4 in menstration? |
|
Definition
luteal
corpus luteum thickens, if no prego then endometrium breaks down last two days. |
|
|
Term
| three principal steps in ovarian cycle? |
|
Definition
| follicuar phase, oulation, and luteal phase |
|
|
Term
what happens on day one of ovarian cycle?
rising estrogen levels do what? |
|
Definition
GnRH releases FSH and LH- stimulate follicle growth and estrogen release
slow FSH and LH |
|
|
Term
to add more confusion...high estrogen levels stimulate release of?
which does what? |
|
Definition
LH
stimulates primary oocyte to do meiosis I and secondary oocyte to Metaphase II |
|
|
Term
what hormone triggers ovulation?
what is a mittleschmerz?
what does LH do with ruptured follice? |
|
Definition
LH
pain during ovulation
turns to corpus luteum, which makes inhibin, progesterone, and estrogen |
|
|
Term
what hormones shut off FSH and LH via corpus luteum?
declining LH eventually leads to?
what happens to LH and FSH in day 26-28? |
|
Definition
progestrone, estrogen, and inhibin
end of luteal activity
stop being blocked |
|
|
Term
| 3 phases of uterine cycle and descriptions? |
|
Definition
menstral phase- uterus sheds all but deep endometrium
proliferative phase-endometrium rebuilds
secretory phase- endometrium prepares for embryo |
|
|
Term
| what is the most important aspect of the luteal phase? |
|
Definition
| progestrone increases 10fold |
|
|
Term
| four freakin stages of menstrual cycle? |
|
Definition
| proliferative phase, secretory phase, premenstrual phase, menstral phase |
|
|
Term
| what is proliferative phase of menstral cycle? |
|
Definition
| endometrium rebuilds and secretes estrogen, which stimulates mitosis and blood vessel growth, and progesterone receptors to grow |
|
|
Term
| secretory phase of menstral cycle? (15-26) |
|
Definition
| glycogen released and endometrium thickens more because of progesterone. ready for baby |
|
|
Term
| premenstral phase of menstral cycle? |
|
Definition
corpus luteum atrophies
brings about cramps, and pools of blood form in functionalis |
|
|
Term
| what is menstral fluid made of? |
|
Definition
| blood necrotic endometrium, and serous fluid |
|
|
Term
menstral phase of menstrual cycle
why doesn't menstrual fluid clot? |
|
Definition
discharge! YAYAY!!! day one of new cycle
fibrinolysin keeps it from clottin |
|
|
Term
what do paraurethral glands secrete during orgasm?
what stage does uterus tip down? |
|
Definition
copious fluid (femal ejaculaton)
excitement |
|
|
Term
| what happens in resolution phase for female? |
|
Definition
uterus drops forward again
nipples do their thing
postorgasmic outbreak of sweat
no refractory period HOLLLA! |
|
|
Term
when is birth predicted from?
what hormones have strongest influence on pregnancy?
where are they secreted from? |
|
Definition
40 weeks from LMP
(estrogens, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin and human chroionic somatomammotropin)
placenta |
|
|
Term
what delievers hormones before the placenta forms?
when does it degenerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is human chorionic gonadotropin?
what does it stimulate? |
|
Definition
secreted by blastocyst and placenta
found in urine after a few days
growth of coprpus luteum |
|
|
Term
how much do estrogens increase by end of prego?
what do they cause? |
|
Definition
30x
tissue growth in mom and baby
mammary ducts grow, big boobies, relaxed pubic symphysis, wide pelvis |
|
|
Term
| Progesterone does what during prego? |
|
Definition
stops FSH and LH
supress uterine contractions
preents period
stimulates acini in breasts to develop |
|
|
Term
| what does human chronic somatomammotropin do during pregnancy? |
|
Definition
starts in 5th week
increases steadily
kinda like growth hormone
reduce mom insulin sensitivity so more for baby |
|
|
Term
what does it mean to break your water?
what is puerperium? |
|
Definition
rupture fetal membranes and lose amniotic fluid
6 weeks after birth |
|
|
Term
what happens in puerperium?
what else promotes involution? |
|
Definition
uterus shrinks back, vaginal discharge, (bloody then serious)
breast feeding cuz it suppresses estrogen nad stimulates oxytocin |
|
|
Term
| what hormones contribute to mammary gland development? |
|
Definition
| GH, Insulin, glucocorticoids, and prolactin |
|
|
Term
What is colostrum?
what happens to prolactin levels at birth? |
|
Definition
has IgA to protect baby from gastroenteritis (yellow)
levels drop until nipple stimulated |
|
|
Term
| why do so few women become prego while breastfeeding? |
|
Definition
| inhibition of GnRH and reduces ovarian cycling |
|
|
Term
what is milk ejection controlled by?
what does milk look like at end of feeding?
what cow milk not ok? |
|
Definition
neuroendocrine reflex
less lactose and prtein but 6x fat
harder to digest, and more nitrogenous waste |
|
|
Term
| what effect do colostrum and milk have? |
|
Definition
| laxative effect to clear baby of meconium, and supplies antibodies |
|
|
Term
| what is the alimentary canal? |
|
Definition
| mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, and large intestines |
|
|
Term
| what are accessory digestive organs? |
|
Definition
| teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, pancreas |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 tunics of the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa |
|
|
Term
| what are the six essential activities of the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation |
|
|
Term
what is alimentary canal?
what are accessory organs in it?
alimentary organs? |
|
Definition
mouth
teeth, tongue,salivary glands
palates, uvula, tonsils |
|
|
Term
what does the hard palate do?
soft palate? |
|
Definition
underlined by palatine bones-assists in chewing
skeletal muscle, uvula closes off nasopharynx in swallowing |
|
|
Term
What is Black Hairy Tongue?
associated with what ppl? |
|
Definition
defective shedding of filiform papillae
ppl with bad oral hygene, antibiotic use and elderly, and radiation |
|
|
Term
what salivary ducts open at the base of the lingual frenulum?
what is saliva made of?
what digestive enzyme is in saliva?
What protiens are in saliva? |
|
Definition
submandibular
97% water
salivary amylase (breaks down starches)
Lysozyme (kills bacteria) |
|
|
Term
inscisors?
Canines?
premolars? |
|
Definition
front 8
pointys
first two behind k9's |
|
|
Term
what are the two main regions of the
tooth?
What is enamel made of? |
|
Definition
crown and root
made of Ca salts & dydroxyapetite crystals |
|
|
Term
what is cementum?
where does it attach?
what is the givgival sulcus? |
|
Definition
connective tissue coevring root
periodontal ligament
depression where gingiva borders tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bacteria demineralize enamel and dentin due to acid they secrete |
|
|
Term
what does they laryngopharynx do?
what does epiglottis do when breathing?
swallowing? |
|
Definition
separates food and air pathways
stays up when breathing
flaps down to cover trachea |
|
|
Term
what is the enteric nervous system?
what does it regulate? |
|
Definition
nervos network in esophagus, stomach, intestines.
tract motility, secretion, and BF |
|
|
Term
| what are the two networks of neurons that work in the ENS? |
|
Definition
submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus
(little brain) |
|
|
Term
where does esophagus and end?
what two layers of smooth muscle does the esophagus have? |
|
Definition
cardiac orifice
circular (rings)(deep)
Longitudinal (superficial) |
|
|
Term
| what are the three layers of smooth muscle in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| oblique, circular and longitudinal |
|
|
Term
| What does the stomach do to keep from digesting itself? |
|
Definition
-bicarbonate rich mucus on stomach wall
-epithelial cells jointed by tight junctions
- gastric glands that have cells impermeable to HCL |
|
|
Term
what are mucous neck cells?
whate are Parietal cells? |
|
Definition
secrete acid mucus
secrete HCL and intrinsic factor |
|
|
Term
intrinsic factor allows absorption of what?
what does the absorbed product do?
what happens when you don't release intrinsic factor? |
|
Definition
B12
makes rbcs,
pernicious anemia |
|
|
Term
What doe chief cells produce?
how is pepsinogen activated to pepsin
Where do you find peptide bonds? |
|
Definition
pepsinogen & gastric lipase
HCL & pepsin with + feedback
in protiens |
|
|
Term
what is gastritis?
what causes most ulcers? |
|
Definition
stomach inflamation that can lead to peptic ulcers
helicobactor pylori |
|
|
Term
what is the most distensible part of the stomach?
how does it degrade food physically?
how does it do it chemically? |
|
Definition
the fundus
contractional waves ram bolus through
HCL and Pepsin breaks down protiens,while lipase breaks down lipids |
|
|
Term
food in pylorus is called?
big blob of partially digested food called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
gastric lipase and lingual lipase digests how much fats in stomach?
where is most fat digested? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
where does the jejenum start and finish?
What does the ileum join? |
|
Definition
duodenum to ileum
lg intestine and ileocecal valve |
|
|
Term
| why is the duodenum a dumping site for liver and pancreas? |
|
Definition
bolus is high in acid and needs to be neutralized?
pancrease release neutralizing HCO3 and enzymes that only work in non acidic environment (break down carbs, fats, and protiens) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emulsifies fats & neutralize acids |
|
|
Term
| what is the largest gland in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the falciform ligament do? |
|
Definition
separate R and L lobe
suspend liver from diaphragm and anterior wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stores and breaks down glycogen,
breaks down glycogen,
makes sugar or fat from protein
stores fats and vitamins
gets rid of biliruben from hemoglobin
makes bile
traps and breaks down toxins |
|
|
Term
| what does bile have in it? |
|
Definition
| minterals cholesterol, fats, phospholipids, bile pigments, and bile acids |
|
|
Term
whats biliruben?
how do gallstones form?
how does bile get into the gallbladder? |
|
Definition
breakdown of RBC
build up of bile
overflows from the common bile duct |
|
|
Term
what happens to 80% of bile?
how?
why is 20% of bile excreted in feces? |
|
Definition
gets reabsorbed into the liver hepatocytes absorb & resecrete them
eliminate excess cholesterol |
|
|
Term
what are gallstones composed of?
what is cholelithiasis? |
|
Definition
cholesterol, calcium carbonate, and bilirubin
formation for gallstones, can cause jaundice |
|
|
Term
what is lithrotripsy?
what is postcholestsctomy syndrome? |
|
Definition
use of ultrasonic vibration to pulverize stones and persistent pain
GI distress, |
|
|
Term
what do the exocrine cells of the pancreas do?
enocrine cells? |
|
Definition
secrete pancreatic juice with enzymes that break down all food categories
release insulin and glucagon into blood |
|
|
Term
what does insulin do?
what does glucagon do? |
|
Definition
helps absorb sugar into cells
breaks down glycogen in the liver |
|
|
Term
as chyme enters duodenum, what does protiens look like?
carbs?
fats? |
|
Definition
protiens and carbs partially digested,
fats not digested at all |
|
|
Term
| where does almost all nutrient absorption take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two types of spreading food for absorption |
|
Definition
| propulsion and mass movements (involuntary and occur in vomiting and defecation) |
|
|
Term
can mass movements be held back by external anal sphincter?
what can the stomach absorb? |
|
Definition
yes!
simple sugars, water, aspirin, alcohol |
|
|
Term
where is most absorption done specifically?
where are microvili found? |
|
Definition
duodenum and jejunum
on the villi |
|
|
Term
what do lacteals do?
what are the parts of the large intestine? |
|
Definition
absorbs dietary fats in the villi of small intestine
cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal, |
|
|
Term
what does the lg intestine absorb?
Major function? |
|
Definition
vitamin B12, water, electolytes,
propulsion of fecal material towards anus |
|
|
Term
| 3 theories on purpose of the appendix? |
|
Definition
1. leftover from breakdown of grassy vegetation many years ago
2. bacteria sampled for development of immune system
3. good bacteria respread after food poisoning |
|
|
Term
| bacterial floura in large intestine ferment what? |
|
Definition
| indigestible carbs, which release methane. |
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