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Definition
1.The plasma membrane is composed of a double layer of lipid molecules, in which proteins are embedded.
2.The lipid bilayer is composed of two layers of phospholipids with small amounts of glycolipids, cholesterol, and lipid rafts. |
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| There are two distinct populations of membrane proteins... |
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Definition
| Integral proteins, Peripheral Proteins |
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Definition
are transmembrane proteins that span the entire width of the
membrane and are involved with transport as channels or carriers. |
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| are not embedded in the plasma membrane, but attach to integral proteins or to phospholipids, and may function as enzymes or in mechanical functions of the cell. |
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Definition
fuzzy,sticky,carbohydrate-rich area at a cell's surface that acts as a biological marker allowing cells to identifty eachother
-Cell identification |
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| Most body cells are bound together using... |
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a.) Phospholipid heads are hydrophilic and line up to face the inner and outer surfac-es of the membrane.
b.) Phopholipid tails are _____ and line up facing each other in the interior of the bilayer. |
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Definition
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___ _____ make up about 20% of the membrane and serve as platforms for
receptors. |
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Definition
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| Phospholipid heads are _____ and line up to face the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane. Also, it is ____ . |
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Definition
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| The Cell Membrane is ____ ____ . Allows nutrients to enter the cell and waste to leave, but ____ movement of other substances in or out of the cell. |
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Definition
| Selectively Permeable, restricts |
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| Passive Processes do not use energy (ATP) to move substances down their concentration gradient. List the passive trasnsports: |
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Definition
| Diffusion, Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis. |
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Definition
| movement of molecules down their concentration gradient. |
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| The rate of diffusion is influenced by the ___ and ____ of the molecule |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diffusion through the plasma membrane, without using a channel or carrier, and is restricted to the movement of very small molecules and lipids. |
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Definition
| Sugars, amino acids, or ions are moved through the plasma membrane by binding to protein carriers in the membrane or by moving through channels. |
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Definition
| diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
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| Water will move into areas where the osmolarity, the total concentration of particles in a solution is _____ . |
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Definition
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Term
| A solution that has a solute concentration equal to cellular fluid is an |
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Definition
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| Cells show no net gain or loss of water when exposed to this type of Solution... |
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Definition
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| Solutions may be more concentrated than cellular fluid (_____) or less concentrated than cellular fluid (______) |
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Definition
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| A cell will have a net gain of water if exposed to a ____ solution? |
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Definition
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| A cell will have a net loss of water if exposed to a _____ solution? |
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Definition
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| Both primary active transport and secondary active transport uses ____ ____ to move substances against a concentration gradient |
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Definition
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| Both Primary active transport and secondary active transport uses ____ _____ to move substances against a concentration gradient. |
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Definition
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| Energy in Primary Active Transport comes strictly from... |
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Definition
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| Secondary Active Transport's energy comes from... |
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Definition
| energy stored in ionic gradients created by primary active transport |
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Definition
| uses membranous sacs, called vesicles, to transport large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across the plasma membrane, or within the cell. |
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Term
| Endocytosis, Transcytosis, and Vesicular trafficking are... |
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Definition
| receptor-mediated vesicular transport processes that move molecules into the cell. |
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Definition
| process in which large, solid materials are brought into the cell. |
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Definition
| endocytotic process aimed at taking a small volume of extracellular fluid with dissolved solutes into the cell |
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Definition
| type of vesicular transport in which substances from inside the cell are moved to the extracellular environment |
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Definition
| interact directly with other cells, respond to extracellular chemicals, and interact with molecules that direct migration |
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Term
| Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) |
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Definition
| Glycoproteins that act as attachement sites or signals during embryonic developement, wound repair, and immunity. |
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Definition
| involves touch between membrane receptors of neighboring cells to facilitate recognition between cells |
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Definition
| involves the binding of a chemical signal to a membrane receptor, resulting in the initiation of cellular responses |
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| Electrical Signaling is allowed by... |
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Definition
| certain ion channels in the cell membrane open or close in response to a change in membrane potential, allowing electrical signaling between cells. |
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Definition
| cellular material between the cell membrane and the nucleus and is the site of most cellular activity |
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| Tree major elements of the Cytoplasm: |
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Definition
| Cytosol, Cytoplasmic Organelles, and Cytoplasmic Inclusions |
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Definition
| organelles that produce most of the ATP for a cell, by breaking down food molecules and transferring the energy to the bonds of the ATP |
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Definition
| small, dark-staining granules consisting of protein and ribosomal RNA that are the site of protein synthesis |
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Definition
| extensive system of tubes and membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavities, called cisterns, which extend throughout the cytosol. |
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Term
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Definition
| has ribosomes that manufacture all proteins that are secreted from cells |
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Term
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is a... |
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Definition
| continuation of Rough ER, consisting of a looping network of tubules. Its enzymes catalyze reactions involved in lipid and glycogen metabolism, as well as performing detoxification processes. |
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Definition
| series of stacked, flattened, membranous sacs associated with groups of membranous vesicles. |
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| Function of Golgi Apparatus |
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Definition
| modify, concentrate, and package the proteins and lipids made at the rough ER |
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| The Golgi Apparatus packages digestive enzymes into _____? |
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Definition
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Definition
| spherical membranous organelles that contain digestive enzymes |
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Definition
digest particles taken in by endocytosis
degrade worn out organelles or nonuseful tissues
perform glycogen breakdown and release |
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Definition
| membranous sacs containing enzymes, such as, oxidases and catalases, which are used to detoxify harmful substances such as alchol, formaldehyde, and free radicals. |
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Definition
| series of rods running through the cytosol, supporting cellular structures, and aiding in cell movement. |
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| Three types of Rods in the Cytoskeleton: |
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Definition
| Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
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Definition
| region near the nucleus that functions to organize microtubules and organize the mitotic spindle during cell division |
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Definition
| small, barrel-shaped organelles associated with the centrosome and form the bases of cilia and flagella |
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| whip-like, motile cellular extensions on the exposed surfaces of some cells |
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Definition
| long cellular projections that move the cell through the environment |
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Definition
| finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area |
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| The nucleus contains....and determines... |
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Definition
| cellular DNA, kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized within a cell |
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| all body cells except ____ ____ ____ contain nuclei, and most cells have only one nucleus, although very large cells may be multinucleate. |
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Definition
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| Nucleus has three regions: |
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Definition
| The nuclear envelope, nucleoli, and chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| double-membrane barrier surrounding the nucleus |
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| ___ _______ ______ encloses the fluid and solutes of the nucleus, the nucleoplasm. |
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Definition
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Definition
| dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus that are the sites of assembly of ribosomal sub units, and are large in actively growing cells |
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Definition
chromatin 30% dna
the genetic material of the cell
60% histone proteins
10% RNA chains |
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Definition
| are the fundamental unit of chromatin, consisting of clusters of eight histone proteins connected by a DNA molecule |
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| When a cell is preparing to divide, chromatin ... |
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Definition
| condenses into dense, rodlike chromosomes. |
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Definition
| series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed to the time it reproduces |
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| Two main periods of the Cell Cycle |
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Definition
| Interphase and Cell Division |
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Term
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Definition
| period from cell formation to cell division and has three subphases ; G1, S Phase, and G2 |
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| During G1 or (Gap 1), subphase, ... |
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Definition
| the cell is synthesizing proteins and actively growing |
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Term
| During G2 (Gap 2) subphase, |
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Definition
| enzymes and other proteins are synthesized and distributed throughout the cell |
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Term
DNA helix Uncoils
hydrogen bonds between its base pairs brake
Then, each nucleotide strand of the DNA acts as a template for the construction of a complementary nucleotide strand |
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Definition
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| Three main events of Cell Division |
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Definition
| Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Meiosis |
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Definition
| process of nuclear division in which cells contain all genes |
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Definition
| process of dividing the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| polypeptide chains made up of amino acids |
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| Each gene is a segment of DNA that carries |
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Definition
| instructions for one polypeptide chain. |
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| There are four nucleotide bases |
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Definition
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| Each sequence of three nucleotide bases is called a |
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Definition
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| Each triplet specifies a... |
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Definition
| particular amino acid that makes up a protein |
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| RNA exists in three forms that decode and carry out the instructions of DNA in Protein Synthesis: |
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Definition
| transfer RNA, Ribosomal RNA, and Messenger RNA |
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Term
| Process of RNA Construction... |
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Definition
| All three types of RNA are constructed on the DNA in the nucleus, then released from the DNA to migrate to the cytoplasm while the DNA recoils to its original form |
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| Two main types of Protein Synthesis: |
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Definition
| Transcription and Translation |
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Term
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Definition
| process of transferring information from a genes base sequence to a complementary mRNA molecule |
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| In order to make the RNA complement... |
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Definition
| the transcription factor mediates binding of RNA polymerase, an enzyme that directs the synthesis of mRNA. |
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Term
| The mRNA that initially results from transcription, called PRIMARY TRANSCRIPT, contains... |
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Definition
| introns, that must be removed |
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Term
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Definition
| process of converting the language of nucleic acids (nucleotides) to the language of proteins (amino acids) |
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