Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Anatomy 2120K
Chapters 1,2,3
86
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/05/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The Fluid Mosaic Model
Definition
1.The plasma membrane is composed of a double layer of lipid molecules, in which proteins are embedded.

2.The lipid bilayer is composed of two layers of phospholipids with small amounts of glycolipids, cholesterol, and lipid rafts.
Term
There are two distinct populations of membrane proteins...
Definition
Integral proteins, Peripheral Proteins
Term
Integral proteins
Definition
are transmembrane proteins that span the entire width of the
membrane and are involved with transport as channels or carriers.
Term
Peripheral proteins
Definition
are not embedded in the plasma membrane, but attach to integral proteins or to phospholipids, and may function as enzymes or in mechanical functions of the cell.
Term
Glycocalyx
Definition
fuzzy,sticky,carbohydrate-rich area at a cell's surface that acts as a biological marker allowing cells to identifty eachother
-Cell identification
Term
Most body cells are bound together using...
Definition
Glycoproteins
Term
a.) Phospholipid heads are hydrophilic and line up to face the inner and outer surfac-es of the membrane.
b.) Phopholipid tails are _____ and line up facing each other in the interior of the bilayer.
Definition
Hyrophobic
Term
___ _____ make up about 20% of the membrane and serve as platforms for
receptors.
Definition
Lipid Rafts
Term
Phospholipid heads are _____ and line up to face the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane. Also, it is ____ .
Definition
Hydrophilic, Polar
Term
The Cell Membrane is ____ ____ . Allows nutrients to enter the cell and waste to leave, but ____ movement of other substances in or out of the cell.
Definition
Selectively Permeable, restricts
Term
Passive Processes do not use energy (ATP) to move substances down their concentration gradient. List the passive trasnsports:
Definition
Diffusion, Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, and Osmosis.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
movement of molecules down their concentration gradient.
Term
The rate of diffusion is influenced by the ___ and ____ of the molecule
Definition
Size and Temperature
Term
Simple Diffusion
Definition
diffusion through the plasma membrane, without using a channel or carrier, and is restricted to the movement of very small molecules and lipids.
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
Sugars, amino acids, or ions are moved through the plasma membrane by binding to protein carriers in the membrane or by moving through channels.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Term
Water will move into areas where the osmolarity, the total concentration of particles in a solution is _____ .
Definition
Greater
Term
A solution that has a solute concentration equal to cellular fluid is an
Definition
Isotonic Solution
Term
Cells show no net gain or loss of water when exposed to this type of Solution...
Definition
Isotonic
Term
Solutions may be more concentrated than cellular fluid (_____) or less concentrated than cellular fluid (______)
Definition
Hypertonic, Hypotonic
Term
A cell will have a net gain of water if exposed to a ____ solution?
Definition
Hypotonic
Term
A cell will have a net loss of water if exposed to a _____ solution?
Definition
Hypertonic
Term
Both primary active transport and secondary active transport uses ____ ____ to move substances against a concentration gradient
Definition
Solute Pumps
Term
Both Primary active transport and secondary active transport uses ____ _____ to move substances against a concentration gradient.
Definition
Solute Pumps
Term
Energy in Primary Active Transport comes strictly from...
Definition
ATP
Term
Secondary Active Transport's energy comes from...
Definition
energy stored in ionic gradients created by primary active transport
Term
Vesicular Transport
Definition
uses membranous sacs, called vesicles, to transport large particles, macromolecules, and fluids across the plasma membrane, or within the cell.
Term
Endocytosis, Transcytosis, and Vesicular trafficking are...
Definition
receptor-mediated vesicular transport processes that move molecules into the cell.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
process in which large, solid materials are brought into the cell.
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
endocytotic process aimed at taking a small volume of extracellular fluid with dissolved solutes into the cell
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
type of vesicular transport in which substances from inside the cell are moved to the extracellular environment
Term
Cells can...
Definition
interact directly with other cells, respond to extracellular chemicals, and interact with molecules that direct migration
Term
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
Definition
Glycoproteins that act as attachement sites or signals during embryonic developement, wound repair, and immunity.
Term
Contact Signaling
Definition
involves touch between membrane receptors of neighboring cells to facilitate recognition between cells
Term
Chemical Signaling
Definition
involves the binding of a chemical signal to a membrane receptor, resulting in the initiation of cellular responses
Term
Electrical Signaling is allowed by...
Definition
certain ion channels in the cell membrane open or close in response to a change in membrane potential, allowing electrical signaling between cells.
Term
What is the Cytoplasm?
Definition
cellular material between the cell membrane and the nucleus and is the site of most cellular activity
Term
Tree major elements of the Cytoplasm:
Definition
Cytosol, Cytoplasmic Organelles, and Cytoplasmic Inclusions
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
organelles that produce most of the ATP for a cell, by breaking down food molecules and transferring the energy to the bonds of the ATP
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
small, dark-staining granules consisting of protein and ribosomal RNA that are the site of protein synthesis
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
extensive system of tubes and membranes enclosing fluid-filled cavities, called cisterns, which extend throughout the cytosol.
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
has ribosomes that manufacture all proteins that are secreted from cells
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is a...
Definition
continuation of Rough ER, consisting of a looping network of tubules. Its enzymes catalyze reactions involved in lipid and glycogen metabolism, as well as performing detoxification processes.
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
series of stacked, flattened, membranous sacs associated with groups of membranous vesicles.
Term
Function of Golgi Apparatus
Definition
modify, concentrate, and package the proteins and lipids made at the rough ER
Term
The Golgi Apparatus packages digestive enzymes into _____?
Definition
Lysosomes
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
spherical membranous organelles that contain digestive enzymes
Term
Lysosomes Function:
Definition
digest particles taken in by endocytosis
degrade worn out organelles or nonuseful tissues
perform glycogen breakdown and release
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
membranous sacs containing enzymes, such as, oxidases and catalases, which are used to detoxify harmful substances such as alchol, formaldehyde, and free radicals.
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
series of rods running through the cytosol, supporting cellular structures, and aiding in cell movement.
Term
Three types of Rods in the Cytoskeleton:
Definition
Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
Term
Centrosome
Definition
region near the nucleus that functions to organize microtubules and organize the mitotic spindle during cell division
Term
Centrioles
Definition
small, barrel-shaped organelles associated with the centrosome and form the bases of cilia and flagella
Term
Cilia
Definition
whip-like, motile cellular extensions on the exposed surfaces of some cells
Term
Flagella
Definition
long cellular projections that move the cell through the environment
Term
Microvilli
Definition
finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area
Term
The nucleus contains....and determines...
Definition
cellular DNA, kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized within a cell
Term
all body cells except ____ ____ ____ contain nuclei, and most cells have only one nucleus, although very large cells may be multinucleate.
Definition
(mature) Red Blood Cells
Term
Nucleus has three regions:
Definition
The nuclear envelope, nucleoli, and chromatin
Term
The Nuclear Envelope
Definition
double-membrane barrier surrounding the nucleus
Term
___ _______ ______ encloses the fluid and solutes of the nucleus, the nucleoplasm.
Definition
The Nuclear Envelope
Term
Nucleoli
Definition
dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus that are the sites of assembly of ribosomal sub units, and are large in actively growing cells
Term
Chromatin
Definition
chromatin 30% dna
the genetic material of the cell
60% histone proteins
10% RNA chains
Term
Nucleosomes
Definition
are the fundamental unit of chromatin, consisting of clusters of eight histone proteins connected by a DNA molecule
Term
When a cell is preparing to divide, chromatin ...
Definition
condenses into dense, rodlike chromosomes.
Term
The Cell Cycle
Definition
series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed to the time it reproduces
Term
Two main periods of the Cell Cycle
Definition
Interphase and Cell Division
Term
Interphase
Definition
period from cell formation to cell division and has three subphases ; G1, S Phase, and G2
Term
During G1 or (Gap 1), subphase, ...
Definition
the cell is synthesizing proteins and actively growing
Term
During G2 (Gap 2) subphase,
Definition
enzymes and other proteins are synthesized and distributed throughout the cell
Term
DNA helix Uncoils
hydrogen bonds between its base pairs brake
Then, each nucleotide strand of the DNA acts as a template for the construction of a complementary nucleotide strand
Definition
DNA Replication
Term
Three main events of Cell Division
Definition
Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Meiosis
Term
Mitosis
Definition
process of nuclear division in which cells contain all genes
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
process of dividing the cytoplasm
Term
Proteins are composed of
Definition
polypeptide chains made up of amino acids
Term
Each gene is a segment of DNA that carries
Definition
instructions for one polypeptide chain.
Term
There are four nucleotide bases
Definition
A, G, T, and C
Term
Each sequence of three nucleotide bases is called a
Definition
triplet
Term
Each triplet specifies a...
Definition
particular amino acid that makes up a protein
Term
RNA exists in three forms that decode and carry out the instructions of DNA in Protein Synthesis:
Definition
transfer RNA, Ribosomal RNA, and Messenger RNA
Term
Process of RNA Construction...
Definition
All three types of RNA are constructed on the DNA in the nucleus, then released from the DNA to migrate to the cytoplasm while the DNA recoils to its original form
Term
Two main types of Protein Synthesis:
Definition
Transcription and Translation
Term
Transcription
Definition
process of transferring information from a genes base sequence to a complementary mRNA molecule
Term
In order to make the RNA complement...
Definition
the transcription factor mediates binding of RNA polymerase, an enzyme that directs the synthesis of mRNA.
Term
The mRNA that initially results from transcription, called PRIMARY TRANSCRIPT, contains...
Definition
introns, that must be removed
Term
Translation
Definition
process of converting the language of nucleic acids (nucleotides) to the language of proteins (amino acids)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!