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Anatomy 209
Test 1 9/19/2011
274
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
09/13/2011

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Cards

Term
what are the three main components of the plasma membrane
Definition
lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Term
Which is the most predominant component of the plasma membrane
Definition
lipids
Term
why is the plasma membrane often referred to as the trilaminar sheet or lipid
Definition
when viewed under the microscope, the lipid bilayer appears as 3 layers: the head region of the outer lipids, the tail region of both the inner and outer lipids, and finally the head region of the inner lipids
Term
what are the various types of membrane proteins
Definition
ion pumps, channels, receptors, transducers, enzymes, structural
Term
what is the glycocalyx
Definition
from a few to a several hundred thick nm layer of glycoprotein, important in cell recognition
Term
nine levels of biological organization
Definition
organism, organ system, organ, tissue, cell,organelle, macromolecule, molecule, atom
Term
anatomical position
Definition
1.standing erect 2. head, eyes and toes directed anteriorly 3. upper limbs at sides with palms directed anteriorly 4. lower limbs together with the feet directed anteriorly
Term
superior, cephalic, cranial
Definition
above or closer to the head
Term
inferior, caudel
Definition
below or closer to the feet
Term
anterior, ventral
Definition
toward front
Term
posterior, dorsal
Definition
toward back
Term
medial
Definition
toward midline
Term
lateral
Definition
away from midline
Term
proximal
Definition
closer to point of attachment or trunk
Term
distal
Definition
farther from point of attachment or further from trunk
Term
superficial, external
Definition
toward surface of body
Term
deep, internal
Definition
toward center or core of body
Term
median/midsagittal plane
Definition
vertical plane dividing body into equal right and left halves
Term
parasagittal plane
Definition
right and left portions, not necessarily equal
Term
coronal frontal plane
Definition
divides body, or any part, into anterior and posterior parts
Term
transverse/horizontal/cross-sectinal plane
Definition
divides body into superior and inferior parts
Term
prone
Definition
lying with the face down
Term
supine
Definition
lying on the back with the face up
Term
flexion/extension
Definition
increasing or decreasing the angle between two limb segments
Term
circumduction
Definition
rotation of limb around a proximal joint
Term
supination/pronation
Definition
the palm is up to hold a cup of soup in supination
Term
inversion/eversion
Definition
movement of the sole of the foot toward or away from the body midline
Term
abduction/adduction
Definition
movement of limb away from or towards the body midline
Term
regions of the body are named for their ___
Definition
underlying structures
Term
appendicular skeleton consists of the
Definition
appendages
Term
axial skeleton consists of the
Definition
head, neck, and truck
Term
two parts of the hand
Definition
dorsal and palmer
Term
two parts of the foot
Definition
dorsal surface and plantar surface
Term
pollex
Definition
thumb
Term
hallux
Definition
big toe
Term
tissues
Definition
a group of cells of similar structure that perform a common function
Term
4 types of tissues
Definition
connective, muscular, nervous, epithelial
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
tissues composed of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces or form glands,and serve for protection, secretion and absorption
Term
connective tissue
Definition
tissue with more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support, bind, and protect organs
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded info to other cells
Term
muscular tissue
Definition
tissue composed of elongated, excitable cells specialized for contraction.
Term
what are the two components of any tissue
Definition
cells and intercellular substance
Term
what are the 3 main types of fibers found in the intercellular substance.
Definition
collagen, reticular, elastic
Term
List the two foremost characteristics of epithelial tissue
Definition
all cells have a free surface (exhibits polarity), all cells are anchored to a basement membrane
Term
How are epithelial cells nourished
Definition
diffusion
Term
Where is the basement membrane located in epithelium
Definition
basal aspect of the cell
Term
what is the function of the basement membrane
Definition
mainly a structural element, for support
Term
What are the two main types of epithelial glands
Definition
endocrine and exocrine
Term
endocrine secrete ____
Definition
product directly into the blood stream
Term
exocrine secrete product____
Definition
into ducts
Term
What two features are used to classify epithelial glands
Definition
1. shape of duct (branched vs. unbranched) 2. shape of secretory unit (acinar vs. tubular)
Term
what are the 4 modes of secretory release
Definition
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine, and cytogenous
Term
merocrine
Definition
granules released from the cell, pancreas
Term
apocrine
Definition
part of cell is released with granules, mammary gland
Term
holocrine
Definition
whole cell dies and is secreted, sebacceous gland of hair follicle
Term
cytogenous
Definition
whole living cell is released, testes/ovary
Term
simple epithelial is
Definition
unbranched
Term
compound epithelial is ___
Definition
branched
Term
3 types of cell membrane specializations
Definition
1. apical
2. lateral and basal
3. communication
Term
apical examples
Definition
microvilla and cillia
Term
lateral and basal examples
Definition
tight, adhering, and hemidesmosomes junctions
Term
communication example
Definition
gap/nexus junctions
Term
microvillia are the ____
Definition
core of microfilaments
Term
cilia are the ___
Definition
core of microtubules, longer than microvillia
Term
microvillia increase ___
Definition
surface area for absorption and secretion
Term
cilla
Definition
move things over the cell surface by beating in a wave like fashion.
Term
name the structure that anchors microvilli
Definition
terminal web
Term
name the types of cell to cell junctions
Definition
tight junctions and adhering junctions
Term
adhering junctions are the site of ___
Definition
strong adhesion
Term
tight junctions seal____
Definition
the surface cells of epithelium together.
Term
name the cell to cell junction specialized for communication
Definition
gap or nexus juction
Term
name the junctional specialization on the basal aspect of cells
Definition
hemidesmosome
Term
name the 2 different types of adhering junctions:
Definition
desmosome and zonlula adherens
Term
desmosomes appear ___
Definition
spot like
Term
zonlula adherens appear ___
Definition
belt like
Term
what are the two main characteristics of CT
Definition
cells are far apart and are surrounded by a matrix
Term
how does epithelium compare with CT
Definition
CT: highly vascular, variable cellularity, variable amount of extracellular material, surface surrounded by tissue, lacks basement membrane, nonpolar epithelium: avascular, highly cellular, almost no extracellular material, free surface, basement membrane, polar membranes
Term
what are the 6 functions of CT? sstpdh
Definition
1. support 2. storage 3. transport 4. protection 5. defense 6. healing
Term
What are the main components of CT
Definition
fibers & ground substance
Term
What is the foremost cell of CT?
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
What is the function of the foremost cell found in CT
Definition
collagen production
Term
How does the active form of the fibroblast differ in name and appearance from the inactive form?
Definition
active: fibroblast- ameboid appearance, multiple processes inactive: fibrocyte- long, slender, few processes
Term
What is the function of a macrophage
Definition
attack and ingest foreign particles
Term
What is the function of a mast cell
Definition
secretion of heparin and histamine
Term
List the three types of fibers found in CT
Definition
collagen, elastic, reticular
Term
What type of fiber is most abundent in CT?
Definition
collagen
Term
What cell forms the most abundant fiber type in CT
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
How do elastic fibers differ from collagen
Definition
elastic fibers have less tensile strength, easily stretched, arranged in networks, often branched
Term
Where are elastic fibers normally found?
Definition
elastic ligaments and arteries
Term
What cells generate elastic fibers
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
Which cells can secrete reticular fibers
Definition
fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
Term
main component of CT ground substance
Definition
proteoglycans
Term
What cells are common in loose CT
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
Where is loose CT found
Definition
under epithelia, forming mesentery, filling space between muscles
Term
What can be said about loose CT cell:fiber ratio
Definition
lots of cells: decreased numbers of fibers
Term
What are the specialized functions of adipose tissue
Definition
protection, stores energy, insulates
Term
How does dense CT differ from loose CT
Definition
dense: decreased cells: increased fibers, densely packed, strong, poor blood supply loose: increased cells: decreased fibers, loosely packed, weak, good blood supply
Term
How does dense regular CT differ from dense irregular CT
Definition
by having either a regular or irregular fiber arrangement
Term
What is the most predominant cell in dense CT
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
What is the most predominant cell in dense CT
Definition
collagen
Term
How are fibers arranged in dense CT
Definition
densely packed bundles
Term
What two general layers compose the integumentary system
Definition
dermis and epidermis
Term
How is the deep layer of the integumentary system divided
Definition
into a papillary layer and a reticular layer
Term
What are the general functions of the integumentary system.
Definition
1. protection 2. prevents dehydration 3. perception of sensation 4. synthesis of vitamin D 5. regulates body temperature 6. waste excretion 7. absorbs lipid soluble agents 8. barrier between outside and internal organs 9. stores glycogen and functions in glucose metabolism 10. functions in electrolyte balance
Term
List the accessory organs of the skin
Definition
hair, nails, sebaceous gland, sweat glands
Term
What is hair composed of
Definition
keratinized filaments
Term
what is an erector pili muscle?
Definition
a muscle attached to CT sheath of hair, contracts when cold to reduce surface area of the skin
Term
what does a sebaceous gland secrete
Definition
sebum
Term
What type of secretory mode does a sebaceous gland exhibit
Definition
holocrine
Term
What is the function of the sebaceous gland
Definition
secretions keep hair and skin soft and waterproof
Term
Name the two types of sweat glands
Definition
apocrine and eccrine
Term
What products are secreted by each sweat gland
Definition
apocrine- highly proteinaceous eccrine- water, NaCl, urea, ammonia
Term
What are nails composed of
Definition
keratinized plates
Term
From what structure do nails grow?
Definition
nails grow from the root of the lunule
Term
what is the eponychium?
Definition
dead skin along the proximal margin of the nail fold.
Term
what is the hyponychium?
Definition
skin beneath the free border of the nail
Term
for what specific function is cartilage designed for?
Definition
rigidity and stress endurance
Term
what are the three main components of cartilage?
Definition
1. cells 2. ground substance 3. fibers
Term
what is the perichondrium?
Definition
the dense CT capsule around developing cartilage, secreted by fibroblasts
Term
what do chondrogenic cells become?
Definition
chondroblasts
Term
What is the function of a chondroblast?
Definition
to form cartilage
Term
growth at the surface of a cartilage is referred to as what?
Definition
appositional growth
Term
growth at the surface of cartilage is a result of cells doing what?
Definition
chondrogenic cells proliferating into chondroblasts
Term
what is a lacunae?
Definition
spaces within the ground substance occupied by chondrocytes
Term
What is a cell nest (isogenous group)
Definition
chondrocytes that continue to divide within their lacunae become trapped in the matrix and form cell nests
Term
what is a chondrocyte?
Definition
living cartilage cells capable of mitosis
Term
what specific fiber types are found in the matrix of cartilage?
Definition
type I or type II collagen and elastic fibers
Term
How does appositional growth differ from interstitial growth?
Definition
appositional growth- growth at the surface interstitial growth- growth from within
Term
What are three types of cartilage?
Definition
1. hyaline 2. elastic 3. fibrocartilage
Term
hyaline can be found in the ____.
Definition
nose, tracheal rings, embryonic skeleton
Term
elastic cartilage can be found in the _____.
Definition
earlobes, larynx
Term
fibrocartilage can be found in the ____.
Definition
intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis
Term
What type of fiber type is found in hyaline cartilage?
Definition
type II collagen
Term
What is articular cartilage?
Definition
cartilage found on the ends of bones in synovial joints
Term
What fiber type is found in elastic cartilage?
Definition
elastic fiber
Term
What is elastic cartilage specialized for?
Definition
resiliency
Term
What specific fiber type is found in the matrix of fibrocartilage?
Definition
type I collagen
Term
What is fibrocartilage specialized for?
Definition
it withstands great pressure
Term
What is bone tissue specialized for?
Definition
supporting weight
Term
is bone tissue vascular?
Definition
bone is highly vascularized
Term
what inorganic salt is stored in bone in major quantities?
Definition
calcium phosphate
Term
What are bones two main components?
Definition
cells and matrix
Term
What covers the surface of all bones?
Definition
periosteum
Term
what is the function of the tissue covering of bone?
Definition
contains stock of undifferentiated osteogenic cells, highly vascularized, and innervated.
Term
What cells are found in the outer layer of tissue covering bone?
Definition
fibroblasts, fibrocytes
Term
What cells are found in the inner layer of tissue covering bone?
Definition
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts
Term
osteoblasts function to produce what in bone?
Definition
the organic matrix of bone
Term
Osteoblasts come from ____ and function in ___
Definition
osteogenic cells; bone growth
Term
What are osteocytes?
Definition
non-dividing cells which are encased in the solid matrix they secreted as osteoblasts
Term
osteoblasts are composed of what?
Definition
type I collagen
Term
What are the tiny bony tunnels radiating from each lacunae?
Definition
canaliculi
Term
What do the canaliculi contain
Definition
cytoplasmic processes of osteoblasts/osteocytes
Term
What is the function of the canaliculi?
Definition
cellular communication, diffusion, increased interconnectivity
Term
What is an osteon (haversian system)?
Definition
numerous lamellae of deposited bone around a central canal
Term
osteoclasts are ___ cells.
Definition
bone resorbing
Term
What do osteoclasts arise from?
Definition
circulating blood or bone marrow monocytes or macrophages
Term
osteoclasts resorb surplus or inferior bone matrix, as found in resorbing surfaces in depressions called ____.
Definition
howships lacunae
Term
osteoclasts can form ___ enzymes
Definition
hydrolytic
Term
osteoclasts: hydrolytic enzymes liberated by exocytosis digest the _____.
Definition
amorphous organic component of bone
Term
What is calcification?
Definition
deposition of insoluble calcium salts
Term
What is ossification?
Definition
the creation of bone tissue including secretion and calcification of bone matrix
Term
what is the osteon (Haversian system)?
Definition
numerous lamellae of deposited bone around a central canal
Term
What are the two types of bone?
Definition
spongy and compact
Term
characteristics of spongy bone?
Definition
numerous spaces within, each space contains marrow
Term
characteristics of compact bone
Definition
narrow marrow spaces, tightly packed with Haversion systems
Term
What is compaction?
Definition
the process whereby spongy bone is transformed into compact bone
Term
How is compaction accomplished?
Definition
osteogenic cells residing on the trabeculae of the spongy bone are transformed into osteoblasts, the osteoblasts deposit new osteoid material in layers (appositional growth), eventually the spaces are eliminated = compact bone
Term
When compaction is completed, what structural and functional units of bone tissue have been constructed?
Definition
osteons and bone collars
Term
Around what structure are osteons organized
Definition
arteries
Term
Why are osteons organized around the structure that they are?
Definition
because osteocytes reside too far from blood vessels to receive nutrients, so the osteon system is set up for communication via canaliculi for the cells that are distant from the vessels
Term
[image]
Definition

left is haversian canal

right is osteon/havesian system

Term
[image]
Definition

top is haversian canal

bottom is volkmanns canal

Term
[image]
Definition

black is outer circumferential lamallae

light blue is inner circumferential lamallae

Term
What are the two methods of bone formation?
Definition
1. intramembranous ossification 2. endochondral ossification
Term
Which method of bone formation is referred to as being direct? why?
Definition
intramembranous ossification- because there is no cartilaginous template as in endochondral ossification
Term
Which method of bone formation is referred to as being indirect? why?
Definition
endochondral ossification- because a cartilaginous template is formed prior to ossification
Term
Explain the sequence of intramembraneous bone formation
Definition
1. mesenchymal cells condense into a connective tissue membrane 2. mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, osteoid is secreted and forms bone spicules 3. calcium phosphate salts are incorporated into osteoid matrix, osteoblasts are surrounded and become osteocytes 4. spicules continue to develop, the spaces inbetween form the marrow cavity, the outer and inner membranes undergo compaction 5. remodelling
Term
What types of bones are normally formed by intramembraneous ossification
Definition
non weight bearing bones, flatbones, ie bones of the skull
Term
In intramembraneous ossification, what differentiate from the mesenchymal cells?
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
when osteoblasts secrete from mesenchymal cells in intramembraneous ossification, they ____.
Definition
secrete osteoid which forms spicules as it is secreted
Term
What is meant by endochondral ossification?
Definition
bones are formed from a cartilage model
Term
Where does endochondral ossification initially occur?
Definition
in the primary ossification center
Term
Which type of bone normally exhibits endochondral ossification?
Definition
long bones
Term
What is the first step in endochondral ossification?
Definition
a fetal template of hyaline cartilage is formed
Term
Why is the first step in endochondral ossification important?
Definition
must have template of cartilage for ossification to occur, the template is a model for what is to come
Term
What is the 2nd critical step in endochondral ossification?
Definition
calcification of the perichondrium
Term
In step 4 of endochondric ossification, the chondrocytes die and ___ invade.
Definition
osteogenic cells
Term
Where is the primary center of ossification located
Definition
in the diaphysis
Term
What occurs at the primary center of ossification?
Definition
osteoclasts resorb bone spicules to form marrow cavity, osteoblasts form new bone
Term
How does the marrow cavity form in endochondral ossification?
Definition
by the action of osteoclasts resorbing bone spicules
Term
Where do the secondary centers of ossification occur?
Definition
in the epiphysis
Term
What is the region dividing the primary and secondary centers of ossification called?
Definition
epiphyseal plate
Term
the epiphyseal plate is composed of what?
Definition
cartilage
Term
What steps form the general process involved in the growth of long bones?
Definition
continued production of cartilage at the epiphyseal plate in the metaphysis region causes elongation - endochondral ossification
Term
What type of bone growth is responsible for increase in width?
Definition
appositional
Term
what type of bone growth is responsible for an increase in length?
Definition
endochondral
Term
Why do long bones stop growing in length?
Definition
hormonal control of cartilage production at the epiphyseal plate stops
Term
How does the stoppage of long bones growing in length occur?
Definition
the epiphyseal plate stops producing new cartilage cells, the ossification front from the primary ossification center ossifies the plate which is then resorbed by osteoclasts
Term
What is formed as a result of the stoppage of long bones growing in length?
Definition
a confluent marrow cavity
Term
How is the stoppage of long bones growing in length controlled?
Definition
hormones: gonadal and growth
Term
What is involved in the healing of bone fractures?
Definition
callus formation: clotted blood replaced by connective tissue, then endochondral ossification
Term
What are the 5 major classes of bone by shape?
Definition
flat, long, short, irregular, sesamoid
Term
flat bone examples
Definition
ribs, scapula, parietal
Term
long bone examples
Definition
femur, humerus
Term
short bone examples
Definition
carpals, tarsals
Term
irregular bone examples
Definition
vertebrae, maxilla, mandible
Term
sesamoid bone examples
Definition
patella
Term
What are the two major divisions of the human skeleton
Definition
appendicular and axial
Term
What are the components of the axial skeleton?
Definition
comprises the bones and cartilage of the head, neck, and trunk. include skull,hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
Term
how many bones form the cranium?
Definition
8
Term
Which cranial bones are unpaired?
Definition
frontal, sphenoid, occipital, ethmoid
Term
4 curvatures of the vertebral column
Definition
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral.
Term
how many vertebral disks are located within each curvature
Definition
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral.
Term
the base (bottom point) of the vertebral column is the?
Definition
coccyx
Term
the thoracic cage consists of what?
Definition
Sternum, 12 ribs, 12 thoracic vertebra.
Term
the three parts of the sternum
Definition
Manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process.
Term
4 Parts of a rib?
Definition
Head (vertebral body) neck (no articulation) tubercle (transverse process) shaft (costal cartilage)
Term
[image]
Definition

1. frontal

2. 2 parietal

3. 2 temporal

4. sphenoid

5. ethmoid

6. occipital

Term
[image]
Definition

1. parietal

2. frontal

3. ethmoid

4. sphenoid

5. temporal

6. occipital

Term
[image]
Definition

1.sagittal suture

2. sutural bones

3. lambdoidal suture

4. occipital

5. parietal

6. frontal

7. coronal suture

Term
[image]
Definition

1. frontal

2. ethmoid

3. sphenoid

4. occipital

5. parietal

6. temporal

Term
[image]
Definition

1. frontal

2. ethmoid

3. sphenoid

4. temporal

5. parietal

6. occipital

Term
[image]
Definition

1. frontal lobe

2. temporal lobe

3. cerebellum

4. anterior cranial fossa

5. middle cranial fossa

6. posterior cranial fossa

Term
[image]
Definition

1. zygomatic process

2. mastoid process

3. external acoustic meatus

4. styloid process

Term
[image]
Definition

1. cribriform plate

2. hypophyseal fossa

3. foramen magnum

Term
[image]
Definition

1. cristae galli

2. frontal air sinus

3. perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

4. sphenoidal air sinus

5. hypophyseal fossa

Term
[image]
Definition

1. nasal

2. lacrimal

3. zygomatic

4. inferior nasal concha

5. maxilla

6. mandible

Term
[image]
Definition

1. lacrimal

2. nasal

3. maxilla

4. mandible

5. zygomatic

Term
[image]
Definition

1. nasal

2. maxilla

3. mandible

4. palantine

5. vomer

Term
[image]
Definition

1. maxillary sinus

2. middle nasal concha

3. perpindicular plate

4. ethmoid

5. vomer

6. inferior nasal concha

Term
[image]
Definition

1. coronoid process

2. mandibular condyle

3. alveolar process

Term
[image]
Definition

1. larynx

2. greater horn

3. body

4. lesser horn

Term
[image]
Definition

1. body

2. transverse process

3. spinous process

4. lamina

5. articulating process

6. pedicle

7. annulus fibrosis

8. nucleus pulposus

Term
[image]
Definition

1. superior intervertebral notch

2. inferior intervertebral notch

3. intervertebral foramena

Term
[image]
Definition

1. sternum

2. ribs

3. costal cartilage

4. common costal cartilage

 

Term
[image]
Definition

1. manubrium

2. body

3. xiphoid process

Term
[image]
Definition

1. head

2. neck

3. tubercle

4. end of shaft

Term
What is the function of the curvatures of the vertebral column?
Definition
To balance upper body over the pelvic girdle and center of gravity.
Term
How is the upper limb attached to the axial skeleton?
Definition
Via the pectoral girdle.
Term
What bones form the attachment of the upper limb to the axial skeleton?
Definition
clavicle, scapula
Term
What are the bones that comprise the upper limb?
Definition
arm - humerus
forearme: radius and ulna
wrist: has 8 carpal bones organized into two rows.

fingers are composed of metacarpals and phalanges.
Term
what attaches to the lower limb of the axial skeleton
Definition
pelvic bone
Term
What bones form the pelvic girdle?
Definition
Left and right pelvic bones, sacrum.
Term
Which bones fuse to form the hip bone?
Definition
Ilium, ischium and pubis.
Term
How many tarsal bones form the ankle?
Definition
7
Term
How many metatarsal bones are there?
Definition
5 per foot
Term
How many phalanges are found in the foot
Definition
14 per foot
Term
Which digit of the foot only has 2 phalanges
Definition
1st digit
Term
leg is composed of the___
Definition
thigh: femur
leg: tibia and fibula
foot: tarsal bones of ankle, phalanxes, and metatarsals
Term
[image]
Definition

1. scaphoid

2. lunate

3. triquetrum

4. pisiform

Term
[image]
Definition

1. trapezoid

2. trapezium

3. capitate

4. hamate

Term
[image]
Definition

1. digital phalanx

2. middle phalanx

3. proximal phalanx

4. metacarpals

Term
[image]
Definition

1. left hip bone

2. sacroilliac joints

3. right hip bone

4. sacrum

5. pubic symphysis

Term
[image]
Definition

1. ilium

2. ischium

3. pubis

Term
[image]
Definition

1. intermediate cuneiform

2. medial cuneiform

3. navicular

4. talus

5. lateral cuneiform

6. cuboid

7. calcaneus

Term
[image]
Definition

1. phalanges

2. distal phalanx

3. middle phalanx

4. proximal phalanx

5. metatarsals

Term
joints can be classified according to the___.
Definition
degree of movement possible or the type of tissue that binds them together.
Term
three types of tissue that binds joints together
Definition
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Term
synarthrosis joints are ___
Definition
immovable
Term
2 characteristics of synarthrosis joints
Definition
interlocking bony parts, fibrous CT
Term
two structures of synarthrosis joints
Definition
1. sutural = sutures in skull 2. gomphosis = periodontal ligament
Term
amphiarthroses joints are ___
Definition
slightly moveable
Term
difference between syndesmosis and symphysis.
Definition
1. syndesmosis = between radius & ulna 2. symphysis = between pelvic bones (pubic symphysis)
Term
diarthroses joints are ___
Definition
freely moveable
Term
diarthroses examples
Definition
knee, shoulder
Term
what is a bursae
Definition
a small fluid filled sac
Term
joint capsules are located where?
Definition
in synovial joints
Term
bursae act as ____
Definition
shock-absorbers and act to reduce friction
Term
4 accessory structures of joints
Definition
1. cartilage and fat pads 2. ligaments 3. tendons 4. bursae
Term
3 functions of joint capsules
Definition
1. lubrication 2. nourishes chondrocytes 3. shock absorber
Term
menisci are ____
Definition
Shock absorbing pads of articular cartilage in the knee joint.
Term
relation between joint stability and range of motion
Definition
the more stable the joint the less range of motion that is permitted and visa versa
Term
types of synovial joints
Definition
1. gliding 2. hinge 3. pivot 4. ellipsoidal 5. saddle 6. ball & socket
Term
examples of types of synovial joints
Definition
1. gliding: carpal & tarsal bones, articular facets of vertebrae 2. hinge: elbow, knee ankle 3. pivot: between atlas & axis, between proximal radius & ulna 4. ellipsoidal: between the proximal phalanges and the metacarpals/metatarsals 5. saddle: between the trapezium & the metacarpal of the thumb 6. ball & socket: shoulder & hip joints
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