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Anatomy 209 Test 2
Test 2
366
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/26/2011

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Term
4 specialties of muscle
Definition
contractile, excitible, extensible, and elastic
Term
3 types of muscle
Definition
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Term
voluntary striated muscle that you consciously control the movement of. found in all limbs and body walls
Definition
skeletal
Term
involuntary striated muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system. found only in the walls of the heart
Definition
cardiac muscle
Term
involuntary, non-striated muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system. found in the walls of blood vessels and hollow internal organs
Definition
smooth
Term
fibrous CT (primarily collagen fibers) that surrounds and seperates muscles in the body
Definition
fascia
Term
a cord like fascial extension at end of the muscle attaching it to body by the intermingling of collagen fibers with those of the periosteum
Definition
tendon
Term
broad sheet like arrangement of fascia attaching muscle to muscle or bone
Definition
aponeurosis
Term
the collagen fibers of the periosteum that insert into the underlying bone. The collagen fibers of tendons blend with those of the periosteum which in turn blend with these creating a contractile unit
Definition
sharpeys fibers
Term
skeletal muscles contract in response to ___
Definition
acetylcholine (neurotransmitter)
Term
the striated appearance of skeletal muscle is due to the arrangement of various ___ found within the ___ of the muscle
Definition
myofilaments; contractile units (sarcomeres)
Term
The smallest functional unit of a skeletal muscle cell, extends from z line to z line
Definition
sarcomere
Term
skeletal muscle cells are ___
Definition
long, multinucleated, cylindrical cells with peripheral nuclei.
Term
Each skeletal muscle cell (fiber) contains:
Definition
sarcoplasm, sarcolemma, satellite cells, sarcoplasmic reticulum, t tubules, myofibrils
Term
cytoplasm of muscle cells
Definition
sarcoplasm
Term
plasma membrane + basal lamina of muscle cells
Definition
sarcolemma
Term
found between plasma membrane and basal lamina. Are considered to be stem cells which can give rise to form new myoblasts that fuse to form skeletal muscle.
Definition
satellite cells
Term
[image]
Definition

1. peripheral nuclei

2. muscle cell surrounded by its sarcolemma (peeled back)

3. sarcoplasm

Term
the endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells, composed of two parts
Definition
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
two parts of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
enlarged terminal cisternae (swollen sacs) that are connected by a smaller tubule system - sarcotubules
Term
Invaginations of muscle fiber cell membrane (sarcolemma) from the surface. Found between the terminal cisternae of adjacent sarcomeres
Definition
T tubules
Term
T tubules, the terminal cisternae,and adjacent sarcomeres taken together the 3 structural units are referred to as a __
Definition
triad
Term
aggregations of myofilaments that occupy the bolk of the cytoplasm.
Definition
myofibrils
Term
these contractile units provide the movement exhibited by a muscle when it contracts.
Definition
myofibrils
Term
both the ___ and ___ penetrate the muscle cell and wrap around each myofibril
Definition
sarcoplasmic reticuulum, T-tubule system
Term
the penetration of the muscle cell and concurrent wrap around ensure that the ___ and the ___ are available for muscle contraction and that all the sarcomeres in each myofibril receive both
Definition
calcium; depolarization wave
Term
___ is composed of bundles or fasiculi of muscle cells, surrounded by perimysium
Definition
skeletal muscle (composition)
Term
___ are composed of muscle cells (or fibers) , each surrounded by its own endomysium
Definition
muscle fasciculi
Term
___ is composed of myofibrils contained within its sarcolemma of each cell
Definition
muscle fiber/cell
Term
___ are made up of actin and myosin or myofilaments
Definition
myofibrils
Term
muscle cells contract because the thinner ___ slide in over the thicker ____, pulling the ___ behind them and thereby shorten the sarcomere
Definition
actin myofilaments; myosin filaments; z lines
Term
while each ____ shortens a miniscule amount, by multiplying that by millions the muscle contracts markedly
Definition
sarcomere
Term
pass inward from the deep fascia of the limb to compartmentalize the muscles - generally into groups with a similar function and/ or innervation
Definition
septa
Term
dense connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
Definition
epimysium
Term
surrounds bundles of fibers or fascicles; pathway for blood vessels into muscle tissue
Definition
perimysium
Term
delicate, loose CT, investing each muscle fiber (cell)
Definition
endomysium
Term
Each muscle cell make contract with a nerve ending at the ____
Definition
neuromuscular junction
Term
the depression the ___ sits on the muscle fiber that is the ___
Definition
synaptic knob; motor end plate
Term
one nerve ending and all the muscle cells it contracts is a _____
Definition
motor unit or neuromotor unit
Term
the ratio of ____ delineates a delicate from a non-delicate muscle
Definition
nerve fibers to muscle cells
Term
cardiac muscle cells are often referred to as ___
Definition
cardiocytes
Term
cardiac muscle is incapable of ___ and have no ___, so there is no regeneration after injury
Definition
division; satellite cells
Term
____ are specialized junctional connections between adjacent cardiocytes
Definition
intercalated disks
Term
intercalated disks are composed of two main structural elements:
Definition
desmosomes and gap junctions
Term
intercalated discs occur at the ____
Definition
z lines of the cardiac muscle sarcomere
Term
smooth muscle is ___ to contract than skeletal muscle and stays ____
Definition
slower; contracted much longer
Term
2 arrangements of smooth muscle
Definition
multiunit and visceral
Term
smooth muscle cells are:
Definition
small, can exhibit gap junctions, no t-tubules
Term
locations of smooth muscles
Definition
in walls of blood vessels (except heart), in walls of hollow organs (urinary bladder), in organized layers in the walls of the respiratory, circulatory, digestive and reproductive tracts
Term
this pattern of repeated contractions is displayed by smooth muscle, and results from self exciting fibers which spreads to adjacent cells
Definition
rhythmaticity
Term
one example of rhythmaticity
Definition
peristalsis
Term
What are Sharpeys fibers
Definition
the collagen fiber extensions on the ends of tendons which insert into the bone itself
Term
What type(s) of muscle are non-striated
Definition
smooth
Term
What is a motor end plate
Definition
terminal branches of an axon + the muscle
Term
what is the neurotransmitter used by all skeletal muscle?
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
What is the difference between a motor end plate and a (neuro)motor unit?
Definition
a neuromotor unit is one neuron and the muscle cells it contacts motor end plates are terminal branches of an axon where it contacts the muscle
Term
what are the two types of myofilaments found in skeletal muscle?
Definition
actin & myosin
Term
What type(s) of muscle are voluntary?
Definition
skeletal
Term
What is an intercalated disk
Definition
specailized junctional connections between adjacent cardiocytes
Term
What is the function of intercalated disks
Definition
1. help to maintain the three-dimensional structure of the heart 2. forms a bridge linking cells together so they all pull as a unit 3. allows for direct electrical connections of all cells
Term
compare and contrast smooth muscle vs. skeletal muscle
Definition
1. skeletal = striated, smooth nonstriated 2. skeletal = multinucleated, smooth = single nucle 3. skeletal = voluntary, smooth = involuntary 4. skeletal has t tubules, smooth does not
Term
What are examples of the two different arrangements of smooth muscle found?
Definition
multiunit: iris of the eye, blood vessel walls visceral: walls of hollow organs, ie. bladder, uterus, stomach
Term
what is peristalsis
Definition
alternate contracations and relaxations of smooth muscle around tubular organs
Term
basic characteristics of smooth muscle cells
Definition
small no t tubules poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum tapered ends single, oval shaped nucleus capable of cell division randomly arranged actin and myosin
Term
[image]
Definition

1. dilated terminal cisterna

2. sarcotubules

3. Triad

4. myofibrils made up of contractile units (sarcomeres)

5. T tubules

Term
[image]
Definition

1. myofibril

2. sarcomere

3. z line

4. A band

5. I band

Term
the axial musculature contains muscles that are ___
Definition
associated with the axial skeleton
Term
most of the axial musculature are organized into groups that are ___
Definition
either coordinated to contract together to accomplish a particular movement, or function to produce some sort of action.
Term
axial muscle groups start in the ___ all the way down to the ____
Definition
head; perineum (region between your legs)
Term
muscles of the head can be divided into two sub-groups:
Definition
muscles of facial expression and muscles of mastication
Term
what are the muscles of facial expression
Definition
frontalis, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major, depressor anguli oris, and platysma
Term
the two ____ muscles are sphincters that act to ____
Definition
orbicularis; tightly close the eye or the mouth
Term
describe why the other muscles are named the muscles of facial expression
Definition
the remaining numerous muscles act on various regions of the face to elevate or depress. None of these muscles have tendons, they insert from the bones of the skull directly into the skin of the face.
Term
muscles of facial expression all receive motor innervation from _____
Definition
branches of the facial nerve (CN VII)
Term
this muscle closes the eye
Definition
orbucularis oculi
Term
this facial muscle closes the mouth
Definition
orbicularis oris
Term
this muscle elevates the eyebrow, wrinkles forehead
Definition
frontalis
Term
this muscle elevates the corner of the mouth
Definition
zygomaticus major
Term
this muscle depresses the corner of the mouth
Definition
depressor anguli oris
Term
this muscle tenses the skin and fascia of the neck
Definition
platysma
Term
What are the muscles of mastication?
Definition
temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid
Term
The 4 muscles of mastication act directly on the ____
Definition
mandible for chewing (mastication
Term
all of the muscles of mastication close and protract the mandible except for ___ which ____
Definition
temporalis; closes and retracts the mandible
Term
the muscles of mastication are all innervated by the _____
Definition
3rd branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)-V3
Term
Name the Extraocular muscles
Definition
Rectus muscles: lateral rectus (LR), medial rectus, superior rectus, and inferior rectus
Superior Oblique
Inferior Oblique
Term
These mescles act on the eyeball, moving it around within the bony orbit
Definition
Extraocular muscles
Term
what is the innervation of the extraocular muscles
Definition
LR6 (SO4)3
The lateral rectus is innervated by the 6th cranial nerve-the abducens; the superior oblique is innervated by the 4th cranial nerve- the trochlear; all the other muscles are innervated by the 3rd cranial nerve - the occulomotor
Term
the key muscle of the neck is the ____. It divides the neck into two triangles, the anterior and posterior.
Definition
sternocleidomastoid
Term
the muscles that are attached to the hyoid bone are divided into two groups:
Definition
suprahyoids; infrahyoids
Term
suprahyoids
Definition
those strap like muscles above the hyoid bone
Term
infrahyoids
Definition
strap like muscles below the hyoid bone
Term
suprahyoids and infrahyoids aid in:
Definition
swallowing and also can move the larynx superiorly.
Term
a loop of cervical nerves located in the neck:
Definition
ansa cervicalis
Term
The thoracic wall is composed of 3 layers superficial to deep:
Definition
external intercostals, internal intercostals, innermost intercostals
Term
the three layers of the thoracic wall are found ___
Definition
between the ribs
Term
The innervation of the muscles of the thoracic wall is directly from the ____ at each level, and they function in ____
Definition
ventral ramus of the spinal nerve; elevating the ribs during respiration
Term
muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall
Definition
3 layers: external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis
rectus abdominis
Term
muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall are innervated by the ___
Definition
ventral rami of spinal nerves
Term
muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall function to ____
Definition
compress the abdominal viscera
Term
Name the superficial muscles of the back
Definition
splenius capitis, levator scapulae, rhomboids, trapezius
Term
Name the deep muscles of the back
Definition
erector spine, serratus posterior superior, serratus posterior inferior
Term
postural muscles responsible for flexing/extending the spine
Definition
deep muscles of the back
Term
the deep muscles of the back are innervated ______
Definition
segmentally by the dorsal ramus of each spinal nerve they cross
Term
Which cranial nerves innervate the muscles of facial expression
Definition
VII
Term
the muscles of mastication are the muscles of ___
Definition
chewing
Term
What bone do the muscles of mastication act on?
Definition
mandible
Term
What cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?
Definition
V
Term
What do the extraocular muscles control
Definition
movement of the eyeball
Term
What is the key landmark of the neck
Definition
sternocleidomastoid
Term
the sternocleidomastoid divides the neck into:
Definition
anterior and posterior triangles
Term
What are the 3 layers of muscles of the thoracic wall
Definition
external intercostals internal intercostals innermost intercostals
Term
What structure separate the inner 2 layers of the muscles of the thoracic wall?
Definition
intercostal veins, arteries and nerves
Term
What is the muscle in the midline of the anterior abdominal wall
Definition
rectus abdominis
Term
[image]
Definition

1. frontalis

2. orbicularis oculi

3. orbicularis oris

4. zygomaticus major

5. depressor anguli oris

6. platysma

Term
[image]
Definition

1. temporalis

2. masseter

3. lateral pterygoid

4. medial pterygoid

Term
[image]
Definition

1. external oblique

2. internal oblique

3. transverus abdominis

4. rectus abdominis

Term
[image]
Definition

1. splenius capitis

2. levator scapulae

3. rhomboids

4. trapezius

Term
[image]
Definition

1. erector spinae

2. serratus posterior superior

3. serratus posterior inferior

Term
criteria used to name skeletal muscles
Definition
1. location
2.relative position
3. shape
4. size of the muscle
5. direction of the fascicles
6. location of attachments
7. number of origins
8. actions
9. Putting the criteria together
Term
the ___ attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula
Definition
pectoralis minor
Term
the ___ attaches to the anterior aspect of the medial border of the scapula
Definition
serratus anterior
Term
the pectoralis minor and the serratus anterior both act to ___
Definition
protract the scapula
Term
the ___ attaches to the spine of the scapula
Definition
trapezius
Term
What nerve innervates the serratus anterior
Definition
long thoracic nerve
Term
what nerve innervates the trapezius?
Definition
accessory nerve (cn XI)
Term
the ___ attach to the medial border of the scapula
Definition
rhomboids
Term
the ___ attaches to the superior aspect of the medial border of the scapula and ____ it.
Definition
levator scapulae; elevates
Term
the rhomboids and trapezius ___ the scapula. Trapezius can also ___ the scapula
Definition
retract and elevate; depress
Term
___ muscles cross the shoulder joint to insert on the humerus
Definition
nine
Term
the ___ and the ____ bear the primary role for attaching the upper limb to the trunk
Definition
pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi
Term
the pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi ____ and ____ the humerus
Definition
adducts; medially rotates
Term
the ___ wraps around the top of the shoulder
Definition
deltoid
Term
the deltoid is innervated by the ___ and it raises the upper limb to ___
Definition
axillary nerve; 90 degrees
Term
The ___ is a superficial flexor of the elbow and major supinator of the forearm
Definition
biceps brachii
Term
the ___ also attaches to the coracoid process of the scapula
Definition
coracobrachialis
Term
both the biceps and the coracobrachialis are innervated by the ___
Definition
musculocutaneous nerve
Term
the rotator cuff is composed of the tendons from 4 scapular muscles: name them and their innervations
Definition
tendons innervations
supraspinatus suprascapular nerve
infraspinatus suprascapular nerve
teres minor axillary nerve
subscapularis subscapular nerve
Term
the tendon of the ___ is the most commonly damaged component of the rotator cuff
Definition
supraspinatus
Term
The elbow and forearm exhibit 4 motions:
Definition
flexion/extension and supination/pronation
Term
the prime movers for the flexion of the forearm are the ___ and the ____. they are both innervated by the _____.
Definition
biceps brachii; brachialis muscles; musculocutaneous nerve
Term
the prime mover for the extension of the arm and forearm is the ____
Definition
triceps brachii
Term
the triceps brachii is innervated by the ____
Definition
radial nerve
Term
while the biceps is a major supinator, the remaining ___ and both ____ have bellies in the forearm
Definition
supinator; pronator muscles
Term
the pronator teres and the pronator quadratus are innervated by the ___
Definition
median nerve of the brachial plexus
Term
the supinator is innervated by the ___
Definition
radial nerve
Term
most of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm are ____ that arise from a common flexor site on the humerus
Definition
flexors of the wrist and fingers
Term
innervation of most of the muscles acting on the wrist and hand come from the ____
Definition
median nerve (muscles on the thumb side) and ulnar nerve (muscles on the little finger side)
Term
the brachiradialis is innervated by the ___
Definition
radial nerve
Term
the anterior compartment - superficial layer of the muscles acting on the wrist and hand contain what muscles:
Definition
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis
Term
the ____(flexor of the wrist on the thumb side_ is a powerful wrist flexor that also pulls the hand away from the midline (abduction). It is innervated by the ___
Definition
flexor carpi radialis; median nerve (thumb side)
Term
the ____ (flexor of the wrist on the little finger side) is a powerful wrist flexor that also pulls the hand toward the midline (adduction).It is innervated by the ___
Definition
flexor carpi ulnaris; ulnar nerve (little finger side)
Term
the ___ weakly flexes the wrist but tenses the palmar aponeurosis. It is innervated by the ____
Definition
palmaris longus; median nerve (thumb side)
Term
The ____ flexes the wrist and is innervated by the ___
Definition
flexor digitorum superficialis; median nerve
Term
The deep layer of the anterior compartment of the muscles acting on the wrist and hand contain two deep flexors:
Definition
flexor pollicis longus and the flexor digitorum profundus
Term
the flexor policis longus is innervated by the ___, and the flexor digitorum profundis is innervated from ____.
Definition
median nerve; both the madian and ulnar nerves
Term
the muscles that make up the posterior compartment - superficial layer of the muscles acting on the wrist and hand are:
Definition
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor carpi ularis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
all are innervated by the radial nerve
Term
the deep layer of the posterior compartment contains one muscle that extends the index finger, the ___, and three that act on the thumb:
all these are innervated by the ___
Definition
extensor indicis; abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis; radial nerve
Term
the ____ assis the flexors and extensors of the forearm and make finger movements more precise
Definition
intrinsic muscles of the hand
Term
What are the 3 groups of intrinsic muscles
Definition
thenar, hypothenar, midpalmar
Term
list the 4 thenar muscles and their innervation
Definition
abductor pollicis brevis - median nerve
adductor pollicis - ulnar nerve
flexor pollicis brevis - median nerve
opponens pollicis - median nerve
Term
three muscles of the hypothenar, all are innervated by the ___
Definition
abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens digiti minimi; ulnar nerve
Term
the midpalmar muscles span the hollow of the palm and include the:
Definition
dorsal interossei, palmar interossei, lumbrical
Term
what are the innervations of the midpalmar muscles?
Definition
these are all innervated by the ulnar nerve except for the 1st and 2nd lumbricals, which are innervated by the median nerve
Term
the roof of the carpal tunnel
Definition
flexor retinaculum
Term
what passes under the roof of the carpal tunnel?
Definition
the median nerve
Term
what causes carpal tunnel syndrome
Definition
compression of the median nerve in this relatively narrow space that results in pain and wasting of the thenar muscles
Term
List the muscles that act on the scapula and anchor to the anterior body wall. What is their action
Definition
pectoralis minor and serratus anterior protract the scapula
Term
List the muscles that act on the scapula and anchor to the posterior body wall. What is their action?
Definition
trapezius elevates, retracts and protracts the scapula; rhomboids retract the scapula; levator scapulae elevates scapula.
Term
List the muscles that act on the humerus
Definition
pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, deltoid, teres major, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, rotator cuff
Term
List the muscles of the rotator cuff. State the innervation of each
Definition
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus are innervated by the suprascapular nerve. The teres minor is innervated by the axillary n. Subscapularis is innervated by subscapular n.
Term
List the muscles that act on the forearm and that have bellies in the arm? What is their innervation?
Definition
biceps brachii, brachialis are innervated by musculocutaneous n.; triceps brachii is innervated by radial n.
Term
List the muscles that act on the forearm and that have bellies in the forearm? What is their innervation?
Definition
pronator teres and pronator quadratus are innervated by median n.; supinator is innervated radial n.;
Term
List the muscles of the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm. What is their common action? What is their innervation?
Definition
flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus all serve as flexors; flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus are innervated by median n; flexor carpi ulnar is innervated ulnar n.
Term
List the muscles of the deep layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm. What is their common action? What is their innervation?
Definition
flexor pollicis longus (median n); flexor digitorum profundus (median and ulnar n.)
Term
List the muscles of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm. What is their common action? What is their innervation?
Definition
extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi; all serve as extensors of wrist and fingers ; all innervated by radial n.
Term
List the muscles of the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm. What is their common action? What is their innervation?
Definition
abductor pollicis longus (abducts thumb), extensor pollicis longus and brevis (extends the thumb); all are innervated by radial n.
Term
[image]
Definition

1. pectoralis minor

2. serratus anterior

Term
[image]
Definition

1. trapezius

2. levator scapulae

3. rhomboids

Term
[image]
Definition

1. deltoid

2. pectoralis major

3. latissimus dorsi

4. teres major

Term
[image]
Definition

1. long head of the biceps

2. short head of the biceps

3. coracobrachialis

Term
[image]
Definition

1. supraspinatus

2. infraspinatus

3. teres minor

4. subscapularis

Term
[image]
Definition

1. supraspinatus

2. infraspinatus

3. teres minor

4. subscapularis

Term
[image]
Definition

1. biceps brachii

2. brachialis

Term
[image]
Definition
triceps brachii
Term
[image]
Definition

1. supinator

2. pronator teres

3. pronator quadratus

4. supinator

5. biceps brachii

Term
[image]
Definition
1. brachioradialis
Term
[image]
Definition

1. flexor carpi radialis

2. palmaris longus

3. flexor carpi ulnaris

4. palmar aponeurosis

Term
[image]
Definition
1. flexor digitorum superficialis
Term
[image]
Definition

1. flexor pollicis longus

2. flexor digitorum profundus

Term
[image]
Definition

1. extensor carpi ulnaris

2. extensor digiti minimi

3. extensor carpi radialis longus

4. extensor carpi radialis brevis

5. extensor digitorum

Term
[image]
Definition

1. extensor pollicis longus

2. extensor indicis

3. abductor pollicuis longus

4. extensor pollicis brevis

Term
[image]
Definition

1. hypothenar

2. midpalmar

3. thenar

Term
[image]
Definition

1. abductor pollicis

2. flexor pollicis brevis

3. abductor pollicis brevis

4. opponens pollicis

Term
[image]
Definition

1. flexor digiti mimini brevis

2. abductor digiti minimi

3. opponens digiti minimi

Term
Name the muscles anteriorly that act on the hip and femur. State their innervation and action.
Definition
iliacus, psoas major, iliopsoas all flex the hip joint; iliacus innervates femoral n. while psoas major is innervated by lumbar plexus.
Term
Name the muscles found laterally that act on the hip and femur. State their innervation and action.
Definition
tensor fascia lata tightens the IT band and braces the knee joint (innervated by sup gluteal n.)
Term
What is the iliotibial band?
Definition
thickening of the fascia latae
Term
List the three gluteal muscles and give their innervation and action?
Definition
gluteus maximus (inf gluteal n.; extension of thigh at the hip); gluteus medius and minimus (sup gluteal n.; abduction and medial rotation of femur)
Term
List the short rotators of the thigh. What is their innervation and action?
Definition
piriformis, superior and inferior gemelli, obturator internus, quadratus femoris all laterally rotate the femur and are innervated by the sacral plexus.
Term
List the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh. State their innervation and their general action.
Definition
adductor longus, brevis and magnus, gracilis, pectineus (innervated by obturator n.); action is adduction of the thigh.
Term
List the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh. State their innervation and their general action.
Definition
sartorius and quadriceps femoris extend the leg and are innervated by the femoral n
Term
list the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg. State their innervation and their general action.
Definition
Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus and fibularis tertius. All are innervated by the deep fibular nerve and dorsiflex the ankle.
Term
list the muscles of the superficial layer of the plantar surface of the foot. state their innervation and their general action.
Definition
flexor digitorum brevis (medial plantar n), abductor hallucis (medial plantar n), abductor digiti minimi (lateral plantar n)
Term
list the muscles of the second layer of the foot. state their innervation and their general action
Definition
quadratus plantae (lateral plantar n); 1st lumbrical (medial plantar n) ;2nd-4th lumbricals (lateral plantar n).
Term
list the muscles of the third layer of the foot. State their innervation and their general action.
Definition
adductor hallucis adducts the big toe, or the 1st digit (lateral plantar n), flexor digiti minimi brevis flexes the little toe, or 5th digit (lateral plantar n), flexor hallucis brevis flexes the great toe, or 1st digit (medial plantar n).
Term
What are the muscles of the back referred to as a group?
Definition
Splenius capitis, levator scapulae, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, trapezius.
Term
What is the function of the muscles of the back?
Definition
flex the spine, provide support for posture
Term
What movements are exhibited by the upper limb as a result of the muscles of the pectoral girdle.
Definition
Erector spinae, serratus posterior inferior, serratus posterior superior.
Term
Deep fibular nerve Damage
Definition
Drop Foot
Term
[image]
Definition

1. iliacus

2. iliopsoas

3. psoas major

Term
[image]
Definition

1. tensor fascia lata

2. iliotibial band

Term
[image]
Definition

1. gluteus medius

2. gluteus minimus

3. gluteus maximus

Term
[image]
Definition

1. piriformis

2. superior gemellus

3. obturator internus

4. inferior gemellus

5. quadratus femoris

Term
[image]
Definition

1. semi-membraneosus

2. semi-tendinosus

3. biceps femoris

3.1 long head

3.2 short head

Term
[image]
Definition

1. pectineus

2. adductor magnus

3. adductor brevis

4. adductor longus

5. gracilis

Term
[image]
Definition

1. vastus lateralis

2. quadriceps tendom

3. patellar ligament

4. sartorius

5. rectus femoris

6. vastus medialis

7. patella

Term
[image]
Definition

1. superficial posterior compartment

2. deep posterior compartment

3. lateral compartment

4. anterior compartment

Term
[image]
Definition

1. extensor digitorum longus

2. tibialis anterior

3. extensor retinacula

Term
[image]
Definition

1. plantaris

2. gastrocnemius

3. soleus

4. calcaneal (achilles) tendon

Term
[image]
Definition

1. flexor digitorum longus

2. tibialis posterior

3. flexor hallucis longus

Term
[image]
Definition

1. fibularis longus

2. fibularis brevis

Term
[image]
Definition

1. abductor digiti minimi

2. flexor digitorum brevis

3. abductor hallucis

Term
[image]
Definition

1. lumbricals (4)

2. quadratus plantae

3. tendon of flexor digitorum longus

4. tendon of flexor hallucis longus

Term
[image]
Definition

1. adductor hallucis

2. flexor digiti minimi brevis

3. flexor hallucis brevis

Term
What are the three layers of the blood vessel wall?
Definition
1. tunica intima 2. tunica media 3. tunica adventitia
Term
What are the components common to each layer of the blood vessel wall?
Definition
1. tunica intima: simple squamous eptithelium, elastic layer 2. tunica media: smooth muscle, elastic CT 3. tunica adventitia: thin layer of elastic and collagen CT
Term
How do elastic arteries differ from muscular arteries?
Definition
elastic arteries are more proximal in location and have more elastic tissue in the tunica media, muscular arteries have proportionally more smooth muscle in their tunica media and less elastic tissue
Term
What does the variable thickness of layers in arterial walls reflect?
Definition
the variable thickness reflects how much pressure the arteries are able to withstand, the arterial side of circulation is under much greater pressure than the venous side
Term
Which layer of arterial walls exhibits the greatest variation?
Definition
tunica media
Term
How do arterioles differ from muscular arteries?
Definition
arterioles differ in the amount of smooth muscle present, arterioles have less than 5 layers of smooth muscle in their walls
Term
What is the composition of a capillary?
Definition
a single layer of squamous epithelium and a basement membrane
Term
How do the two types of capillaries differ?
Definition
type I: continuous, endothelial cells form a complete tube type II: fenestrated, the endothelial cells have large gaps (fenestrae) in them....thereby increasing the ‘leakiness’ of the capillary
Term
Where would you find an example of each type of capillary and why?
Definition
type I: most common type, found in skeletal muscle type II: found where large amounts of filtration must occur, ie. in the kidneys
Term
Which vessels of the vascular system exhibit valves?
Definition
veins
Term
What is the function of valves in the vascular system?
Definition
permit unidirectional flow (prevent backflow)
Term
What are the 4 divisions of the circulatory system and the function of each?
Definition
1. coronary: provides oxygenated blood to the heart muscle 2. portal: takes venous blood from the digestive tract to the liver for processing 3. pulmonary: oxygenates systemic blood returned to the heart 4. systemic: delivers oxygenated blood to all of the organs of the body.
Term
What is the route of the pulmonary circulation?
Definition
body > right atrium > pulmonary trunk > pulmonary arteries > lung tissue > pulmonary veins > left atrium
Term
2 types of coronary circulation anastomosis between left and right coronary arteries:
Definition
1. on the posterior surface of the heart
2. within the interventricular septum
Term
Portal circulation; blood from the gastrointestinal tract is filtered through the liver to:
Definition
1. remove wastes absorbed by the gut
2. store nutrients in liver
Term
3 veins that drain the intestinal tract join together to form the portal vein:
Definition
1. splenic vein
2. inferior mesenteric vein
3. superior mesenteric vein
Term
[image]
Definition

1. tunica intima

2. tunica media

3. tunica adventitia

Term
[image]
Definition

1. right coronary artery

2. marginal artery

3. anterior interventricular artery

4. circumflex coronary artery

5. left coronary artery

Term
Pulmonary Circulation: Low O2 blood:
Definition
[image]
Term
Pulmonary Circulation: High O2 blood
Definition
[image]
Term
the smooth muscle in the tunica media is innervated by the ___
Definition
sympathetic nervous system
Term
sympathetic stimulation causes contraction known as:
Definition
vasoconstriction (narrowing of lumen)
Term
lack of sympathetic stimulation causes___
Definition
vasodilation (widening of the lumen)
Term
sympathetic system is ___
Definition
fight or flight
Term
parasympathetic is the ___
Definition
rest and digest
Term
3 characteristics of arteries
Definition
1. carry blood away from the hear
2. elastic to handle high pressure
3. branch to form arterioles
Term
control blood distribution to various regions of the body by contracting or relaxing their smooth muscle
Definition
arterioles
Term
capillaries contain ____ to regulate flow into capillary bed.
Definition
precapillary sphincters
Term
capillary filtration forces formation of tissue fluid in interstitial space, results from _____
Definition
hydrostatic pressure
Term
____ merge to form veins
Definition
venules
Term
___ carry blood towards the heart
Definition
veins
Term
layers of the heart
Definition
outer - fibrous pericardium, parietal layer of serous pericardium, visceral layer of serous pericardium (epicardium), myocardium, endocardium - inner
Term
What are the two layers of the pericardial sac?
Definition
1. fibrous layer 2. serous layer
Term
Where does the pericardial sac attach superiorly and inferiorly?
Definition
superiorly - roots of great vessels inferiorly - central tendon of the diaphragm
Term
in what region of the thorax is the heart and its pericardial sac located?
Definition
the mediastinum
Term
the apex of the heart projects in what direction(s)
Definition
inferiorly & laterally
Term
[image]
Definition
1. subclavian artery
2. brachiocephalic artery
3. subclavian artery
4. vertebral artery
Term
[image]
Definition
1. internal jugular vein
2. internal jugular vein
3. subclavian vein
4. brachiocephalic vein
5. inferior vena cava
6. superior vena cava
7. subclavian vein
Term
[image]
Definition
1. base
2. apex
Term
[image]
Definition
1. Right coronary artery in the coronary sulcus
2. aorta
Term
[image]
Definition
1. right auricle
2. right atrium
Term
[image]
Definition
1. superior vena cava
2. right auricle
3. right atrium
4. inferior vena cava
Term
[image]
Definition
1. left auricle
2. pulmonary trunk
3. right ventricle
Term
[image]
Definition
1. aorta
2. left coronary artery
3. left auricle
Term
[image]
Definition
6. pulmonary veins
Term
[image]
Definition
1. coronary sinus
2. superior vena cava
3. right atrium
4. inferior vena cava
Term
[image]
Definition
1. left atrium
2. pulmonary veins
Term
[image]
Definition
1. pulmonary trunk
2. aorta
3. pericardium
Term
[image]
Definition
1. fibrous layer
2. central tendon of diaphragm
Term
[image]
Definition
1. parietal
2. visceral
3. pericardial cavity
Term
[image]
Definition
1. Right coronary artery
2. marginal artery
3. anterior interventricular artery
4. circumflex coronary artery
5. left coronary artery
Term
[image]
Definition
1. right atrium
Term
[image]
Definition
Right Atrium:

1. crista terminalis
2. musculi pectiati
3. fossa ovalis
4. sinus venarum
Term
[image]
Definition
Right Ventricle
Term
[image]
Definition
Right Ventricle

1. tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)
2. chordae tendinae
3. papillary muscles
4. septo marginal trabecula
5. trabeculae carneae
Term
[image]
Definition
Right Ventricle

1. conus arteriosus
2. pulmonary valve
3. supra ventricular crest
Term
[image]
Definition
1. left auricle
2. pulmonary veins
Term
[image]
Definition
1. left atrioventricular valve
2. trabeculae carneae
3. papillary muscles
Term
groove that contains the RCA, the RCA supplies the cardiac muscle of the right ventricle with blood
Definition
coronary sulcas
Term
delivers venous blood from head, neck, and upper limbs to right atrium
Definition
superior vena cava
Term
delivers venous blood from the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs to the right atrium
Definition
inferior vena cava
Term
carries venous blood from the body from right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation
Definition
pulmonary trunk
Term
supplies the cardiac muscle of the left ventricle with blood
Definition
left coronary artery
Term
drain and return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Definition
pulmonary veins
Term
vein that drains most veinous blood from the heart muscle back to the right atrium
Definition
coronary sinus
Term
groove that contains the coronary sinus
Definition
coronary sulcus
Term
double walled fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels
Definition
pericardium
Term
reflects onto heart= epicardium
Definition
visceral layer
Term
encircles the heart, seperates the atria from the ventricles on the outside of the heart.
Definition
coronary sulcus (groove)
Term
receives superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus. receives almost all venous blood from the heart muscle
Definition
right atrium
Term
heart chamber that receives blood from the right atrium and pumps blood out to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk
Definition
right ventricle
Term
forms most of the base of the heart, thicker wall than right
Definition
left atrium
Term
long, finger like extension of the left atrium; covers the left coronary artery
Definition
left auricle
Term
Trace the pathway of impulse conduction in the heart
Definition
1. SA node, 2. walls of atria, 3. AV node, 4. AV bundle, 5. papillary muscles, 6. ventricles
Term
What cells comprise the bundle of His
Definition
Purkinje cells
Term
What general CT components does blood consist of?
Definition
cells and amorphous ground substance, no fibers
Term
What are the three cellular elements in blood?
Definition
1. erythrocytes (RBCs) 2. thrombocytes (platelets) 3. leukocytes (WBCs)
Term
What is the function of erythrocytes?
Definition
to bind and deliver oxygen and to bind and remove carbon dioxide from body tissues
Term
What is the function of thrombocytes?
Definition
secrete serotonin (vasoconstrictor) and to form clots
Term
What are the two categories of leukocytes?
Definition
1. granular 2. agranular
Term
What are the three subcategories of granular leukocytes
Definition
1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophils
Term
What are the two subcategories of agranular leukocytes
Definition
1. lymphocytes 2. monocytes
Term
What is the function of each type of granular leukocytes
Definition
1. neutrophils: phagocytose bacteria 2. eosinophils: phagocytose antigen/antibody complexes and kill larval parasytic worms 3. basophils: secrete heparin & histamine
Term
What is the function of each type of agranular leukocyte
Definition
1. lymphocyte: form antibodies and act directly on antigens 2. monocytes: act as macrophages
Term
What are the major hemopoietic tissues in the body?
Definition
1. bone marrow 2. spleen 3. lymph nodes 4. thymus
Term
[image]
Definition
1. pulmonary trunk
2. aorta
3. right atrioventricular valve
4. left atrioventricular valve
Term
[image]
Definition
1. left atrioventricular valve cusps
2. right atrioventricular valve cusps
Term
[image]
Definition
1. right atrium
2. tricuspid valve
3. right ventricle
4. left atrium
5. bicuspid valve
6. left ventricle
Term
[image]
Definition
1. pulmonary semilunar valve cusps
2. aortic semilunar valve cusps
Term
[image]
Definition
1. aorta
2. superior vena cava
3. right pulmonary veins
4. right atrium
5. right AV (tricuspid) valve
6. right ventricle
7. inferior vena cava
8. left pulmonary artery
9. pulmonary truck
10. left pulmonary veins
11. left atrium
12. left AV (bicuspid) valve
13. aortic valve
14. left ventricle
Term
[image]
Definition
1. sinoatrial node
2. Atrioventricular node
3. atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle, bundle of His)
Term
annulus (ring) around aorta/pulmonary trunk and cuspid valves
Definition
heart skeleton
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
right atrioventricular valve
Term
bicuspid valve
Definition
left atrioventricular valve
Term
AV valves open:
Definition
blood flows from right atrium into right ventricle and from left atrium into left ventricle
Term
AV valves closed:
Definition
blood flows from right ventricle into pulmonary trunk and from left ventricle into aorta
Term
the ___ function is to coordinate events occurring during the cardiac cycle, and is composed of specialized cardiac muscle tissue.
Definition
conduction system
Term
pacemaker of the heart; group of self-excitable muscle cells
Definition
sinoatrial node
Term
delays impulse for split second
Definition
atrioventricular node
Term
the 1st sound, the lub, is ____
Definition
when the AV valves are closing during ventricular contraction
Term
the 2nd sound, the dub, is ___
Definition
when the semilunar valves are closing during ventricular relaxation.
Term
blood cell formation
Definition
hemopoiesis
Term
list the functions of the lymphatic system?
Definition
Transports fluid form interstitial space black to blood-stream. Returns proteins that have leaked out into interstitial space. Transports foreign particles
Term
Describe the flow of lymph from the interstitial space to the subclavian vein
Definition
interstitial spaces->lymphatic capillaries>lymphatic vessels>lymph nodes>lymph trunks>collecting ducts>subclavian vein
Term
identify the sites of lymphopoiesis
Definition
tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes
Term
what are the two regions of the lymphatic nodule?
Definition
Germinal center and corona
Term
what is occuring in the corona region?
Definition
B lymphocytes (cells) are differentiating into plasma cells to secrete an antibody to the antigen that caused the B cells to congregate in this region.
Term
Name 3 aggregations of unencapsulated lymphoid tissue
Definition
Tonsils, Peyers patches, and appendix
Term
Identify the 3 tonsils and their locations
Definition
Palatine: on the lateral aspects of the oropharynx; pharyngeal: the posterior wall of the nasopharynx; lingual: posterior 1/3 of the tongue.
Term
Which tonsils are flushed?
Definition
Palatine have crypts that are not flushed; lingual have crypts that are flushed and pharyngeal have no crypts.
Term
What is Waldeyers ring
Definition
Aggregations of lymphatic tissue in the oro- and nasopharynx that form a ring around the opening of the digestive and respiratory tracts.
Term
Where is the thymus located?
Definition
In the thoracic cavity just behind the sternum and in front of the heart (anterior mediastinum).
Term
What happens to the thymus after puberty?
Definition
It involutes - turns into fat and connective tissue
Term
What hormone is produced by the thymus?
Definition
thymosin
Term
What 2 regions compose the spleen?
Definition
Red pulp and white pulp
Term
What is the function of each region of the spleen
Definition
Red pulp: removes aging and defective red blood cells from the circulation and recycles the hemoglobin. White pulp: participates in the immune reactions (having B and T cells).
Term
Where is the spleen located?
Definition
In the abdominal cavity on the left side just behind the stomach.
Term
What are the two main functions of a lymph node?
Definition
1. To filter lymph of particulate matter 2. produce antibodies againts antigens circulating in the lymph.
Term
What structures enter and leave a lymph node at the hilus?
Definition
Blood vessels enter and leave at the hilus as well as efferent (exiting) lymphatics only.
Term
Where do afferent lymphatics enter the lymph node?
Definition
They peirce the capsule randomly making the flow through the node unidirectional (as it only leaves at the hilus).
Term
How is the lymph node arranged structurally?
Definition
Into an outer cortex (filled with lymphoid nodules) and an inner medulla (filled with lymphatic sinusoids). At the junction of the cortex and medulla is a band called the T-cell dependent zone. While B cells comprise the cortex, T cells are found in this juxtamedullary zone.
Term
Where does lymph flow after it enters the node?
Definition
Lymph enters by piercing the capsule, flows into the subcapsular sinus and down the peritrabecular sinuses through the T-cell dependent zone into the medulla and out the hilus. Some lymph will percolate through the lymphoid nodules of the cortex and down into the medulla.
Term
What is a lacteal?
Definition
a blind-ended lymphatic capillary
Term
Where are lacteals found?
Definition
in the center of the villi lining the small intestine
Term
What is the function of a lacteal?
Definition
they are specialized for absorption of lipids in the form of chylocmicrons
Term
What are the clinically important groups of superficial lymph nodes?
Definition
1. cervical* 2. axillary* 3. cubital 4. thoracic 5. inguinal* 6. pelvic 7. lumbar 8. abdominal * = most important
Term
Why are the clinically important groups of superficial lymph nodes of concern?
Definition
swelling of these nodes indicates the presence of infection in the area/organ that drains to them. For example swelling of axillary nodes can be indicative of breast cancer.
Term
What body region does the right lymphatic duct drain?
Definition
the upper right thorax, right side of the head and neck, right upper limb
Term
What body region does the thoracic duct drain
Definition
the left head and neck, left upper limb, left side of thorax, abdomen and lower limbs
Term
Where and at what structure does the thoracic duct begin?
Definition
it begins at the cisternae chyli in the abdomen
Term
Distinguish between the two types of immunity
Definition
1. specific
2. non-specific
Term
what are the types of non-specific immunity?
Definition
1. species resistance 2. mechanical barriers 3. chemical barriers 4. interferon 5. inflammation 6. phagocytosis
Term
What is an antigen?
Definition
foreign substances to which lymphocytes respond
Term
What is cell-mediated immunity?
Definition
it is the direct interaction between invading cells and T-cells
Term
What cells make antibodies
Definition
B cells
Term
what are t cells
Definition
cytotoxic cells directly attach and kill other cells. helper t cells help to activate defense mechanisms. memory t cells provide long lasting memory of an antigen.
Term
2 main regions of lymph nodes
Definition
cortex and medulla
Term
cortex is composed of ___
Definition
lymphoid nodules (B cells)
Term
medulla is composed of ____
Definition
lymphatic sinusoids
Term
the structural and functional unit of lymphatic tissue is the ____
Definition
lymphatic nodule
Term
lymphocytes are formed from ____
Definition
lymphoblasts
Term
agranular leukocytes are formed by a process called ____
Definition
lyphopoiesis
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