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Anatomy 2 17
yea
71
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/05/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
• Structure of receptors (Olfactory)
Definition
– Located in nasal epithelium in superior portion of nasal cavity
Term
• Olfactory Sensations
– Consists of 3 kinds of cells
Definition
• Supporting• Olfactory• Basal
Term
• Supporting
Definition
columnar epithelial cells of mucus membrane lining nose
Term
• Olfactory
Definition
bipolar neurons, dendrite terminates in swelling (olfactory vescicle) from which 6-8 cilia (olfactory hairs) radiate
Term
• Basal
Definition
lie between supporting cells; produce new olfactory cells
Term
– Beneath epithelium are olfactory...
Definition
olfactory (Bowman’s) glands that produce mucus
Term
– Supporting cells and olfactory glands are innervated by
Definition
by facial nerve(facial nerve 7, Olfactory nerve is 1)
Term
– Characteristics of substance to be smelled
Definition
• Volatile (gas)
• Water-soluble (dissolve in mucus)
• Lipid-soluble (to reach hairs)
Term
stimulation of olfactory hairs causes
Definition
a generator potential followed by nerve impulse
Term
– Olfactory cells adapt
Definition
rapidly
Term
– Taste buds are oval bodies consisting of 3 types of cells
Definition
• Supporting• Gustatory (taste) receptor cells • Basal cells
Term
Supporting (taste)
Definition
specialized epithelium forming a capsule that contains 4-20 gustatory cells
Term
• Gustatory (taste) receptor cells
Definition
- contains hairlike process (gustatory hair) that projects to external surface through opening in taste bud called taste pore
Term
• Basal cells (taste)
Definition
produce supporting and gustatory cells (average life span 10 days)
Term
– Taste buds are found in elevations on tongue called
Definition
papillae
Term
– Substances make contact with gustatory hair causing a
Definition
generator potential which then initiates nerve impulse
Term
– 5 primary tastes
Definition
Umami-savoring (MSG-has a lot of!!), bitter (back), salt (front sides), sweet (tip), sour (sides) and all other tastes are fusion of these or olfactory stimulation (ex. Better smell, better taste!)
Term
• Gustatory Sensations
Definition
– Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X supply the tongue and throat region
Term
– Eyebrows and eyelashes
Definition
• Protective and cosmetic
• Sebaceous glands at base of hair follicles are sebaceous ciliary glands or glands of Zeis (infection is sty)
Term
– Eyelids (palpebrae)
Definition
shade eyes during sleep, protect eyes from excessive light and foreign objects, and spread lubricating secretion over eyeballs
Term
Eyelid lined with
Definition
• Lined with mucus membrane that continues over surface of eyeball (conjunctiva)
Term
• Opening between eyelids is
Definition
palpebral fissure
Term
• Corners where upper and lower eyelids join
Definition
medial and lateral commissure
Term
• Small, reddish elevation in medial commissure
Definition
is lacrimal caruncle
Term
– Lacrimal apparatus
Definition
• Produces and drains tears
• Consists of lacrimal glands, excretory lacrimal ducts, lacrimal canals, lacrimal sacs, and nasolacrimal ducts
Term
• Coats of eyeball
– Fibrous tunic
Definition
outer coat
Term
– Fibrous tunic - outer coat
• Consists of
Definition
sclera and cornea
Term
• Junction of sclera and cornea contains
Definition
canal of Schlemm
Term
– Vascular tunic (uvea)
Definition
middle layer composed of choroid, ciliary body (made up of ciliary process and ciliary muscle), and iris
Term
Innermost layer
Definition
retina
Term
– Nervous tunic
Definition
retina
Term
Retina
Definition
• Contains rod and cone receptor cells
Term
• Three layers of retinal neurons include
Definition
photoreceptor layer, bipolar cell layer, and ganglion cell layer
Term
• Two other types of cells found are
Definition
horizontal cells and amacrine cells (form laterally directed pathways modifying signals transmitted along the pathway from photoreceptors to ganglion cells)
Term
• Optic disc
Definition
place where optic nerve exits eye (blind spot)
Term
• Fovea centralis (central fovea)
Definition
point of sharpest focus, contains only cone cells
Term
• Macula lutea surrounds
Definition
fovea and is exact center of posterior portion of retina
Term
• Lens
Definition
composed of proteins called crystallins and held in place by suspensory ligaments
Term
– Anterior (in front of lens)
Definition
contains aqueous humor(It’s liquid-derivative of the blood, and constantly being replaced to nourish front portion of the eye-leaves through the canal of schlem. If it doesn’t leave-it builds up and increases pressure in the eye. Glaucoma.) and divided into anterior chamber and posterior chamber
Term
– Posterior cavity or vitreous chamber (behind lens)
Definition
filled with jellylike vitreous body (or humor)
Term
Maculor degeneration
Definition
lose cone cells so you’re blind in the center of your eye. It can spread out and increase in size.
Term
Scotoma
Definition
can be any part of the retina.
Term
Glacoma
Definition
Increased Pressure damaging the retina (variable to how damage is)
Term
Retinal detachment
Definition
the retina starts to pull away, and move towards to interior of eye. Wherever retina is pulling away from its blind in that spot.
There is another one where one eye cant see medial and the other lateral.
Term
If there is damage to optic nerve-blind in that eye. Blind in optic chisma-lack of vision in outer parts of both eyes. Cut it at the optic track, the lateral part on the side is blind.
Definition
blind in that eye. Blind in optic chisma-lack of vision in outer parts of both eyes. Cut it at the optic track, the lateral part on the side is blind.
Term
• Extrinsic Muscle of eye
Definition
– Attach to outside of eyeball and to bones of orbit
– Voluntary muscles; move eyeball in desired directions
Term
– Four straight (rectus) muscles
Definition
superior, inferior, lateral and medial; two oblique muscles - superior and inferior
Term
• Intrinsic muscle
Definition
– Within eyeball, involuntary muscles
Term
– Iris
Definition
regulates size of pupil
Term
– Ciliary muscle
Definition
controls shape of lens, makes possible accommodation for near and far objects
Term
• Formation of retinal image
Definition
accomplished by 4 processes
– Refraction or bending of light rays as they pass through eye
– Accommodation or bulging of lens - normally occurs if object viewed lies nearer than 20 feet from eye
– Constriction of pupil; occurs simultaneously with accommodation for near objects and also in bright light
Term
– Convergence of eyes for near objects so light rays from object fall on corresponding points of two retinas;
Definition
necessary for binocular vision (eyes move medially so light rays strike same points on both retinas) (651 652)
Term
– Dim light causes rhodopsin (vitamin A needed for its formation)
Definition
in rods to break down; initiates impulse conduction by rods; results in vision in shades of gray (absorbs blue to green light best)
Term
– Bright light causes photopigments in cones to
Definition
break down; initiates impulse conduction by cones; results in color vision (absorbs blue, green, yellow-orange)
Term
Blind spot
Definition
no rods or cones
Term
Cut Optic nerve-
Definition
blind in that eye
Term
Optic Chiasma
Definition
the nasal half is fine, because they don’t cross. Going to be blind lateral on both eyes.
Term
– Fibers that conduct impulses from rods and cones reach visual cortex in
Definition
occipital lobes via optic nerves, optic chiasma, optic tracts, and optic radiations (located in visual area of cerebral cortex in occipital lobes)
Term
Nearsighted (myopic) eye
Definition
due to longer eyeball than normal (Converges before meeting the retina) Use concave len
Term
Farsighted (hypermetropic) eye
Definition
eyeball is a little too short-use convex lens
Term
– Middle ear
Definition
• Contains auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) and openings from external auditory meatus, internal ear, Eustachian (auditory) tube by the nasal pharynx, and mastoid sinuses
Term
• Eustachian tube
Definition
collapsible tube, lined with mucosa, extending from nasopharynx to middle ear; equalizes pressure on both sides of eardrum; open when yawning or swallowing
Term
– Internal ear (labyrinth)
Definition
consists of bony and membranous portions
Term
• Bony labyrinth has three divisions
Definition
vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals; lined with periosteum and contains fluid (perilymph)
Term
• Membranous labyrinth consists of
Definition
utricle and saccule (within vestibule), semicircular ducts (in semicircular canals), and cochlear duct which contains receptors for cochlear branch of 8th cranial nerve; contains fluid, the endolympyh
Term
– Sound waves enter ear canal and
Definition
stimulate tympanic membrane to vibrate
Term
– Vibration of tympanic membrane sets in motion
Definition
middle ear bones (aid in amplification of vibration)
Term
– Stapes pushes against oval window of cochlea setting
Definition
in motion fluid (perilymph)
Term
– Fluid movement stimulates hair cells of spiral organ (organ of Corti) which develops
Definition
receptor potential leading to nerve impulse
Term
– Static equilibrium -
Definition
orientation of body (head) relative to ground (vestibule or macula in utricle and sacculus)
Term
– Dynamic equilibrium
Definition
maintenance of body position (head) in response to sudden movements such as rotation, acceleration, and deceleration (cristae in semicircular ducts)
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